游戏漏洞，利用利用彩票网站漏洞刷钱经验还是怎样
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时间：2018-07-09 03:25
关于利用游戏漏洞牟利的处理公告-新闻详情-御龙在天官方网站-腾讯游戏
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关于利用游戏漏洞牟利的处理公告
近期游戏内部分大区（龙啸九州、桃园风云、九州皇图、傲视天下、龙舞四海、御国霄汉）出现个别玩家利用游戏漏洞刷取不绑定的高等级镶嵌宝石获取不正当利益，严重破坏了其他游戏玩家的合法权益。 为了维护游戏公平、公正的游戏环境，我们于第一时间修复了该游戏漏洞。同时，经过对此次事件展开了深入排查工作，我们将对所有获得不正当利益的帐号予以封停处理，并将相关道具全部清除。利用漏洞牟利的账号情节严重者，账号将作永久封停处理。 请玩家不要购买异常产出的宝石以免造成不必要的损失，在游戏过程中发现游戏漏洞、游戏玩家数据异常情况，请立即反馈告知，以便官方及时进行核实处理。 为保证游戏的环境，为给玩家带来畅快体验游戏的乐趣，请大家以后继续积极反馈问题、提出建议，帮助我们监督游戏环境，一起携手努力打造更加美好的游戏世界!御龙在天官方运营团队日后使用快捷导航没有帐号？
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新人欢迎积分0 阅读权限30积分197精华0UID帖子金钱658 威望0
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& && && && && && && && && && &&&: b9 l1 o' y& c
“地下城与勇士”是一款2D横面的格斗游戏，在2013年网络游戏百度搜索风云榜中，排行第三名，深受玩家青睐。然而，就是这款异常火爆的游戏，前晚却曝出其中竟有漏洞，有玩家利用漏洞狂刷游戏币赚钱！2 X* y* E: ^; G
前晚，有网友发帖称，有玩家利用“地下城与勇士”游戏的漏洞，狂刷游戏币，然后套现，获利颇丰。其中甚至有玩家自曝，3天就赚了17万元！是否真有此事？记者昨日展开了详细调查。 游戏服务器将维护 玩家曝出刷币漏洞 前晚20时18分，有网友在多玩DNF论坛中发帖称，当晚20点09分左右，他在玩“地下城与勇士”游戏时，突然卡了一下，随后就看见不少玩家都掉了线。开始，他以为是游戏维护，但发现游戏中出现了诸多不正常的情况：如好友列表和工会中都没人，掉线的玩家也无法再登录游戏，而游戏的交易系统也处于紧急维护中。 该网友怀疑，这次异常现象，其实是由该款游戏的“云幂袖珍罐”道具存在漏洞，有人狂刷游戏币导致的。这也是这几天游戏币急剧贬值的原因。记者发现，仅1天时间，该帖浏览量就高达21万人次，在玩家中掀起轩然大波。 该漏洞到底是什么？记者调查发现，“云幂袖珍罐”这个游戏道具，可以开出2件一样的游戏装备，还有极少几率开出游戏币，开出的装备不值钱，但如果开出金币了，则分为5000万、8000万以及1亿游戏币。而1亿游戏币，按正常市场行情，可在交易网上卖400多元人民币。 据玩家称，在游戏中，角色的装备是需要用包裹来存放的，不过目前角色的包裹最多只有48格，也就是只能存放最多48件装备。漏洞就是利用包裹的有限空间，存放47件装备（存放满了又无法开罐子），只留下一格空位，而在开“云幂袖珍罐”出装备时，就会因包裹空间不足，而导致开罐失败，而罐子还存在。玩家继续开罐，直到出现金币，但金币不会占据包裹的空间，因此开罐成功，然后罐子消失。发现这个漏洞后，部分玩家狂刷游戏币，然后马上在第三方交易平台出售游戏币，兑换成现金。 3天“赚”了17万元？ 玩家截图晒“战果” 前晚22时57分，一网友也在多玩DNF论坛中发帖，还配了一张游戏截图。记者发现，图中的玩家利用游戏漏洞，刚好开出了1亿游戏币。其他网友纷纷回帖称，利用游戏漏洞刷钱，会被永久封号。不过，发帖者不屑一顾地回复：“封一个号才多少钱嘛，据说有人3天赚17万元。” 记者随即与这名发帖的网友取得了联系。发帖者表示，玩家利用该游戏漏洞3天赚17万元一事，他也是在自己的群里看见的。具体是谁发布的消息，他表示不方便透露。 昨日凌晨，见游戏维护完成，记者也进入了该款游戏的重庆区，发现不少玩家正在谈论此事。记者与其中一名自称刷过钱的玩家取得了联系，他表示，自己因为害怕被封号，所以只刷了5000万游戏币。不过，他的朋友却利用该漏洞刷了几十亿游戏币，赚了1万多元。当记者索要其朋友联系方式时，被他拒绝。 随后，一玩家在游戏中表示，自己刷了大量游戏币，并公布了自己的QQ群。记者随即加入该群，发现群中已有300多位玩家，不少玩家还在询问刷钱的方法。通过与群主私聊，群主当即截图向记者展示“战果”。记者发现，他的游戏账号中，共有50亿游戏币，同时还有价值人民币6500元的游戏点卷，以及价值数亿游戏币的游戏物品。群主表示，他这几天赚了2万多元，还询问记者是否需要收购游戏币。发现记者只是关心游戏漏洞以及出售游戏币的详情时，群主将记者踢出了群。 记者发现，不少玩家都在论坛、贴吧等地方，晒出了自己刷过游戏币的截图。 网友发帖算细账 一台电脑一天可赚7000元 游戏漏洞是何时出现的？3天赚17万元，此事是否真有可能？ 有玩家透露，游戏漏洞应该是从上一次（8月22日早上）服务器维护后，被人发现的。 随着此事逐渐升温，一网友也发帖算了一笔账：一个普通的游戏工作室，假设有30台电脑，每台电脑一天用2个游戏账号来刷“云幂袖珍罐”，那么，一个号平均每天至少可刷10个，每个号就至少10亿游戏币，一台电脑一天可刷20亿游戏币。20亿游戏币，按照前几天的市场价，可卖七八千元。一台电脑按7000元算，那么在理论上，该工作室一天就可赚21万元。如果游戏工作室电脑越多，赚的钱还会更多。 记者调查发现，部分玩家一般一个人就有十余个游戏角色，如利用所有时间来刷钱，那么他每天都可赚5万元以上，3天赚17万元，完全有可能。 事件影响 有人称账号已被误封 有人赚了钱逃过一劫 因受此次该款游戏漏洞风波的袭击，记者昨日在网络交易平台上发现，原本1元钱只能购买23~26万游戏币，此次事件发生后，竟可购买50多万游戏币。不少不知情的玩家，贪图便宜购买了大量游戏币。 据了解，此次漏洞风波出现后，导致不少玩家开始恐慌。一方面，一旦游戏回档，自己近几日投入的金钱、时间、努力等，都将付诸东流。而另一方面，购买了黑金的玩家，也可能被封号。一位河北的玩家就表示，自己25日购买了2000元的游戏币，昨日上线就被封了。而相对地，有部分自称刷游戏币赚过钱的玩家则庆幸自己安全逃过一劫。 官方行动 发布公告承认漏洞 有玩家已经被封号 前晚21时30分，该款游戏的服务器全面进行维护。而昨日凌晨3时30分，服务器再次维护。此次，该款游戏的官方发布公告，承认是“修复通过满物品栏从云幂的袖珍罐获得金币的bug”（游戏漏洞）。 不少网站都还在转载，称此次游戏漏洞事件的处理办法为：部分使用bug严重的大区进行回档处理（该服务器大区的所有角色恢复到某一个时间点之前的状态），使用恶意bug的账号永久封停。同时，网站还提醒玩家近期不要购买游戏币，防止被误封。记者随后通过论坛，以及询问玩家本人，发现不少利用游戏漏洞刷钱的玩家被永久封号。 记者随即与QQ官方联系，工作人员表示，利用该款游戏漏洞的玩家，一经核实，将根据影响情节对违规账号进行相应处罚。不过，至于回档的处理方法是否执行，还需要留意官方以后的公告。 律师说法 利用漏洞赚钱是否违法 正常玩家权益如何保障 对此，重庆美旗律师事务所律师黄路武表示，2009年，一名玩家曾通过编写外挂程序，篡改《梦幻西游》客户端软件，从而利用游戏漏洞刷取大量游戏币，并将刷取的游戏币置于第三方交易平台出售牟利，非法获利320万元，最后被判刑10年。而在“地下城与勇士”发生的此次事件中，玩家利用漏洞刷钱，也是类似违法行为。后果严重的，可处5年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；后果特别严重的，将处5年以上有期徒刑。 而对于购买了黑金的玩家，被误封号，或者回档导致购买金币丢失的，要区分情况对待，因贪图便宜以明显低于正常交易价格购买金币的，很难获得法律保护。记者对此还咨询了第三方交易平台客服，工作人员表示，除非买家购买了保险（放心保），否则不会赔偿损失。 不过，黄路武律师表示，运营商应当对其产品本身的系统漏洞承担责任，为此给其他正常游戏的玩家造成的损失应当予以赔偿。
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新人欢迎积分0 阅读权限30积分197精华0UID帖子金钱658 威望0
Lv.3, 积分 197, 距离下一级还需 53 积分
UID帖子威望0 多玩草0 草
http://news.hexun.com//.html新闻链接
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UID3382331帖子威望12 多玩草1484 草
他敢公布就不怕被抓，17W只是个幌子，为了突显这个BUG的重要性
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Lv.8, 积分 10717, 距离下一级还需 7283 积分
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唬人而已&&老马装装样子
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It was Raining
Lv.7, 积分 5141, 距离下一级还需 4859 积分
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Lv.8, 积分 11505, 距离下一级还需 6495 积分
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Lv.5, 积分 1171, 距离下一级还需 1329 积分
UID帖子威望0 多玩草50 草
那我们这种搬砖卖游戏币的人怎么办？
A：“你的肥皂”
& && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && &B：“不，是你的肥皂”
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回忆斑驳了荒凉的记忆....
