蜡烛第一次世界大战变态版的时间和地点

【图文】第 23课
第一次世界大战_百度文库
两大类热门资源免费畅读
续费一年阅读会员,立省24元!
第一次世界大战
大小:4.53MB
登录百度文库,专享文档复制特权,财富值每天免费拿!
你可能喜欢一战百年祭:详解第一次世界大战爆发始末
一战百年祭:巴黎没有忘记 (图片来源:欧洲时报)
【欧洲时报记者伊婵编译报道】今岁是第一次世界大战爆发一百周年。一个世纪前,西方列强为争夺世界霸权,纷纷驱民于战,在欧洲燃起冲天大火。从巴尔干半岛至达达尼尔海峡和美索不达米亚,最终烧遍全球。在这场血腥的大屠杀中,士兵和平民伤亡超过3000万之多,造成人类历史上空前惨烈的悲剧。本报近期将陆续刊登《一战百年祭》专题,追忆历史,警示后人,希冀如此浩劫不再重演。
1903年塞尔维亚王室血案
位于南欧的塞尔维亚是第一次世界大战的策源地。史载,一个绰号叫阿庇斯(Apis)的神秘人物为始作俑者。阿庇斯本名德拉古丁·德米特里耶维奇,浑名取自埃及的牛神。此人为塞尔维亚一名中尉军官,组织了“黑手”(Main noire)秘密社会,鼓吹激进的塞尔维亚民族主义。正是他策划了日在贝尔格莱德刺杀奥匈帝国皇位继承人弗朗索瓦·斐迪南大公的惊人大案,成为第一次世界大战的直接导火线。不过,早在10年前,德氏已曾于1903年6月领导“黑手”军事组织,血洗当时塞尔维亚国王亚历山大一世的王宫,杀死国王和王后,为尔后火烧全欧洲弹响了阴森可怕的前奏曲。
日凌晨两点,塞尔维亚28名哗变军官突袭贝尔格莱德王宫。他们与哨兵交火,将之制服后,急速冲进宫内舞厅,穿过回廊,炸开了国王寝殿双重橡木门,杀死守在门后的禁军侍卫。由于炸药爆破力剧烈,灯火被震灭,整座宫殿陷入了黑暗中。亚历山大一世和德拉嘉王后乘机躲藏,袭击者们点燃蜡烛搜寻,发现王后睡前读的法文小说摆在床头桌上,被褥尚有人体余温,表明二人出逃不久。实际上,国王夫妇此时躲在寝殿一角。暴动的军人抓住王家卫队副官拉萨尔·彼德洛维奇,强迫他呼叫国王。亚历山大一世听见忠仆呼唤,应声抱着王后露面,当下被乱枪击毙。二人的尸体被刀剑乱砍从窗户里抛下花园。哗变军人同时在首都杀死了德拉嘉王后的两个兄弟,遇害的还有王国首相德米特里耶·辛卡-马赫科维奇和防卫相米洛万·巴甫洛维奇。只有内政大臣贝里米赫·泰奥托罗维奇被认为受重伤已经咽气,才得幸免。这样,自塞尔维亚独立后一直统治国家的奥勃洛诺维奇王朝覆灭。哗变军官立即宣布拥戴流亡国外的彼埃尔·卡拉杰赫吉维奇登基,即塞尔维亚彼得一世国王。
这个国度极度穷困,彼得一世上台后依靠英法二强,凡事向巴黎和伦敦看齐,无力装备军队时,只要表现出有意向德国购买军火的兴趣,即刻可以得到法国更多的贷款。第一次世界大战爆发前,彼得一世采取左右逢源策略,周旋于英、法、德列强之间,维持了自己在塞尔维亚的统治地位。
奥匈帝国皇储在萨拉热窝遇刺
追究第一次世界大战的导火线,人们会发问:“为什么从塞尔维亚祸起萧墙?”为什么点火人又是浑名“牛神”的塞尔维亚中尉德米特里耶维奇?且来分析一下塞尔维亚当时在欧洲所处的地域政治地位。
塞尔维亚王国自1878年获得独立,亚历山大一世一直是奥匈帝国的同盟者。1903年6月之夜惨案发生,奥勃洛诺维奇王朝覆灭,新君主彼得一世改变方向,投靠起了英、法和俄罗斯。他在站稳脚跟后不久,与弗朗茨·约瑟夫和“茜茜公主”的奥匈帝国开始争雄,要在巴尔干半岛扩大斯拉夫人影响。在彼得一世卵翼下,塞尔维亚民族主义激进派气焰越来越高。扶持彼得一世登基的“神牛”德米特里耶维奇一伙军官公开把矛头指向奥匈帝国老皇帝的侄儿,那位扬言要吞并巴尔干半岛斯拉夫族的皇位继承人斐迪南大公。奥匈帝国情报机构得到消息,及时向维也纳报告。然而,斐迪南大公对此置若罔闻,竟不顾危险于日携妻子索菲娅乘坐敞篷汽车在萨拉热窝城里招摇过市。对于塞尔维亚人而言,大公在他们1389年败于土耳其人纪念日这天驾到,简直就是公开的冒犯。这天,皇储身边除司机外,仅带一个保镖,沿途警戒只有士兵和警察寥寥数人。“牛神”获悉此情大喜过望,计划布置三名杀手执行刺杀。当天早上,三个敢死队员合影留念,立下死誓,决定在大街上朝斐迪南大公夫妇乘坐的汽车投掷两颗手制炸弹,令其当场毙命。不料,第一个扔炸弹的刺客像中国古代荆轲刺秦皇那样,临阵竟仓皇失措,慌张得扔不出手。第二人也没有瞄准,炸弹滚到后边一辆车上爆炸。此时,行动队主力加沃里洛·普林西伯意识到刺杀行动可能落空,于是孤注一掷,转身举枪直射大公夫妇。他并不是一名熟练射手,但因为距离近,刺杀得逞。遭袭汽车的司机惊魂稍定,全速将车开到萨拉热窝政府所在地。但王妃已死,大公也在抵达安全地后驾崩。
混战全面爆发
历史记载,“神牛”中尉无论在制造亚历山大一世宫廷凶杀案,还是策划行刺斐迪南大公中,都没有个人野心。他只是在为后来登上宝座的彼得一世鸣锣开道。彼得一世曾长年在瑞士和法国生活,通晓英国文化。他曾制订了一部具有民主色彩的宪法,起用激进派人士尼古拉·巴希克担任首相,竭力摆脱奥斯曼帝国的封建遗风,向巴黎和伦敦靠拢,因而与维也纳的哈布斯堡王朝不睦。1903年年底,塞尔维亚与保加利亚在俄国的支持下结盟,加强了巴尔干斯拉夫族的势力。一直自认为是巴尔干霸主的奥匈帝国顿感遭到包围,遂于1908年9月并吞波斯尼亚-黑塞哥维那,加剧了与塞尔维亚的矛盾。1912年,塞尔维亚与土耳其交恶的巴尔干战争爆发,彼得一世从土耳其手中收复了科索沃,自此以巴尔干解放者自居,军队民族主义情绪进一步膨胀。事实上,刺杀斐迪南大公行动的幕后人就是塞尔维亚军队总参谋部及其所属的情报机构。奥匈帝国皇位继承人死于非命,维也纳怒不可遏,决心除掉塞尔维亚,打击斯拉夫主义的影响。在跟盟友德意志密谋后,奥匈帝国发出最后通牒,要求直接介入萨拉热窝血案调查。不出所料,照会遭到塞尔维亚断然拒绝。奥匈帝国遂于7月向塞尔维亚正式宣战。
斐迪南大公被刺刚一个月,德国和土耳其站到奥匈帝国一边,俄、英、法国站到塞尔维亚一边,一场欧洲混战全面爆发。接着,意大利、美国和日本等国相继加入火拼,酿成全球性灾难。
链接:参战各方的心机
以领土面积、天然资源论,巴尔干半岛都微不足道,但它竟在全欧洲大陆燃起战火。其中的原因是20世纪初帝国主义兴起,开始在全球展开殖民战争,列强之间为争夺势力范围,进行着激烈的拼搏。巴尔干半岛战火犹如催化剂,顿时将方方面面的矛盾尽数展现。
-- 德国:第一次世界大战对立的两大阵营中,以德国、奥地利、意大利、土耳其和后来参加的保加利亚等国组成的一方为“同盟国”(l’Alliance),核心是德、奥、意,即“三国联盟”(la Triple alliance)。不过,德国当时夹在西边的英、法联盟和东边的俄罗斯之间,起初并不想激化矛盾,大战前夜,德皇威廉二世还在乘游船行乐。