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UID帖子威望8 多玩草228 草
然后没有然后了
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时间是一把杀猪刀，妹子都变成女汉子了
Lv.6, 积分 4301, 距离下一级还需 699 积分
UID帖子威望0 多玩草3 草
看看 反正赚的不是我
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我回复了一段很长的话，然而没看见在这上面有，我一句话概括了吧，强盗，土匪，无耻败类
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前排…………
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能抓到几个？
初级在线标兵
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元宝专属一阶勋章。已绝版
爱情守望者
爱情守望者
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节日守望者
风雨同舟勋章
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元宝专属二阶勋章。已绝版
需要金钱：1100
手机盒子客户端点击或扫描下载
Powered by有没有人知道，如果利用游戏漏洞赚奖品 算不算违法？
查看: 3108
帖子威望主题
新手上路, 积分 5, 距离下一级还需 55 积分
新手上路, 积分 5, 距离下一级还需 55 积分
最近朋友推荐玩了一款本地开发的游戏，我们几乎是同时开玩的，水平也差不多。但是最近发现他老在榜首，就问他是不是充钱了，他说他发现了游戏的漏洞，不用充钱，几乎每天都可以收一个小米手环。
有没有懂法律的人，如果利用这个游戏漏洞赚算不算违法？
因为这个漏洞实在是太简单了，简单的让人忍不住想利用。
帖子威望主题
火箭侠(Lev.11), 积分 2006, 距离下一级还需 94 积分
火箭侠(Lev.11), 积分 2006, 距离下一级还需 94 积分
来自手机版
如果被游戏管理人员发现并起诉的话是可能受到法律追究的，09年一个梦幻西游玩家利用游戏漏洞获利300多万元，被判了10年。算算加上减刑啥的也该出来了。
帖子威望主题
新手上路, 积分 5, 距离下一级还需 55 积分
新手上路, 积分 5, 距离下一级还需 55 积分
如果被游戏管理人员发现并起诉的话是可能受到法律追究的，09年一个梦幻西游玩家利用游戏漏洞获利300多万元 ...
这个漏洞赚不来那么多钱
帖子威望主题
职业侠客(Lev.4), 积分 466, 距离下一级还需 34 积分
职业侠客(Lev.4), 积分 466, 距离下一级还需 34 积分
被查出来要是不追究那就问题不大，私下解决了，查出来就麻烦比较多了。关键看你玩的什么游戏，获利多少
帖子威望主题
蜘蛛侠(Lev.8), 积分 1004, 距离下一级还需 196 积分
蜘蛛侠(Lev.8), 积分 1004, 距离下一级还需 196 积分
来自手机版
有人还用支付宝扫红包漏洞赚钱呢，，，，结果呢？进去了
帖子威望主题
新手上路, 积分 5, 距离下一级还需 55 积分
新手上路, 积分 5, 距离下一级还需 55 积分
有人还用支付宝扫红包漏洞赚钱呢，，，，结果呢？进去了
妈呀，支付宝红包漏洞也进去&&褥羊毛也……也…算？
帖子威望主题
新手上路, 积分 5, 距离下一级还需 55 积分
新手上路, 积分 5, 距离下一级还需 55 积分
被查出来要是不追究那就问题不大，私下解决了，查出来就麻烦比较多了。关键看你玩的什么游戏，获利多少
游戏是本地开发的一款杠次麻将游戏，奖品获利不大，就一、二百块左右
帖子威望主题
职业侠客(Lev.4), 积分 466, 距离下一级还需 34 积分
职业侠客(Lev.4), 积分 466, 距离下一级还需 34 积分
游戏是本地开发的一款杠次麻将游戏，奖品获利不大，就一、二百块左右
还是小心点好，小便宜贪几次可以，一直贪就不好了
帖子威望主题
侠之大者(Lev.5), 积分 510, 距离下一级还需 90 积分
侠之大者(Lev.5), 积分 510, 距离下一级还需 90 积分
来自手机版
一分钱的便宜都不要贪。
谨防因小失大。玩游戏赚钱|网络游戏工作室赚钱项目攻略！
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BUG 意为臭虫，在计算机的专业术语中，BUG是指在电脑的程序或系统中存在着的缺陷。游戏BUG，游戏也是电脑程序，不过比一般电脑程序要大，所以游戏中有BUG是非常正常的，在网络游戏中，几乎没有没BUG的网络游戏，只不过有些BUG很微乎其微，有些BUG很恶劣而已。一般来说，游戏开发者跟程序员对BUG都有一些评级，把严重的BUG与轻微的BUG分好类，例如S级、A级、B级、C级、D级。分好类以后，他们更新游戏的时候都会针对这些BUG进行更新与修复。如果是严重的游戏BUG，肯定一更新就修复了，也许游戏还没更新的时候，但却因为BUG太过于严重，就强行关服直接对游戏进行维护。自己不是游戏开发商，无从得知程序员对BUG的具体分类，而且每个游戏分类的标准也不一样，所以自己制定了一个等级分类。D级BUG —— 提示类BUG& 这类BUG属于良性BUG，对游戏不会产生任何影响，例如：错别字 UI搭配混乱 字体不规范等等C级BUG —— 体验类BUG& 这类BUG属于偏恶性，对游戏不会产生任何影响，但是会影响游戏体验，例如游戏性能不好，容易报错，容易无响应等等。B级BUG —— 利益类BUG& 这类BUG对玩家属于良性，对游戏开发商属于恶性，玩家可以利用一些简单的游戏BUG或者游戏机制上的漏洞来进行游戏，达到获取利益的效果，例如，卡副本，卡地图BUG，使自己不被击杀等等，但是这类BUG影响不大，属于人人都可以一学即会，并且人人都用的BUG。A级BUG —— 严重牟利类BUG 此类BUG对大部分玩家不公平，而且这类BUG一般不会生存太久，一般开发商发现了就封掉的，例如刷材料，刷金币，修改属性等。并且此类BUG如果性质恶劣一般都会回档。S级BUG —— 严重牟利类或攻击类BUG 此类BUG罕有，可能整个网游市场中，一年难得出现几次，典型的例子，LOL卡天赋，当时受此BUG侵害的所有玩家均奖励永久限定皮肤至死不渝 瑞兹，并且此皮肤再无任何其他获取方式，因为鉴于LOL是属于比较公平的而且比较大型的MOBA游戏，此BUG实为罕见，所以可以列为S级BUG，暗黑3刷金币，利用此BUG的工作室都瞬间赚了几十万人民币的，剑灵刷猛兽洞穴，其实这两个都可以列为A级BUG，但是工作室一利用，也是瞬间获利几十万，而且无法回档追回，可以列为S级，在就是一些服务器攻击类的，例如一些竞技类游戏的炸房BUG，使用BUG使整个房间掉线，以及一些游戏服务器被攻击全服掉线等等。关于A级BUG与S级BUG分类的问题，为什么A级与S级两个例子，同为牟利类BUG，A级中韩服刷金瞬间刷上万金，而S级中刷猛兽洞穴，甚至只能说是正常的游戏行为，都不算是游戏漏洞，而且还需要工作室开大批号才能刷，分级却相反呢？原因是回档问题。在A级BUG中，举的例子是韩服，虽然人人都可以刷上万金，但是官方选择了回档，大家就算刷的在嗨，也无人获利，而S级BUG中，举的例子是国服猛兽洞穴，只有少部分人再刷，大多数是工作室在刷，所以官方没有选择回档，原因很简单，假如我现在是工作室，我现在刷了1万元的材料，卖给了一位土豪，土豪给了我1万元，我已经拿到人民币了，而土豪拿到的确实虚拟物品，假如官方选择回档，我这1万元没有任何损失，已经在我手上了，买我东西的土豪却直接亏1万元。我作为工作室，肯定不可能还钱给他。所以大部分游戏就算有一些漏洞可以刷材料刷钱，官方也很少选择回档，就是这个原因，A级BUG中那个例子，虽然很变态，但是真正赚钱的没多少， S级BUG中的这个例子，虽然很小众，但是赚钱的工作室都赚了几十万人民币。题目标题是利用游戏BUG赚钱，但是说实话，这个东西是非常靠机遇的，一个BUG生存周期，最短可能在数小时之内，例如剑灵，曾经有个网页BUG可以刷高级进化石，而短短的3小时时间，我们剑灵群内的一个女孩子瞬间刷了3万多人民币的高级进化石，并且瞬间出货，因为她号非常多，属于剑灵的老玩家，而且在BUG发生时刚好在电脑前，从BUG出来一开始就一直刷到结束，并且全部出货成功。后来官方进行了一次回档，就是非法产出的高级进化石全部没收，但是她已经卖成钱了，所以根本无所谓。而当时B导正在前往上海的火车上，也就自然与此BUG无缘了。所以说，BUG是非常靠机遇的，但是最重要的是，你要有资讯。而且要比普通玩家更为宽广的资讯接受渠道，当你在贴吧中，多玩中，17173中看到某BUG时，这时候这个BUG基本已经被人玩烂了，并且会马上和谐。所以多加几个比较高端的游戏工作室群，或是收藏一些高端游戏资讯网站显得尤为重要。但是个人还是推荐QQ群，因为网站上面，无论是站长编辑还是发布都需要一定时间，而且发布了你也不一定第一时间能看到，都多多少少有时差，建议还是多加QQ群，但是不要加太水的QQ群，那样有游戏BUG也不关你们事。