德国在1870年普法战争中俘获拿破仑三世,从法国领土中割走阿尔萨斯和洛林地区,两国结下了仇。而后,双方又在北非争夺摩洛哥,又添新恨。1914年初,德国争得喀麦隆与刚果中间的租界,但被迫放弃了摩洛哥……眼见法、英、俄三国从1907年开始结盟,德国早已窝了一肚子火。萨拉热窝刺杀事件发生后,德国最终决定支持奥地利。
-- 俄罗斯:俄罗斯与塞尔维亚有着斯拉夫族的血缘关系,历来雄心勃勃,欲充当斯拉夫世界领袖,到巴尔干称雄争霸。它吞并克利米亚,把舰队开进了地中海巡航。沙皇尼古拉二世在1905年镇压了国内革命之后,意识到国内政权风雨飘摇,企图以煽动民族主义情绪来巩固统治,于1909年派尼古拉·哈特维格为驻塞尔维亚大使。此人一向被视为“斯拉夫狂人”,奥匈帝国将沙皇此举看作利剑出鞘,两国关系如箭在弦上,遇萨拉热窝血案,争端一触即发。
-- 法国:法国已将拿破仑一世在库图佐夫面前溃不成军,大败而归的耻辱丢到脑后,1899年与沙俄结盟,军事合作日益密切,针对的自然是宿敌德意志帝国。沙皇尼古拉二世则到巴黎支持阿尔萨斯和洛林回归法兰西的呼声。法国普通百姓对失去的国土怀恋,在小说、诗歌和散文作品里多有反映,都德的《最后一课》即为典型一例。
法国在欧陆巴尔干燃起战火时与俄国、英国组成“协约国”(l’Entente cordiale)阵营的后面,是其着力推行在北非殖民地区打退德国影响,保护自己在阿尔及利亚、突尼斯、摩洛哥等地势力范围的战略步骤。
-- 意大利、美国和日本:意大利参加进“同盟国”阵营,纯系出于殖民主义动机,要在非洲奥斯曼帝国的残余上,与德国和奥地利一起分得一杯羹,于是向利比亚发起攻势,将其占为己有。美国和日本对德宣战,也出于同一种目的。日本乘机抢走德国在中国的利益,公然出兵山东,后来在凡尔赛和约时狰狞面目暴露无遗,激起了中国人民的“五四”爱国 运动。
由此可见,第一次世界大战不折不扣是帝国主义列强争夺世界霸权,推行殖民主义统治的肮脏战争。
(编辑:柒依)
Copyright (C) 2008 Nouvelles d'Europe. All Rights Reserved. [京ICP备号-11][京公网安备-1]第一次和第二次世界大战分别是什么时候开始和结束的_百度知道
第一次和第二次世界大战分别是什么时候开始和结束的
我有更好的答案
日本法西斯国家发动了一场人类历史上空前规模的 第二次世界大战,先后有61个国家和地区、20亿以上的人口被卷入战争,军民死亡5120 余万人,法西斯德国进犯波兰。一个月后,奥匈以萨拉热窝事件为借口向塞尔维亚宣战。接着。第二次世界大战日,法西斯德国进犯波兰,第二次世界大战从此全面爆发。 第二次世界大战 决定人类命运与前途的大搏斗 日、俄。交战的一方为同盟国的德国和奥匈帝国、意大利,以及支持它们的土耳其、保加利亚、英相继投入战争、法。年,德国第一次世界大战:1914年6月,奥匈帝国皇储在萨拉热窝被刺,这成了第一次世界大战的导火线,第二次世界大战从此全面爆发,德;另一方为协约国的英国、法国和俄国,以及支持它们的塞尔维亚、比利时、意大利、日本等国
第一次世界大战发生在年第二次世界大战发生在1939年-1945年
为您推荐:
其他类似问题
第二次世界大战的相关知识
换一换
回答问题,赢新手礼包
个人、企业类
违法有害信息,请在下方选择后提交
色情、暴力
我们会通过消息、邮箱等方式尽快将举报结果通知您。10项产生于第一次世界大战时期的发明
字体:大中小
Sanitary towels...
A material called Cellucotton had already been inventedbefore war broke out, by what was then a small US firm - Kimberly-Clark.
早在一战爆发前,一种叫做纤维棉的材料就由一家叫做金百利克拉克的美国小公司发明出来了。
The company's head of research, Ernst Mahler, and itsvice-president, James, C Kimberly, had toured pulp and paper plants in Germany,Austria and Scandinavia in 1914 and spotted a material five times moreabsorbent than cotton and - when mass-produced - half as expensive.
公司的研究部主管,恩斯特马勒以及副总裁,詹姆斯,C金伯利在1914年于德国,奥地利,斯堪的纳维亚半岛寻找纸浆造纸工厂的合适地点,并找到了一种吸收力强于棉花五倍的材料-开始批量生产,而价格只是棉花的一半。
They took it back to the US and trademarked it. Then, oncethe US entered the war in 1917, they started producing the wadding for surgicaldressing at a rate of 380-500ft per minute.
他们把这种材料带回美国并为其注册了商标。接着,美国于1917年参与了一战,他们开始成产这种填絮,作为外科敷料,生产速度可以达到380 - 500英尺每分钟。
But Red Cross nurses on the battlefield realised itsbenefits for their own personal, hygienic use, and it was this unofficial usethat ultimately made the company's fortune
但是红十字会的野战护士发现了这种材料的更加私人,卫生式的用途。正是它的非正式性作用使这家美国公司大发了横财。
&The end of the war in 1918 brought about a temporarysuspension of K-C's wadding business because itsprincipal customers - the army and the Red Cross - no longer had a need for theproduct,& the company says today. .
&结束于1918年的一战使K-C公司的填絮生意进入了暂时性的停滞期,因为他们的主要消费者-军队以及红十字会不再需要这种产品。&公司负责人在近期回忆道。
So it re-purchased the surplus from the military andcreated a new market.
因此他们从军队回购了剩余的产品并开创了新的市场。
&After two years of intensive study, experimentationand market testing, the K-C team created a sanitary napkinmade from Cellucotton and fine gauze, and in 1920, in a little wooden shed inNeenah, Wisconsin, female employees began turning out the product byhand,& the company says.
&经过两年多的集中性研究,实验以及市场测试,K-C的小组研制了一种由纤维棉和细纱布研制而成的卫生巾。在1920年,在一个位于威斯康星周妮娜市的小木屋里,女员工开始手工制造这种产品。&
The new product, called Kotex (short for &cottontexture&), was sold to the public in October 1920, less than two yearsafter the Armistice.
这种新产品的名字叫做高洁丝(棉质感的缩写),于1920年10月向公众出售,而这时距离停战协议的签订还不到两年。
2. ... and paper hankies
面巾纸(纸手帕)
Marketing sanitary pads was not easy, however, partlybecause women were loath to buy the product from male shop assistants. Thecompany urged shops to allow customers to buy it simply by leaving money in abox. Sales of Kotex did rise but not fast enough for Kimberly-Clark, whichlooked for other uses for the material.
为卫生巾做市场营销并不容易,可能是由于女性不愿意从男性售货员那购买这种产品。公司要求商店设置专门收款的箱子,方便顾客投钱进行购买。高丝洁的销售额获得了上升,但是还不足以支持公司寻找其他的材料。
In the early 1920s, CA&Bert& Fourness conceived theidea of ironing cellulose material to make a smooth and soft tissue. With muchexperimentation, facial tissue was born in 1924, with the name&Kleenex&.