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专业玩家网阐述游戏漏洞的类型及相关解决方法
发布时间： 10:58:13
Tags：,,,,
作者：Julian Pritchard
我刚刚设计好一款卡片游戏；我为此很得意：游戏的规则非常巧妙，玩家可以在游戏中尝试各种策略。我把规则解释给两个朋友后，他们就开始试玩。我期待着看他们吃惊的表情。
然而，结果是我吃惊了：其中一人居然靠使小把戏赢了，因为我的游戏很不幸地存在漏洞。
发现漏洞后，这款游戏与我原来的设计就不一样了。最终，我决定把这款卡片游戏改成桌面游戏，这样就可以保持我原来的想法，同时去掉漏洞。
调整游戏后，我对从游戏中发现的漏洞产生了浓厚的兴趣。我开始研究它们如何影响游戏。在本文中，我将对我的研究作一番总结，内容包括漏洞的定义、破坏性和类型。本文还将附上修补这些漏洞的方法。
loopholes(from devmag.org)
漏洞是什么？
如果某样东西可以被滥用，那么它就会被滥用。 ——Hyrop的“漏洞法则”
漏洞可以定义为，系统中的缺陷，玩家可以通过它得到有失公平的或意想不到的优势。——Fullerton，《游戏设计工作坊》
漏洞通常是在自生性游戏性中产生的：即当两个或以上的游戏机制、规则共同起作用时，产生了一些意料之外的结果。当游戏规则不能完全限制或强制合法行为时，漏洞就产生了。
当玩家非常熟悉游戏规则时，或者在偶然的情况下，玩家会发现漏洞。无论玩家在什么情况下发现漏洞，结果总是一样的：他们会利用漏洞，无论能否让游戏变得更有趣。玩家利用漏洞而不是享受游戏乐趣的典型例子就是，刷成就。
漏洞导致不合理的玩家行为。在下文中，我将论述玩家利用漏洞可能做的、但设计师（通常）不希望看到的事。
漏洞成为玩游戏的退化策略。在所有可以使用的策略中，使用优势策略是最可能获得成功的。所谓的“退化策略”就是指总是产生成功的优势策略（游戏邦注：并非所有优势策略都是退化策略：“囚徒困境”就是一个经典的例子）。
漏洞通常是bug，但只有能被玩家利用的bug才会成为漏洞。
许多漏洞的结果是破坏秩序（也就是，玩家利用漏洞体验正常秩序不允许的事件），但只有能让玩家获得好处的秩序破坏才是漏洞。
玩家利用漏洞的行为有违游戏精神。但并非所有有违游戏精神的行为都是漏洞导致的。例如，有些行为需要借助特殊的工具破解了游戏才能完成。这类行为通常属于作弊。
漏洞的案例
在《Bastion》中，玩家可以故意从驳船上掉下来，使游戏在非战斗状态时在移动的驳船上强制重刷玩家。通过这种做法，玩家可以跳过部分关卡，不必展开战斗。这个漏洞的第二个效果就是，叙述者没有意识到发生了什么事；他会兴高采烈地继续谈战斗，以为战斗仍然在进行。
在更早版本的《Desktop Dungeons》中，每个地下城有三个神坛。每个神坛会从9个神中随机解锁1个神。这些神通过任务会逐一解锁。玩家发现，如果他们只解锁了3个神，就可以很肯定哪三个神会刷出来。这样，神的随机性就消失了。开发者的解决办法是，在每个地下城只放一个祭坛，直到玩家解锁完4个神。
在《世纪之石》中，有可能会出现石头砸到门，然后在通道上反弹的情况。在这之后，石头会回到通道上，这样玩家只跑一次路线就可以砸门两次了。这是一个很有害的漏洞，因为游戏要求玩家在砸开门以前必须在通道上往返。
在万智牌《魔法风云会》的游戏过程中，卡片可以消掉它下面的任何一张卡片。有些玩家会把卡片撕开，散放到对手的卡片组中，这样就可以消掉多张卡片。当玩家第一次这么做时，裁判会将其判定为合法，因为并没有规则要求不能将卡片撕开。
在《辐射3》中有一个漏洞，也就是，玩家可以直接前往城市The Citadel，然后使用任何道具跳进这个城市，这样就跳过了游戏中的很大一部分，不必完成任务。
在《上古卷轴5：天际》中，玩家可以把桶放在NPC的头上，然后打劫他，这样NPC就不会发现了。
在《骇客任务》中，玩家可以把LAM手榴弹当作感应地雷或者梯子，这样玩家就以不合理的方式进入区域了。
一个10岁的骇客公布了《核战危机》中的漏洞：在这款运行在手机设备上的社交游戏中，你可以把时间调前，这样就可以提早收到奖励了。
除了以上案例，《文明4》、《天际》、《模拟人生3》等都存在漏洞。
meerkat(from devmag)
漏洞的破坏性
根据Adams所述，游戏玩法是：
1、玩家在实现游戏中的目标以前必须面对的挑战
2、玩家应对这些挑战时允许采取的行动
漏洞对这两方面都构成危害。
漏洞消除了游戏的挑战性。正如前面提到的，玩家总是选择最简单的方法达到目标。漏洞相当于开了一条新捷径，有效地消除了开发者在游戏中设置的挑战。没有挑战性，游戏玩法也就毁了。
漏洞消除了有意义的选择。漏洞破坏游戏的平衡性，不平衡的选择总是不怎么需要动脑的。漏洞的存在减少了玩家可以采取的有意义行动。
漏洞为什么不好？还有另外两个原因。
漏洞消除了多人游戏中的公平性。不公平的游戏是不可能好玩的，因为所有玩家都会靠漏洞保持自己的竞争力。设计师应试始终保持游戏的公平性。
漏洞破坏了“第四堵墙”（游戏邦注：这里的“第四堵墙”借用了戏剧中的术语；在戏剧中，写实场景的室内只有三面墙，而面向观众的一面则被视为假想的“第四堵墙”。它的作用是将演员与观众隔开，使演员忽略观众的存在）。当玩家利用漏洞时，游戏的反应就会暴露它的局限性和潜层机制。这就消除了游戏中的真实感，因为没有了魔法光环，游戏中的氛围和剧情都不再合理了。前文中提到的《Bastion》叙述者失效就是一个典型的例子。
漏洞的一般类型
以下行为可以发生在任何类型的游戏中。它们是许多游戏的玩法，但是，当设计师并不意图这些玩法的出现的时候，它们就变成了漏洞。
避免玩家记忆游戏事件的最简单的办法就是引入随机元素，可以是随机AI行为、随机道具、随机AI位置或者甚至随机AI时限。
所谓的预测就是，玩家学习AI的逻辑，然后估计它的下一步举动，从而轻松地打败它。
正如前面所说的，随机元素可以避免玩家的预测行为，或使AI显得更精巧（本质上说，是更加依赖多次的输入变量）。
“蛮干”（也叫作“变换玩法”）是一种解决某类益智题的办法。当玩家必须想出正确的移动、数字、按钮等组合时，往往会使用“蛮干”（例如，在《机械迷城》中有许多这类益智题）。
在某些情况下，蛮干就是解决问题的方案。但是当设计师意图玩家靠游戏提供的逻辑和线索解决益智题时，蛮干就是一种漏洞了。
解决办法就两种：
1、增加更多组合（例如，再增加一个影响益智题的元素，从而使可能的解决方案数量翻倍），这样蛮干的策略就会显得不实用了。
2、使逻辑和线索更加明显。
在点击类冒险游戏中，“象素搜索”是一种特殊形式的蛮干，也就是玩家的鼠标在整个屏幕上随便悬浮（或点击），直到弹出提示告之玩家可操作的点。
当鼠标悬浮在可操作点上时，或点击到可操作点时，可操作点就会被突出——玩家在任何有这类机制的游戏都可能使用象素搜索，例如，在FPS中，当十字标经过隐藏的敌人时，它就会变红。
在某些情况下，游戏的意图就是让玩家搜索象素，如《质量效应2》中的资源扫描。
“误导”是指玩家故意以低于实际水平的方式玩游戏，使游戏的动态难度调整机制降低游戏难度。这种做法使游戏变得更容易，最终导致玩家轻松获胜（游戏邦注：这类似于现实世界中的撞球比赛，高手故意隐藏真实水平，使对手放松警惕）。
误导经常出现在单人模式的赛车游戏中。赛车游戏使用动态难度调整机制，其作用是根据玩家的水平调整AI赛车的水平：玩家越快，AI也越快。在赛车游戏中，玩家的误导做法就是故意保持第二名（即使他可以超过第一辆赛车），直到最后一圈再猛冲。只要玩家保持第二名，游戏就不会提高难度，因为游戏以为玩家已经受到挑战了。
要解决误导问题可能很困难。赛车游戏《Pure》使用了一种复杂的解决办法。游戏一开始，它的系统就会动态地设置跑在玩家前面一段距离的AI。这意味着玩家在整个赛车过程中，始终与AI势均力敌，这样他想靠最后一圈的冲刺赢AI就不太可能了。但与这种AI比赛，玩家通常能够取胜，只是不太可能误导游戏了。
“碰运气”通常出现在随机关卡生成的游戏中。玩家先大致看一下关卡，再决定是否能够通关；如果不能，他就会重开关卡，等游戏生成更有可能通过的关卡。与误导类似，碰运气的玩家玩到的游戏难度比游戏设计师所期望的低。
以下方法可以防止玩家碰运气：
1、标准化关卡难度，这样随机生成的关卡难度都差不多（这个方法有难度，需要深入理解数值和游戏机制）。
2、禁止新关卡生成，除非玩家已经玩了之前生成的关卡。这要求设计师保证所有关卡是公平的。这个办法的风险是，如果玩家无法通关，可能会永远离开游戏。
3、使玩家更难判断关卡难度，也就是说，当玩家意识到关卡的难度时，他在这一关所花的时间已经足够他打消退出的想法了。
FPS中的漏洞
“擦边式”是指玩家站在角落射击部分敌人，而敌人看不到玩家。这个漏洞可以通过让AI敌人寻找伤害的来源解决。
“突击式”与“擦边”类似，不同的是，玩家从角落里突然现身，打几枪又躲回角落。与“擦边式”的解决办法一样，让AI敌人逼近玩家攻击。
“楔入式”可以用来对付射程短的敌人：玩家把敌人困在一个它无法攻击到玩家的地方，这样玩家就可以很轻松地打它了。
解决这个漏洞的办法是，修改关卡设计或改进AI，给敌人更远的射程，使它能接近玩家；或者做一个东西把玩家拉近敌人（例如使用绳子）。
“隔空式”是指当玩家移动得比敌人更快或射击得比敌人更远时，他可以一边倒退一边攻击敌人，而自己不受伤害。
“驻扎式”是指玩家驻扎在一个敌人看不到他的地方，然后从那个地方攻击敌人。驻扎通常需要一定的距离，并且使用狙击武器。