在二十世纪二十年代,Fourness想到对纤维材料进行烫熨加工以生产一种顺滑,柔软的纸巾的方法。通过大量的实验论证,面巾纸于1924年问世,起名为舒洁。
3.Sun lamp
In the winter of 1918, it's estimated that half of allchildren in Berlin were suffering from rickets- a condition whereby bonesbecome soft and deformed. At the time, the exact cause was not known, althoughit was associated with poverty.
1918年的冬天,据估计在柏林有一半的儿童都患有佝偻病,他们的骨骼变的柔软,进而变形。当时,具体的患病原因未知,尽管它与贫穷紧密相关。
A doctor in the city - Kurt Huldschinsky -noticed that his patients were very pale. He decided to conduct an experimenton four of them, including one known today only as Arthur, who was three yearsold. He put the four of them under mercury-quartz lamps which emittedultraviolet light.
柏林市的一位医生,库尔特Huldschinsky,注意到他的病人们都十分苍白。他决定对其中的四位进行试验,包括一位我们如今所熟悉的亚瑟(这是谁?),当时只有三岁。他将四位病人安置在贡石英灯下,这种灯射出紫外线光线。
As the treatment continued, Huldschinskynoticed that the bones of his young patients were getting stronger.
随着试验的进行,Huldschinsky发现年轻病患的骨头开始变的坚硬。
In May 1919, when the sun of summer arrived, he had themsit on the terrace in the sun.
1919年五月,当夏日的骄阳普照大地时,他开始安排病人们坐在阳光照射到的阳台。
The results of his experiment, when published, were greetedwith great enthusiasm.
此次试验的结果一经发表就受到了热烈的关注
Children around Germany were brought before the lights.
柏林周边的儿童被送到这里进行灯光照射治疗。
In Dresden, the child welfare services had the city'sstreet lights dismantled to be used for treating children.
在德累斯顿,儿童福利社将城市的路灯进行拆卸为儿童进行治疗。
Researchers later found that Vitamin D is necessary tobuild up the bones with calcium and this process is triggered by ultravioletlight. The undernourishment brought on by war produced the knowledge to curethe ailment.
随后,研究者发现维他命D能够帮助骨骼吸收钙质,这一过程是由紫外线引发的。由战争带来的营养不良直接影响了对一些疾病的治愈。
4. Daylight saving time
The idea of putting the clocks forward in spring and backin autumn was not new when WW1 broke out.
将时钟在春天向前调,在秋天向后调的主意并不是产生于一战时期
Benjamin Franklin had suggested it in a letter to TheJournal of Paris in 1784.
本杰明富兰克林早在1784年就在一封写给巴黎日报的信中提出了
Candles were wasted in the evenings of summer because thesun set before human beings went to bed, he said, and sunshine was wasted atthe beginning of the day because the sun rose while they still slept. 我们在夏天的晚上浪费了许多蜡烛,因为日落时间早于人们就寝的时间,而阳光在早晨被浪费了,因为那时候我们还没起床。(这段读起来好搞笑,可能我翻译问题)
Similar proposals were made in New Zealand in 1895 and inthe UK in 1909, but without concrete results.
新西兰和英国分别于1895年以及1909年提出了类似的建议,但是这些建议没有得到实际性的落实。
It was WW1 that secured the change.
正是一战促成了这项改变
Faced with acute shortages of coal, the German authoritiesdecreed that on 30 April 1916, the clocks should move forward from 23:00 tomidnight, so giving an extra hour of daylight in the evenings. What started inGermany as a means to save coal for heating and light quickly spread to othercountries.
由于面对严重的煤炭紧缺,德国当局颁布法令,自日期,将时钟从23:00调到午夜12:00,也就是在晚上留出了一小时的白天时间。这项为了节省取暖和照明用煤炭的政策开始传播到其他国家。
Britain began three weeks later on 21 May 1916.
英国开始在三周后的日开始这项政策。
Other European countries followed. On 19 March 1918, the USCongress established several time zones and made daylight saving time officialfrom 31 March for the remainder of WW1.