简单地让敌人回击可能会让玩家觉得受骗了。更好的解决方法是，让敌人朝玩家移动。另一个方法（在多人游戏中特别管用）是精心设计关卡，不留任何适合驻扎的地方，或者给予其中一方以足够的反馈手段，使其获知另一方的驻扎位置；例如，《现代战争2》中的心跳传感器、无人机和KillCam。
“驻扎改良式”与“驻扎式”类似。玩家站在离敌人较远的地方，然后朝会对敌人造成范围伤害的物品射击，如射中手榴弹。
这个问题的解决办法有两个：第一，根据一点物理数学的计算，使AI可以避开接近中的投射物产生的范围伤害；第二，AI可以找出发起攻击的玩家。
“顺序式”是指玩家从敌群中挑选敌人，逐个击破。这往往发生在狭窄的空间中，或者当敌人从群体中分散出来时。如果设计师的意图是让玩家难以战胜集体式攻击，而玩家现在却能选择先打掉哪个敌人，那么这就成了一个漏洞。
最简单的解决办法就是，在周围的敌人中触发警戒状态，使他们集体朝玩家移动。另外，为了防止“顺序式”，战斗空间也要认真设计。
多人游戏中的漏洞
“龟缩”通常发生在有资源系统的游戏中——往往是战略游戏，并且玩家超过2人。当两方玩家交战时，双方都会消耗资源。这就使参战双方处于不利地位，因为他们在战斗时都损失了资源。而同时，采取“龟缩”战术的一方却比双方更好过，因为他在之前的战斗中没有消耗资源，这就使他在下一场战斗时比另外两方更有优势。
这个漏洞的后果就是，游戏中的所有玩家都选择当“乌龟”，这当然就阻碍了游戏的发展。解决办法是，奖励战胜方，并且奖励足够弥补战斗造成的损失。
“弑君”通常出现在玩的过程中显示排名的游戏中。玩家往往结成同盟一起攻击领导者，因为他是最可能获胜的人。
简单的解决办法是，取消游戏过程中的排行榜。更复杂的解决办法是防止玩家与其他玩家合作。
“沙包”是应对“弑君”产生的。优秀的玩家知道其他人可能会进攻自己，如果表现得太突出的话。为了防止这种情况，他会故意隐藏自己的实际水平，直到时机成熟时再一举获胜。注意，“沙包”通常发生在能动态调节难度的游戏中。
解决办法与“弑君”一样：移除排行榜。如果玩家不知道谁最强，就没理由采取“沙包”战术了。
“外交”是指得分低的玩家虽然不能赢，但他的行动可能决定哪个优势玩家能胜出。这些行动可以是给其他玩家赠送资源、或合并军队。这就把外交元素引入游戏了，也就是玩家可以通过建立关系获胜，而不是技术（如果这不是游戏设计的意图，那么就是漏洞了）。
解决办法与前面两种一样：移除排行榜。
“混水”的形式多样，但基本形式一样：当一伙玩家合力达成一个目标时，“混水”的玩家只参与，不投入。
在经验由最后一击的玩家获得的游戏中，混水者在战斗中表现低调，只等最后一击杀掉敌人拿经验，这种做法的死亡风险几乎为零。
在经验根据是否在杀敌范围内分配时，混水者可以一直保持被动，虽然得分落后，但不承担风险就能获得经验。
“混级”是一种特殊的“混水战术”：一伙玩家由一个高级玩家带领杀高级的敌人。因为级别上的跨度，低级玩家会得到大量经验，使升级更快。
简单的解决办法是把经验经分给伤害输出最出的玩家，或让所得经验与伤害输出成正比。
“纯混”是一种特殊的混经验战术：不是投入少，而是完全不投入（纯混的玩家事实上已经停止操作了）。这类玩家躲在其他玩家注意不到他已离开的地方，或者甚至使用外挂。
“打金”是指玩家使用其他帐号帮主帐号增加所得。这在多人地下城游戏中非常普通，玩家可以释无忌惮地重复获取资源。这种做法在格斗游戏中也常用，玩家使用他的其他帐号作托，增加主帐号的属性点或提高排名。
简单的解决办法是，检查IP，惩罚滥用游戏的玩家。这个做法的风险是，开发者可能会误惩玩家，例如，如果兄弟两人在家玩同一款游戏。
另一个更好的解决办法是，执行收益递减系统，也就是不断消灭给攻击者少量好处的实体。或者把这个办法再改进一点，即让高级玩家从攻击低级玩家中获益更少。
“越级”与“打金”相反：玩家建立一个低级角色，给这个角色原本只有高级角色才能获得的道具物品等。这个低级角色可以轻而易举地击败与他级别相当的敌人。
“老手新号”是指老玩家使用新帐号假装新手，然后诱杀真正的新手玩家。这在根据角色能力匹配战斗的游戏中非常普遍。例子如最近的《使命召唤》、《星际争霸2》和《英雄联盟》。
解决办法是使匹配系统自我调正：即在几场游戏之后，将“表现特别突出”的“老手新号”玩家匹配相同水平的玩家，这样“老手新号”把手戏就只能使用几次，然后再建立一个新帐号。对于付费游戏，这类不老实的玩家每建一个帐号就要购买一次游戏。在免费游戏中，这只能靠玩家群体的社交规范和开发者的政策了。
“扮鬼”是指不参与游戏的玩家在多人游戏中偷偷把对手的活动汇报给另一名玩家。
“扮鬼”的另一种形式是高水平的玩家通过流服务“现场解说”游戏。同伴可以边观看解说边估计对手的行动。
“帐号共享”是指多名玩家使用同一个帐号达到靠个人需要耗费大量时间才能达到的目标。当帐号共享时，这个目标可能只需要耗费个人少量的时间就能达到了。
“练”是指玩家专注于不是游戏主要目标的目标，比如增加属性点、达成成就等。
“练成就”在多人游戏中表现为，敌方团队的玩家与另一方的玩家合作，这样他就能轻易达成一般情况下需要更高水平和更多投入的成就。
赛车游戏中的漏洞
“短路”是指当玩家发现比正常路线更快完成比赛的路线。这可能简单得像倒退开车，但一般情况下需要玩家发现关卡设计上的错误。
“刷跳”是指玩家重刷和跳进度。通常表现为，玩家死在一个能使他们在前面刷出的地方，或死亡后重刷会极大地增加他的速度。例如，《马里奥赛车》中的彩虹桥，玩家在那里死亡后重刷可以跳过大段路程。
“刷道具”是指玩家可以继续原本限制了使用次数或时间的速度道具。例如，在《马里奥赛车》中。玩家刷道具保持赛车的高速状态。另一个例子是在《F-ZeroX》中，使用分开的得分榜显示刷道具的玩家和没有刷道具的玩家。
游戏物理中的漏洞
“墙跳”是指玩家能够“飞檐走壁”，通常因为游戏世界几何体中的物理不准确或小故障。
在《魔兽争霸》中，在引入飞行坐骑以前，玩家会使用这个漏洞到达原本无法达到的地方。
“带物”是指当玩家跳到某物品上时，他就可以留住这个物品，带着这个物品继续移动。这使得玩家可以跳起来或像坐了喷气背包一样飞行。在之前提到的《辐射3》中，玩家就是靠这种办法直接进入Citadel的。
“超级跳”是指玩家使用一系列二级动作增加移动速度。这些动作一般是跳跃或蹲下。“超级跳”技术因为引擎不同，效果也不同。
保存系统中的漏洞
“复制”是指玩家通过存档留住资源——通常用在玩家通过IAP获得的虚拟货币。玩家收集资源；加载后再收集，这样就能轻轻松松获得大量虚拟货币了。
“克隆”类似于“老手新号”，但不是创建新帐号，而是把保存好的游戏拷贝给其他帐号，然后出售保存好的游戏中的资源换钱，再通过好友“赠送礼物”等社交功能把钱返回给原来的帐号。
解决办法是追踪玩家保存的有效性，或检查“礼物”的来源以判断是否出自合法用户。
“多档保存”是指玩家将游戏保存多次，这样他就可以“完美表现”了。这么做的玩家只要简单地重新载入游戏，直到得到想要的结果。
解决办法是将加载没有正确发生的情况下频繁使用的保存版移除或变为不可用，玩家死亡是典型的情况。不幸的是，这个做法取消玩家在死亡后重新加载的功能。另一种办法是在游戏中使用保存点，而不允许玩家随意保存进度。
“多档保存”类似于“碰运气”—-区别是，玩家可以使用多个存档来保存游戏进度，而只是“碰运气”的玩家必须重新开始游戏（或关卡）。
有些游戏将这种做法当作有效的游戏机制，例如，在《Castle Of The Winds》中，关卡在玩家进入时会随机生成，玩家可以选择重新进入关卡。这是一种原本有损的机制的后备修复办法（更准确地说，有损的程序生成）。
“跳进度存档”是指玩家利用游戏自动保存机制获得好处，比如远程传送到不同的游戏点，或跑到一个自动保存点同时加载存档，这样就把敌人移除了。
如何寻找游戏设计中的漏洞
作为设计师，寻找漏洞是件难事：为了管理游戏世界，你要破坏你精心制作的每一条规则。在非电脑类游戏中，这可能比较容易，因为规则是明确陈述的。而在电子游戏中，规则是含蓄的，玩家必须学习规则，且大多时候要经历不断的尝试与犯错。因为这类游戏的复杂度，一个漏洞可能会被完全忽略，毕竟“合适的游戏方法”在设计师脑中已经根深蒂固了。
要发现设计中的漏洞，你要使用：
1、你的知识、经验和直觉
寻找漏洞模式。有了经验后，你便可以识别出可能导致漏洞的模式，然后提前在设计中将它去除。上文讨论到的所有FPS漏洞都是由关卡设计和AI的互动之间导致的。
从其他游戏中发现漏洞，从而积累寻找漏洞的经验，是非常有意义的。
理解玩家动机。甚至在简单的游戏中，漏洞也可能是无穷无尽的。专注于重要的漏洞。考虑玩家想做什么，关注允许或限制玩家目标的各种系统：
1、玩家想赢
2、玩家想要更多资源
3、玩家想在游戏中百发百中
4、玩家想成为第一名、最快的、最强的、最富的、最靓的、最酷的人
5、玩家想要成就
这些不一定是最容易出现漏洞的系统，但却是玩家最关注的系统，而这些系统中的漏洞最有可能产生重大影响（对玩法、玩家满足感和甚至你的底线）。
不要消自发性游戏性。预测玩家行为可能很困难，并且你的漏洞修补措施可能会限制游戏或抑制积极的突发事件。
2、请其他游戏设计师检查你的设计
其他设计师有可能是找漏洞的高手。设计师通常对系统和规则有一套很好的检查漏洞的办法，并且他们非常了解其他游戏中的各种漏洞。
当然，这个办法不是完美的：
1）不同的设计师可能对什么是漏洞有不同的定义
2）即使有100个设计师检查，也可能忽略某些漏洞
测试具有以下优势：玩家没有设计师的偏好；你通常能找到更多玩家来评价你的游戏。
玩家知道他们的游戏世界有规则，他们可以破坏规则达到自己的目的。联赛水平级的玩家通常可以当作平衡性测试者，他们曾在《星际争霸2》和《CS》这类游戏的制作中发挥了非常重要的作用。
数据指标是寻找漏洞的强大工具，特别是当你有很庞大的测试团队时。简单的数值如选择某个角色的玩家人数可能会暴露平衡性问题：如果选择某个角色的玩家比例失调，那就说明有问题了。
《Desktop Dungeons》团队能够发现地下城神坛的漏洞是因为他们查看了玩家数据指标。许多玩家在相同的帐号上创建另一个角色，而这个帐号只解锁了3个神。这让设计师感到困惑，直到他们意识到只解锁3个神的优势。
数据指标在发现普通的漏洞方面也很有用：数据指标显示，《WOW》中的高水平公会在突袭中使用客户端工具，直接跳到最后一个BOSS面前，使游戏事件发生的顺序失调。
热力图—-将游戏地图的数据指标视觉化的图像，是另一种寻找漏洞的好工具。热力图可以显示诸如玩家死亡数、射击发生数、敌人覆盖点和玩家探索路线等东西。热力图直观地显示了地图上的地形问题。BioWare在《光晕3》、《正当防卫2》、《小绿人历险记》《CS：全球攻势》中均使用热力图寻找漏洞，甚至在点击类冒险游戏中也采用这种技术。
Just Cause 2(from devmag.org)
（玩家在《正当防卫2》中的玩家死亡数分布图）
4、玩家反馈
一旦游戏发布，就会有大量玩家玩它，接着就会暴露漏洞问题了。在游戏中添加数据指标是非常有用的（因为玩家可能不会像测试者那么积极地反馈漏洞。）不幸的是，你只能靠补丁或升级来解决漏洞。
如何修补漏洞
改变其中一个组件。因为漏洞是因为游戏元素（规则或系统）之间的意外交互作用而产生的，所以漏洞通常可以通过修改某个系统得到修补。例如，上文讨论到的所有FPS漏洞都可以通过改变关卡设计或调整AI得到解决。
改变交互作用。通过改变系统之间的交互作用也可修补漏洞。以FPS为例，在调整AI时把关卡设计考虑进去，使AI根据周围的情况改变行为。
注意：普遍的解决办法VS特殊的解决办法。有些漏洞可以通过引入特殊的规则或例外来解决。例如，在FPS中，可以根据特定的区域设计AI行为：“如果我接近位置（123，456）时，我必须离开板条箱”。也可能使用普遍的规则解决漏洞；例如在FPS中，AI呆能被调整为：“如果我介于两个板条箱之间，我就要离开。”
普遍规则更容易管理。但靠普遍规则修补漏洞可能会引入新的漏洞。特殊规则不影响整个游戏，但可能需要大量特殊规则，这就使排错工作变得很困难。“为什么这个AI靠近大BOSS时就离开板条箱？”
依靠社交规范。在多人游戏中，社交规范可以弥补规则上的破损，特别是当修补漏洞的成本太高时，或者解决方案不明确时。网络司法体系是MMO社交系统的必要部分。这种社交规范可以由行为指南提供，如《魔兽争霸》的针对骚扰的政策，或奖励对社区积极贡献的玩家，这是《Dota2》的计划。
不是bug，是特色
漏洞会破坏游戏，但也不总是。
有些漏洞本身就有很高的技术含量，所以它们不会破坏游戏。在《传送门》的开发者评论中，游戏开发者表示，他们有意留下一些解决益智题的诡计，因为执行这些诡计需要的技术比按正常办法解决益智题更多。
有些漏洞成为新机制。如果它们被使用得够多，可能仍然不妨碍游戏成为一款好游戏，即使已经违背了设计师的意图。在《Quake 3》中，玩家可以使用跳跃加转向的组合来提高速度。这个技术叫作平移跳，是设计师从来没有想过的，但它很快成为游戏的一部分，所以设计师们也决定留下它。
游戏的漏洞甚至可能成为续作的主要机制。在《Starsiege: Tribes》中，移动系统允许玩家使用喷气背包加速下坡。这类似于滑雪，是所有《Starsiege: Tribes》系列的核心机制之一。
有些漏洞对游戏影响极小。这类漏洞可能使游戏的某些部分变得更容易了，但并没有改变游戏的整体难度。在这种情况下，这种漏洞可能成为一种乐趣，如在前文中提到的在《天际》中玩家将桶扣在NPC头上。
有些漏洞“修补”了崩坏的设计。是的，如果你不使用“蛮干”解决某些游戏中的难题，那些难题可能根本解不开。
寻找漏洞是一种娱乐。在制作游戏的比赛，“极速通关赛”使用了序列间断的漏洞，这样玩家就能以尽可能少的时间完成给定的游戏或关卡。
漏洞将永无止境地出现。在其他游戏中积累的漏洞经验和知识可以帮助你避免漏洞，适合的测试可以帮助你找到漏洞。（本文为游戏邦/gamerboom.com编译，拒绝任何不保留版权的转载，如需转载请联系：游戏邦）
Loopholes in Game Desig
by Julian Pritchard
I had just finished working on I was rather chuffed with it: the rules were elegant and nuanced: there was a wealth of strategies you could use in the game. I explained the rules to two friends, and they began to play. I was expecting them to be amazed with the game.
Instead, I was amazed with how one had managed to find a neat little trick to — unexpectedly — win the game: a loophole!
After the discovery, the game was never the same. I eventually decided to change the card game into a board game so that the game could keep my original idea, but without the loophole.
After the change in my game, I became obsessed with loopholes in games. I began to research them and find how they could affect games. In this article, I summarize my research. This article covers what loopholes are, and why they are bad, with a big list of generic types of loopholes that can be found in games. The article also gives some advice on how to find and correct these nasty little game breakers.
What a loophole is
If something can be abused, it will be.
— Hyrop’s Law of Loopholes
A loophole can be defined as a flaw in the system that users can exploit to gain an unfair or unintended advantage.
[Fullerton, Game Design Workshop]
Loopholes are often the two or more rules acting together to make something possible that was not thought possible. Loopholes arise when the game rules don’t completely limit or enforce the legal behaviour.
Players find loopholes when they know the rules very well, or by accident. However they find it, the result is always the same: they will use the loophole, regardless of whether it makes the game more fun. A pointed example of players grinding away instead of having fun is with achievement farming.
When given a task, players will find the optimal solutions, even if it ruins their fun. Finding optimal solutions is part of playing the game — it is the designer’s responsibility to create the necessary challenges for an
this burden is never the player’s.
Loopholes lead to unwan the named loopholes discussed below are all words for things the player can do, but the designer does not (usually) want.