其他欧洲国家相继效仿。在1918年三月19日,美国国会制定了几个时区,正式使用夏时制,使其成为一战的产物。
Once the war was over, Daylight Saving Time was abandoned -but the idea had been planted and it eventually returned.
战争的结束也意味着夏时令的结束,但是这个想法已经被根植并且最终重回人们视线。
5.Tea bags
The tea bag was not invented to solve some wartime problem.
茶包并不是被发明来解决战时难题的。
By common consent, it was an American tea merchant who, in1908, started sending tea in small bags to his customers.
公认的看法是,一位美国的商人从1908年起将小茶包出售给顾客。
They, whether by accident or design, dropped the bags inwater and the rest is history. So the industry says.
他们不知是由于偶然或者经设计,将茶包掉落在水中并使其成为历史的一部分。这是业界的是说法。
But a German company, Teekanne, did copy the idea in thewar, and developed it, supplying troops with tea in similar cotton bags. Theycalled them &tea bombs&.
但是一家名为提喀纳的公司的确在战中复制了这个想法并使之得到发展,为部队提供装在类似棉袋里的茶包。他们称这些茶包为&茶叶炸弹&。
6.The wristwatch
It is not true that wristwatches were invented specificallyfor World War One - but it is true that their use by men took off dramatically.After the war, they were the usual way to tell the time.
腕表是专门为一战发明的这种说法是不真实的-但是它的确在战争中被男性们大量使用。战后吗,它们变成了判断时间的常用工具。
But until the late 19th and early 20th Centuries, men whoneeded to know the time and who had the money to afford a watch, kept it intheir pocket on a chain. Women, for some reason, were the trailblazers -Elizabeth I had a small clock she could strap to her arm.
但是直到十九世纪末二十世纪初,有能力需要直到时间的男性们才将它装到链子上放在口袋中。但是女性才是开拓者,伊丽莎白一世有一个可以戴在手臂上的小表。
But as timing in war became more important - so thatartillery barrages, for example, could be synchronised - manufacturersdeveloped watches which kept both hands free in the heat of battle.Wristwatches, in other words. Aviators also needed both hands free, so they toohad to throw the old pocket watch overboard.
但是随着报时在战时越来越重要,-例如,炮击需要得到同步-生产商研制了在战争罪激烈阶段可以解放双手的产品。也就是腕表。飞行员也需要空闲出双手,因此他们将旧的怀表扔了仪表盘上。
Mappin andWebb had developed a watch with the hole and handles for a strap for theBoer War and then boasted of how it had been useful at the Battle of Omdurman.
Mappinand Webb公司(英国圣安德鲁劳力士特约零售商)为布尔战争研发出一种用皮带绑住的手表,然后大肆宣称它在恩图曼战争中起到的重要作用。
But it was WW1 which really established the market.
但是正是一战确立了手表的市场
In particular, the &creeping barrage& meant thattiming was everything.
尤其是,徐进弹幕射击意味着时机就是一切。
This was an interaction between artillery firing just aheadof infantry.
这是火炮在步兵钱开火的交互作用
Clearly, getting it wrong would be fatal for your own side.Distances were too great for signalling and timings too tight, and, anyway,signalling in plain view meant the enemy would see. Wristwatches were theanswer.
显而易见,如果时间不对会对自己这方产生致命的影响。距离过远不适合打信号,时间非常紧,在平地上打信号意味敌人也可以看到。腕表是解决这些问题的方法。
The company H Williamson which made watches in Coventryrecorded in the report of its 1916 annual general meeting: &It is saidthat one soldier in every four wears a wristlet watch, and the other three meanto get one as soon as they can.&
位于考文垂的制表公司H威廉姆森公司在1916年的年度总会议报告称:&据说四分之一的士兵都佩戴腕表,而剩下的四分之三挣打算尽快购买腕表。
Even one of today's iconic luxury watches goes back to WW1.Cartier's Tank Watch originated in 1917 when Louis Cartier, the Frenchwatchmaker, saw the new Renault tanks and modelled a watch on their shape.