Related Concepts
Loopholes are degenerate strategies to play the game. Among all available strategies, a dominant strategy has the best chance of leading to success. A degenerate strategy is a dominant strategy that always leads to success. (Not all dominant strategies are degenerate: the prisoner’s dilemma is a classical example.)
Loopholes are often bugs, but only bugs that can be exploited by the player are loopholes.
Many loopholes are sequence breakers (that is, they allow the player to experience events in a different order than was intended), but only sequence breaks that benefit the player are loopholes.
Many loopholes are exploits — ways to play the game that goes against the spirit of the game. But not all exploits are loopholes. For example, some exploits require special tools for hacking the game. These are generally considered cheating.
Examples of loopholes
In Bastion, players can deliberately fall off a barge, forcing the game to respawn them in a non-combative state on a moving barge. In this way, players can traverse part of the level without having to engage in combat. A secondary effect of this loophole is that the narrator does not realise what’ he happily talks about combat as if it is still happening.
In an earlier version of Desktop Dungeons, there was three altars in each dungeon. Each of these altars randomly selected one god from a possible nine gods. These gods were unlocked one-by-one through quests. Players realised that if they have only unlocked three gods, they could know which three gods would spawn with certainty. Thus, the randomness of gods was removed. The developers have since fixed this loophole by making only one altar available in a dungeon until the player has unlocked four gods.
In Rock of Ages it is possible for a rock to hit the door, and then bounce off the pathway. The game then places the rock back on the pathway, allowing the player to hit the door twice with only running the course once. This is a detrimental loophole because the game requires the player to traverse a course before they can hit the door.
In Magic The Gathering the Chaos Orb card removes any card it landed on from play. Some players would tear it up and sprinkle it on their opponents cards to remove multiple cards from play. When a player tried this the first time, the judges ruled it legal, since there was no rule against tearing the card up.
Fallout 3 has a loophole where the player may skip a large portion of the game by going straight to one city (The Citadel), and then using any item to jump into the city, instead of completing the quests to get inside.
In The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim a player can place a bucket on NPC’s head and rob him blind without the NPC realising it.
In Deus Ex players could uses LAMs, a grenade which could be placed as a proximity mine, as a ladder. This allowed players into areas in ways that were not intended.
A ten year old hacker exposed the following generic loophole at DefCon: in social games that run on mobile devices, you can set the time forward and receive reward without having to wait for it.
More examples:
Loopholes in Sid Meyer’s Civilisation IV
Loopholes in Skyrim (levelling up)
Loopholes in The Sims 3
Playing games in different ways
Image from xkcd.com/115
Why loopholes are bad
According to Adams, gameplay is
The challenges a player must face to arrive at the object of the game.
The actions the player is permitted to take to address those challenges.
Loopholes interfere with both these aspects of gameplay.
They remove the challenge of the game. As mentioned earlier, players will take the easiest path towards their goal. A loophole introduces a new, easier path, effectively removing the path of challenge the designer intended. Without challenge, the gameplay is ruined.
They remove meaningful choice. Loopholes mess with the balance of the game, and an unbalanced choice is almost always a no-brainer. The existence of a loophole limits the range of interesting actions the player can take..
There are two additional reasons why loopholes are bad.
They remove fairness in multiplayer games. A game that is not fair is not fun, because all players would have to use the loophole to stay competitive. Designers should always strive to make games fair.
They can break the fourth wall. When a player uses a loophole, the game reacts in a way that exposes its limitations and underlying machinery. This can remove the sense of atmosphere and story from the game, because things no longer make sense without looking outside the magic circle. The narrator glitch in Bastion mentioned above is the perfect example.
General types of loophole
The following behaviours can occur in any type of game. Many games rely on these behaviours for their gameplay, but when they were not the behaviours intended by the game designer, they show a loophole.
Memorizing is when the game or game AI follows patterns that players can memorize.
Pac-Man is famous for this — instead of responding to enemy behaviour, the best players memorize sequences of moves they have to make to complete a level.
The easiest way to avoid players from memorizing game events is to introduce a random element in the game, either in AI behaviour, or item and AI placement, or even just in the timing of the AI.
Predicting is when the player can learn the logic of the AI, and easily defeat it by predicting its next action.
Prediction can be avoided by introducing random elements as explained above, or making AI more nuanced (essentially, making it depend on more input variables).
Brute forcing (also called permutation play) is a way of solving certain kinds of puzzles, usually where the player must figure out the correct combination of moves, digits, levers, buttons, or something similar (there are many of these kinds of puzzles in Machinarium, for example).
In some cases, brute force is the intended method of solution. But when the designer intends the player to use logic and clues provided to solve the puzzle, solving it by brute force is a loophole.
There are two ways to fix this:
Add more combinations (for example, adding a lever to a puzzle doubles the number of possible solutions), so that brute force techniques become infeasible.
Make the logic or clues more transparent.
Pixel hunting is a special form of brute forcing that is common in point-and-click adventure games. Pixel hunting is where the player mouses over (or clicks, depending on the controls) the entire screen until a indicator pops up to show that they had found an interactive point.
Pixel hunting can occur in any game that highlights interactive points only when the mouse hovers over them or they are clicked, such as a FPS reticle turning red when passing over a hidden enemy.
In some cases making the player hunt for pixels is intentional, such as resource scanning in Mass Effect 2.
Hustling is when a player exploits the dynamic difficulty adjustment of a game by playing lower than her potential. This makes the game easier, and eventually allows the player an easy victory. This is similar to pool hustling in the “real world”.
Hustling is most common in the single-player mode of racing games. Racing games use dynamic difficulty adjustment, called rubber band AI, which adjusts the AI vehicles’ performance to match the player’s: the faster the player, the faster the AI. A player hustles by keeping in second place until the last lap (even if she can pass the first vehicle). With the player in second place, the game will not inc it thinks that the player is being challenged.
To fix rubberband exploits can be difficult. The racing game Pure uses a sophisticated alternative to the rubber band method. The system dynamically sets the AI some distance ahead of the player from the start. This means that the player is continually playing catch-up throughout the race until the end, where she can narrowly beat the AI. Like with rubber band AI, the player is generally capable of victory, but she can’t hustle.
Fortune hunting occurs in games with random level generation. The player briefly glances around the level to decide if they feel the level is easy enough
if not, they simply restart the level in the hope of a more favourable one. Like the hustler, the fortune hunter is playing the game at a difficulty lower than the one that designer intended.
The designer can prevent fortune hunting in several ways:
By normalizing level difficulty so that each randomly generated level is about the same level of difficulty (this can be hard, and requires a good understanding of statistics and the game mechanics).
By not allowing a new level to be generated until the previous one has been played.This requires that you can guarantee that all your levels are fair. Otherwise, a level may be generated that frustrates the player to the point of quitting the game permanently.
To make it more difficult to judge the level difficulty until the player has invested enough time not to want to quit the level.
Loopholes in FPSes
Edging is where the player stands around a corner and shoots a part of the enemy while the enemy can’t see the player. This loophole can be countered by having the enemy AI seek out the source of the damage.
Picking is the same as edging, except that the player hops out from the corner, shoots, and returns to hiding. As with edging, this loophole can be corrected by making the AI move towards the players to attack.
Wedging can be used on enemies with a short attack range: the player lodges an enemy in a place where it cannot attack her from. This allows the player to pick off this enemy with ease.
Ways to counter this loophole are to give the enemy a long range attack, to allow it a means to reach the player by fixing the level design or improve the AI, or to create entities which force the player towards it (using a rope, for example).
Kiting is when the player can move faster or shoot further than the AI. This allows the player to move backwards and attack the AI while not receiving damage.
Camping is when a player stations herself where enemies can’t see her, and attacks enemies from such a place. Camping is normally done from a distance and with a sniper weapon.
Simply making enemies return fire may cause the player to feel cheated. A proper solution is to make the enemies move towards the player. Another strategy (especially useful in multiplayer games) is to carefully design levels without any good camping spots, and give enough feedback so that players can learn the positions of campers, for example, the Heartbeat Sensors, Unmanned Arial Vehicles (UAVs), and KillCam in Modern Warfare 2.
Splashing is similar to camping. The player positions herself far away from the enemy and shoots an object that does splash damage, such as a grenade, at the enemy.
The are two solutions to this problem: first, the AI can be made to avoid splash damage of oncoming missiles with a second, the AI can be made to seek out the player who launched the attack.
Serializing is when a player kills an entire group of enemies by picking them off one-by-one. This is typically happens in narrow spaces, or if the AI causes enemies to separate from the group. This is a loophole if the intention was to make it more difficult to take out groups, and give the player an opportunity to choose which enemies to take out first.
The simplest fix is for the enemy to trigger an alert state in the nearby enemies which allow them to move off in a group towards the player. The combat space also needs to be designed carefully to prevent serialisation.
Loopholes in multiplayer games
Turtling happens in games with resources — typically strategy games — and there are more than two players. When two players engage in combat, both will consume resources. This puts the combatants at a disadvantage since they both lost resources in the engagement. In the meantime, the turtle is better off than both, since she did not need to spend any resources, giving her an advantage in the next combat against either player.
This effect can lead everyone in the game to play turtle, which of course prevents the game from moving forward. The solution is to encourage aggressive play by awarding the winner of each battle with enough resources to offset the losses suffered in that battle.
Killing the leader occurs in games where a scoreboard is available during play. Players attack the leader, since she is the person most likely to win, often forming coalitions to achieve this goal.
With the multitude of players attacking the leader, it is likely that they may suffer damages to a point where they can’t recover from them, and they no longer have any chance at victory.
A simple solution is to remove scoreboards from the game. A more complex solutions is to prevent players from cooperating with one and other.
Sandbagging is is a form of hustling caused by the killing-the-leader effect. Good players are aware that others are likely to attack them if they are seen to be doing well. To prevent this, they deliberately underperform until they can act to their full potential and win the game. Note that the killing the leader effect serves as built-in dynamic difficulty adjustment.
The solution to this is the same as that for killing the leader: remove the leaderboard. If players don’t know who the leader is, there is no reason to play sub-optimally.
Kingmaking is when the player lower down in the scores is not able to win, but by her actions she can decide whom among the leaders does win. These actions can be in the form of sending resources to another player, or combining the armies in a coalition. This introduces an element of diplomacy into the game, where a player can win based on relationships and not skill. (As always, it is just a loophole if this is unintentional).
The solution to this is the same as the one for sandbagging and killing the leader: remove scorebords.
Experience leeching takes a variety of forms, but the general formula is the same. A player gains benefit of participation without putting in the required effort involved to achieve the outcome.
In games where experience is awarded to the player who lands the killing blow, leechers are passive in combat until the last moment, when they jump in and kill the enemy to get the experience, at little risk of dying.
In games where experience is awarded to all players in range of the kill, leechers can stay
as long as they trail behind, they can get experience without having to take any risks.
Power leveling is a special kind of leeching. A player groups with a high level player who also kills enemies of a high level. Because of the level difference, the low level player will gain a wealth of experience causing them to level fast.
Simple solutions are to assign experience to the player who does the most damage, or to assign experience in proportion to the damage dealt.
AFK loopholes are a special form of experience leeching: instead of putting minimal effort, though, the player doesn’t put in any effort (they are, in fact, away from keyboard). The player hides in a place where other players will not notice that they are AFK, or even employs some form of bot.
Boosting or alt farming or alternate-account farming is a method where a player uses an alternate account to enhance the gains of her primary account. This is widespread in MUDs, where the players have a resource that they can attack repeatedly without fear of retribution. Boosting is also common in fighting games, where a player will “fight” against the character of her second account to boost her stats or position in the leaderboards.
A simple solution is to check the IP usage and discipline the user for abusing the game. The problem with this scheme is that the developer may punish a player unfairly, for example, if a player beats her brother at a game that they play together.
A more elegant solution is to implement a system of diminishing returns, where the continued killing of a single entity gives less gains for the attacker until it no longer to make sense to attack. This can further be improved by also making higher level players receive less benefits from attacking lower level players.
Twinking is the opposite of alt farming. It is when a player creates a low-level character and gives it the benefits that are intended for a high level character. The twink is kept at a low-level so that it may defeat opponents of similar level with great ease.
Smurfing is hustling by using a new account and pretending to be an inexperienced player to lure in and kill players that are actually inexperienced easily. This is common in games where there is matchmaking based on metrics tracking player capabilities. Examples include the recent Call of Duty games, the leagues in StarCraft II, and League of Legends.
Matchmaking systems are self-correcting: metrics will move the smurfer to matches with equally skilled players after a few games, so she can only use this technique a few times before having to create another new account. And with pay-to-play games, the smurfer is required to buy the game each time she wants to create a smurf account. In a free-to-play game it is up to the community and dev team to find a solution using social norms and policy (discussed more in a section below).
Ghosting is when a non-playing observer in a multiplayer game communicates to one player, or team, the actions of their opponent.
A sub form of ghosting is called stream sniping this is when highly skilled player broadcast their games live on a streaming service. Their opponents may then watch the stream and counter their opponents actions as they are watching them.
Account Sharing is when multiple people use the same account to achieve a goal that would need a large time commitment by a single player. With account sharing, such a goal can be reached with only a modest time commitment by each player.
Farming is when players focus on a goal that is not the main goal of the game. This can be something such as increasing their stats, or gaining achievements. Each of which would normally prefix farming when in action.
Achievement farming, in a multiplayer games, is when players of opposing teams cooperate with one and other so that players can easily gain achievements that would normally require skill and investment in the game.
Loopholes in racing games
Short circuiting is when the player finds a faster route to complete the race than the intended one. This can be as simple as driving the course backwards, but normally requires the player to find an error in the level design.
Spawn jumping occurs when the player respawns and has gained time. This normally involves the player dying in such a place that it is possible for them to spawn ahead, or dying in such a way that would dramatically increase her speed. An example of this is the rainbow bridge in Mario Kart, where a player could skip half the race by spawn jumping.
Perma boosting is when the player is able to continually use a speed boost that is only supposed to be used seldomly, or in a limited amount. An example of such an exploit is snaking in the Mario Kart games, where players use power slides to always have a boost on the vehicle. Another example is in F-ZeroX, where separate scoreboards are used for players who perma boost and those who don’t.
Loopholes in game physics
Wall jumping is when the player is able to climb up a wall by jumping against it, usually because of inaccurate physics or small glitches in the world geometry.
In World of Warcraft, before the introduction of flying mounts, it was possible to use this loophole to reach places in the game that the player shouldn’t have been able to.
Bootstrapping is when the player jumps onto an object that she ‘holds’. She just moves up and also brings the object up with her. This allows the player to jump up or fly as if she had a jetpack. The Fallout 3 loophole mentioned earlier relies on bootstrapping for the player to get access to the Citadel.
Bunny hopping is when the player uses a series of secondary movements to increase the movement speed. These movements typically involve jumping or crouching. Bunny hopping techniques vary from engine to engine.
Loopholes in saving systems
Duping is when there is a resource that persists through saves — generally a currency the player gains through an in-app purchase. The player
loads and gathers it again, while they are in turn getting richer for not doing any work.
Cloning is similar to twinking, but instead of creating a new account the player copies a saved game into a dummy account, sells the resources of the saved game for currency, and sends the currency back to the original account via a form of social integration where friends can ‘gift’ things to one and other.
The solution is to track the validity of player saves, or to check where the ‘gifts’ are coming from to be sure that they are from a legitimate user.
Save scumming is when a player makes multiple saves so that they can play a ‘perfect’ game. The player creates a number of saves and simply reloads one until they get the result they want.
A solution is to remove, or disable, a save that is frequently used without the correct condition for the load to happen — player death is typical. This, unfortunately, removes the player’s ability to reload when death is certain even before it occurred. An alternative is to make the games use save points instead of free saves.
Save scumming is similar to fortune hunting — the difference is that a player can progress with save scumming, while a player that merely fortune hunts has to restart the game (or level).
Some games make statistics manipulation a valid game mechanic, for example, in Castle Of The Winds levels are randomly generated on player entering, and players can choose to re-enter the level. This is a kind of fall-back-fix for otherwise broken mechanics (more precisely, broken procedural generation).
Save jumping is when the player uses the game auto-save system to their advantage. The player can do things such as teleporting to a different game point, or run to an autosave point while fighting to load the save and remove the enemies.
How to find game design loopholes
As a designer, finding loopholes is a challenge: you are trying to break the very rules you crafted so carefully to govern the game world. In non-computer games this may be easier because the rules are stated explicitly. In video games, the rules are implicit, and requires a player to learn the rules, mostly, through trial-and-error. Because of the complexity of some games, a loophole may be completely overlooked simply because the “proper way of playing” is ingrained in the designer’s head.
There are four ways to find loopholes in your design.
1. Use your own knowledge, experience and instincts
Look for loophole patterns. With experience, you will start to recognize the patterns that can lead to loopholes, and remove them from the design early. All the FPS loopholes discussed above arises from the interaction between the level design and AI.
Drawing from a large knowledge-base of loopholes in other games in your genre can be very helpful, and it’s a good idea to build such a base for yourself.
Understand player motives. Even in simple games, the possibilities for loopholes are endless. Focus your attention where it matters. Consider what players want to do, and pay attention to the various systems that allows or limits these goals:
Players want to win.
Players want more resources.
Players want to get to every spot in the game.
Players want to be the first, the fastest, the strongest,the richest, the prettiest, the coolest.
Players want achievements.
This will not necessarily be the systems with the most loopholes, but it will be systems that players will pay most attention to, and loopholes in these systems are most likely to have important effects (on gameplay, player satisfaction, and even your bottom line).
Don’t Kill Emergence. Trying to predict player behaviour can be tricky, and there is always the risk that your loophole corrections unnecessarily limits the game, and removes the possibilities of positive emergence.
2. Ask fellow game designers to check your design
Fellow designers can be great at finding loopholes. Designers have a good way of looking at a system and its rules and finding where to break them, and they typically have a vast knowledge of various loopholes in other games.
Of course, this method is not perfect:
different designers may not agree on what are the l and
even a hundred game designers may still overlook some loopholes.
Testing overcomes some of these problems: gamers don’t have designer’s bias, and you can generally find more game players than game designers willing to comment on your game.
Gamers know their game worlds have rules, and that they can break these rules to their advantage. Tournament level players are often used as balance testers and have been extremely important in the making of games such as Starcraft 2 and Counter Strike: Global Offensive.
Metrics are a powerful tool for finding loopholes, especially if you have a large test group. A simple statistic such as number of players that choose a certain character may point to a balance issue: if a disproportionate number of players choose a certain character or combination, you know there is a problem. The course blog Game Balance Concepts gives an extensive overview of the use of metrics in game design.
The Desktop Dungeons team was able to pick up the loophole with the gods by looking at the metrics of their players. A number of players were creating alternative characters on the same account where they unlocked only three gods. This puzzled the developers, until they realised the advantage of only unlocking three gods.
Metrics are also useful to pick up more general exploits: metrics exposed a highly skilled guild of WoW players that used a client side tool to delete a wall during a raid and skip to the last boss, making game events happen out of the planned order.