当今任何一款奢侈品牌表的历史都可以追溯到一战使其。卡地亚的坦克表起源于1917年,当时法国制表匠路易卡特看到了雷诺公司的最新型坦克兵模仿其外观制作了手表。
7. Vegetarian sausages
You might imagine that soy sausages were invented by somehippy, probably in the 1960s and probably in California. You would be wrong.Soy sausages were invented by Konrad Adenauer, the first German chancellorafter World War Two, and a byword for steady probity - dullness would be anunkind word,
如果你觉得素食香肠是由一些嬉皮士在二十世纪六十年代在加州发明的,你就错了。素食香肠是由二战后第一位德国总理康拉德阿登纳发明的,他还自创了一句形容不变的正直的谚语:迟钝是一个非常无情的词汇。
During WW1, Adenauer was mayor of Cologne and as theBritish blockade of Germany began to bite, starvation set in badly in the city.
一战时,康拉德 阿登纳是科隆市的市长。随着英国对德国的封锁开始起到作用,城市里爆发了严重的饥荒
Adenauer had an ingenious mind - an inventive mind - andresearched ways of substituting available materials for scarce items, such asmeat.
阿登纳非常有才智,善于创造,他寻遍了各种能够代替稀缺物,比品如肉的食材。
His began by using a mixture of rice-flour, barley andRomanian corn-flour to make bread, instead of using wheat. It all seemed towork until Romania entered the war and the supply of the corn flour dried up.
他最先用一种由大米粉,大麦粉和罗马尼亚玉米粉的混合粉制作面包,以代替小麦粉。
这种面粉效果非常好。可是随着罗马尼亚被卷入了战争,玉米粉也开始稀缺了。
From this experimental bread, he turned to the search for anew sausage and came up with soy as the meatless ingredient. It was dubbed theFriedenswurst or &peace sausage&. Adenauer applied for a patent withthe Imperial Patent Office in Germany but was denied one. Apparently, it wascontrary to German regulations about the proper content of a sausage - if itdidn't contain meat it couldn't be a sausage.
有了这个面包实验的经验,他开始着手制作新品香肠并想到用大豆作为无肉香肠的原料。香肠被印上&和平香肠&的名字。阿登纳在德国帝国专利局申请了专利但是却被拒绝了。很明显,这个香肠中的成分是不符合德国的规定的,没有肉就不能被称作香肠。
Oddly, he had better luck with Britain, Germany's enemy atthe time. King George V granted the soy sausage a patent on 26 June 1918.
奇怪的是,他在当时德国的敌人,英国那里却运气比较好。乔治五世于日为这个大豆香肠颁布了专利、
Adenauer later invented an electrical gadget for killinginsects, a sort of rotary apparatus to clear people out of the way of oncomingtrams, and a light to go inside toasters. But none of them went intoproduction. It is the soy sausage that was his longest-lasting contribution.
后来,阿登纳又发明了一种杀虫器械,一种在无轨电车驶来前驱逐路上行人的旋转装置,烤面包机里的灯。但是这些发明都没有投入生产。他的大豆香肠是持续时间最长的发明
Vegetarians everywhere should raise a glass of bio-wine totoast the rather quiet chancellor of Germany for making their plates a bit morepalatable.
世界各地的素食者应该为这位低调的德国总理祝一杯生物酿酒,感谢他使自己的餐桌上多了一道美味。
Ever since the middle of the 19th Century, various peoplehad been working on combinations of hooks, clasps and eyes to find a smooth andconvenient way to keep the cold out.
从19世纪的中叶开始,各行各业的人就开始研究各种钩子的组合,以寻找一种简便的保暖方法
But it was Gideon Sundback, a Swedish-born emigrant to theUS who mastered it. He became the head designer at the Universal FastenerCompany and devised the &Hookless Fastener&, with itsslider which locked the two sets of teeth together. The US militaryincorporated them into uniforms and boots, particularly the Navy. After thewar, civilians followed suit.
但是这个问题是最终由一位瑞典籍美国人吉德昂逊德巴克解决的。他成为了全球滑动式纽扣公司的首席设计师并设计了这种&无勾式纽扣&,它还有两排可以紧紧锁住的齿状物。美国的军队在他们的制服和靴子中运用了这项发明。战后,平民们开始纷纷效仿。
9. Stainless steel
We should thank Harry Brearley of Sheffield for steel whichdoesn't rust or corrode. As the city's archives put it: &In 1913, HarryBrearley of Sheffield developed what is widely regarded as the first 'rustless'or stainless steel - a product that revolutionised the metallurgy industry andbecame a major component of the modern world.
我们应该为这种不腐蚀,不生锈的钢材感谢来自谢菲尔德的哈利里尔利。谢菲尔德市的档案写道:&1913年,哈利里尔利发明了被广泛认为是第一种不生锈钢材的材料,这种产品使冶金业产生革命,并且随后成为工业社会的主要部件
The British military was trying to find a better metal forguns. The problem was that barrels of guns were distorted over repeated firingby the friction and heat of bullets. Brearley, a metallurgist at a Sheffieldfirm, was asked to find harder alloys.
当时英国军队正在努力寻找一种更好的制枪材料。枪管在经过多次开火后会因为子弹的摩擦和热量发生变形。谢菲尔德公司的里尔利被任命寻找更加坚硬的合金。
He examined the addition of chromium to steel, and legendhas it that he threw away some of the results of his experiments as failures.They went literally on to the scrap heap - but Brearley noticed later thatthese discarded samples in the yard had not rusted.
他从铬到铁的添加开始研究,传说他扔掉了一些他认为失败了的合金。他们被扔在了垃圾堆顶,里尔利随后发现者些被扔在院子里的样品没有生锈。
He had discovered the secret of stainless steel. In WW1 itwas used in some of the new-fangled aero-engines - but it really came into itsown as knives and forks and spoons and the innumerable medical instruments onwhich hospitals depend.
他找到了钢铁不生锈的秘密。一战中,它被用以一些新型航空发动机中,但是它被更广泛的运用到刀叉勺以及无数医疗工具的制作中。
10. Pilot communications
飞行员通信
Before World War One, pilots had no way of talking to eachother and to people on the ground.
一战前,飞行员无法彼此通信或于地面人员交流
At the start of the war, armies relied on cables tocommunicate, but these were often cut by artillery or tanks.
战争开始时,军队依靠电缆通信,但是它们经常会被大炮或者坦克切断。
Germans also foundways of tapping into British cable communications.
德国军队也找到了利用英国电缆通信的方法
Other means of communication such as runners, flags,pigeons, lamps and dispatch riders were used but were found inadequate.
其他方法,如通信员,旗帜,战鸽,灯光和骑兵通信员虽然被使用,但并不充分。
Aviators relied on gestures and shouting. Something had to be done.Wireless was the answer.
飞行员以来手势和喊叫。必须寻找一些方法改善通信情况。无线电就是解决办法
Radio technology was available but had to be developed, andthis happened during WW1 at Brooklands and later at Biggin Hill, according toKeith Thrower a specialist in this area of historical research.
无线电科技可以得到利用但是必须加以改善。在一战时的布鲁克兰和后来的比金山是这种情况,这一地区的历史研究专家Keith Thrower表示。
By the end of 1916, the decisive steps forward had beenmade.
1916年底,决定性的一步已经迈出了。
&Earlier attempts to fit radio telephones in aircrafthad been hampered by the high background noise from the aircraft'sengine,& writers Thrower in British Radio Valves:The Vintage Years - . &
&早期将无线电话置入飞机的尝试被来自引擎的较高的背景噪音所阻碍。《英国无线电真空管:不平凡的岁月:- 》的作者Thrower这样写道。
This problem was alleviated by the design of a helmet withbuilt-in microphone and earphones to block much of the noise.&
随着一种配有阻挡噪音的内置麦克和耳机的头盔的发明,这种问题得到了缓和。
赞 分享 举报}

我要回帖

更多关于 第一次世界大战游戏 的文章

更多推荐

版权声明:文章内容来源于网络,版权归原作者所有,如有侵权请点击这里与我们联系,我们将及时删除。

点击添加站长微信