A heatmap — a visual depiction of a metric on the game map — is another useful tool in finding loopholes. A heat map can show things such as player deaths, shots fired, enemy cover and player exploration. Heatmaps make it visually apparent where there are topographical problems with the map. See for example how this technique was applied in Halo 3, Just Cause 2, Replica Island, Counter Strike: Global Offensive, by BioWare, and even in point-and-click adventure games.
Player deaths in Just Cause 2.
4. Use feedback from players in the field
Once a game has shipped, and your game is played by a large number of players, even more loopholes will be exposed. Adding metrics to your games can be very helpful to expose loopholes in these circumstances (players may not want to report loopholes as eagerly as testers). Unfortunately, you will only be able to fix with a patch or update.
How to fix loopholes
Change one of the components. Since loopholes arise from the unintended interaction of game elements (rules or systems), a loophole can generally be fixed by making a change to just one of these systems. For example, all the FPS loopholes discussed can be fixed by either changing the level design, or by changing the AI.
Change the interaction. Loopholes can also be fixed at the points where systems that cause them interact. Taking the FPS examples, the AI can be adjusted to take the level design into account, so that alternate behaviours are used based on the topology of the surroundings.
Beware: general versus specific solutions. Some loopholes can be fixed by introducing very specific rules or exceptions. For example, in an FPS game, AI can be developed for specific zones: “if I am close to position (123, 456), I need to move away from the crates”. Alternatively, problems can be fixe in an FPS, for example, the AI may be adjusted “if I am between two crates, move away”.
General rules are more elegant and easier to manage. But adding general rules to fix loopholes may introduce new loopholes. Specific rules don’t impact on the overall game, but many may be needed, leading to debugging nightmare. “Why is this AI moving away from crates when he is near the big boss?”
Rely on social norms. In multiplayer games, social norms can make up for broken rules. This is especially useful when a loophole would be too expensive to fix, or a solution is not clear. Online justice systems are an essential part of MMO social systems. Such social norms can be provided by behavioural guidelines — such as the World of Warcraft harassment policy — or rewarding players who positively contribute to the community, such is the plan for Dota 2.
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“地下城与勇士”是一款2D横面的格斗游戏，在2013年网络游戏百度搜索风云榜中，排行第三名，深受玩家青睐。然而，就是这款异常火爆的游戏，前晚却曝出其中竟有漏洞，有玩家利用漏洞狂刷游戏币赚钱！2 X* y* E: ^; G
前晚，有网友发帖称，有玩家利用“地下城与勇士”游戏的漏洞，狂刷游戏币，然后套现，获利颇丰。其中甚至有玩家自曝，3天就赚了17万元！是否真有此事？记者昨日展开了详细调查。 游戏服务器将维护 玩家曝出刷币漏洞 前晚20时18分，有网友在多玩DNF论坛中发帖称，当晚20点09分左右，他在玩“地下城与勇士”游戏时，突然卡了一下，随后就看见不少玩家都掉了线。开始，他以为是游戏维护，但发现游戏中出现了诸多不正常的情况：如好友列表和工会中都没人，掉线的玩家也无法再登录游戏，而游戏的交易系统也处于紧急维护中。 该网友怀疑，这次异常现象，其实是由该款游戏的“云幂袖珍罐”道具存在漏洞，有人狂刷游戏币导致的。这也是这几天游戏币急剧贬值的原因。记者发现，仅1天时间，该帖浏览量就高达21万人次，在玩家中掀起轩然大波。 该漏洞到底是什么？记者调查发现，“云幂袖珍罐”这个游戏道具，可以开出2件一样的游戏装备，还有极少几率开出游戏币，开出的装备不值钱，但如果开出金币了，则分为5000万、8000万以及1亿游戏币。而1亿游戏币，按正常市场行情，可在交易网上卖400多元人民币。 据玩家称，在游戏中，角色的装备是需要用包裹来存放的，不过目前角色的包裹最多只有48格，也就是只能存放最多48件装备。漏洞就是利用包裹的有限空间，存放47件装备（存放满了又无法开罐子），只留下一格空位，而在开“云幂袖珍罐”出装备时，就会因包裹空间不足，而导致开罐失败，而罐子还存在。玩家继续开罐，直到出现金币，但金币不会占据包裹的空间，因此开罐成功，然后罐子消失。发现这个漏洞后，部分玩家狂刷游戏币，然后马上在第三方交易平台出售游戏币，兑换成现金。 3天“赚”了17万元？ 玩家截图晒“战果” 前晚22时57分，一网友也在多玩DNF论坛中发帖，还配了一张游戏截图。记者发现，图中的玩家利用游戏漏洞，刚好开出了1亿游戏币。其他网友纷纷回帖称，利用游戏漏洞刷钱，会被永久封号。不过，发帖者不屑一顾地回复：“封一个号才多少钱嘛，据说有人3天赚17万元。” 记者随即与这名发帖的网友取得了联系。发帖者表示，玩家利用该游戏漏洞3天赚17万元一事，他也是在自己的群里看见的。具体是谁发布的消息，他表示不方便透露。 昨日凌晨，见游戏维护完成，记者也进入了该款游戏的重庆区，发现不少玩家正在谈论此事。记者与其中一名自称刷过钱的玩家取得了联系，他表示，自己因为害怕被封号，所以只刷了5000万游戏币。不过，他的朋友却利用该漏洞刷了几十亿游戏币，赚了1万多元。当记者索要其朋友联系方式时，被他拒绝。 随后，一玩家在游戏中表示，自己刷了大量游戏币，并公布了自己的QQ群。记者随即加入该群，发现群中已有300多位玩家，不少玩家还在询问刷钱的方法。通过与群主私聊，群主当即截图向记者展示“战果”。记者发现，他的游戏账号中，共有50亿游戏币，同时还有价值人民币6500元的游戏点卷，以及价值数亿游戏币的游戏物品。群主表示，他这几天赚了2万多元，还询问记者是否需要收购游戏币。发现记者只是关心游戏漏洞以及出售游戏币的详情时，群主将记者踢出了群。 记者发现，不少玩家都在论坛、贴吧等地方，晒出了自己刷过游戏币的截图。 网友发帖算细账 一台电脑一天可赚7000元 游戏漏洞是何时出现的？3天赚17万元，此事是否真有可能？ 有玩家透露，游戏漏洞应该是从上一次（8月22日早上）服务器维护后，被人发现的。 随着此事逐渐升温，一网友也发帖算了一笔账：一个普通的游戏工作室，假设有30台电脑，每台电脑一天用2个游戏账号来刷“云幂袖珍罐”，那么，一个号平均每天至少可刷10个，每个号就至少10亿游戏币，一台电脑一天可刷20亿游戏币。20亿游戏币，按照前几天的市场价，可卖七八千元。一台电脑按7000元算，那么在理论上，该工作室一天就可赚21万元。如果游戏工作室电脑越多，赚的钱还会更多。 记者调查发现，部分玩家一般一个人就有十余个游戏角色，如利用所有时间来刷钱，那么他每天都可赚5万元以上，3天赚17万元，完全有可能。 事件影响 有人称账号已被误封 有人赚了钱逃过一劫 因受此次该款游戏漏洞风波的袭击，记者昨日在网络交易平台上发现，原本1元钱只能购买23~26万游戏币，此次事件发生后，竟可购买50多万游戏币。不少不知情的玩家，贪图便宜购买了大量游戏币。 据了解，此次漏洞风波出现后，导致不少玩家开始恐慌。一方面，一旦游戏回档，自己近几日投入的金钱、时间、努力等，都将付诸东流。而另一方面，购买了黑金的玩家，也可能被封号。一位河北的玩家就表示，自己25日购买了2000元的游戏币，昨日上线就被封了。而相对地，有部分自称刷游戏币赚过钱的玩家则庆幸自己安全逃过一劫。 官方行动 发布公告承认漏洞 有玩家已经被封号 前晚21时30分，该款游戏的服务器全面进行维护。而昨日凌晨3时30分，服务器再次维护。此次，该款游戏的官方发布公告，承认是“修复通过满物品栏从云幂的袖珍罐获得金币的bug”（游戏漏洞）。 不少网站都还在转载，称此次游戏漏洞事件的处理办法为：部分使用bug严重的大区进行回档处理（该服务器大区的所有角色恢复到某一个时间点之前的状态），使用恶意bug的账号永久封停。同时，网站还提醒玩家近期不要购买游戏币，防止被误封。记者随后通过论坛，以及询问玩家本人，发现不少利用游戏漏洞刷钱的玩家被永久封号。 记者随即与QQ官方联系，工作人员表示，利用该款游戏漏洞的玩家，一经核实，将根据影响情节对违规账号进行相应处罚。不过，至于回档的处理方法是否执行，还需要留意官方以后的公告。 律师说法 利用漏洞赚钱是否违法 正常玩家权益如何保障 对此，重庆美旗律师事务所律师黄路武表示，2009年，一名玩家曾通过编写外挂程序，篡改《梦幻西游》客户端软件，从而利用游戏漏洞刷取大量游戏币，并将刷取的游戏币置于第三方交易平台出售牟利，非法获利320万元，最后被判刑10年。而在“地下城与勇士”发生的此次事件中，玩家利用漏洞刷钱，也是类似违法行为。后果严重的，可处5年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；后果特别严重的，将处5年以上有期徒刑。 而对于购买了黑金的玩家，被误封号，或者回档导致购买金币丢失的，要区分情况对待，因贪图便宜以明显低于正常交易价格购买金币的，很难获得法律保护。记者对此还咨询了第三方交易平台客服，工作人员表示，除非买家购买了保险（放心保），否则不会赔偿损失。 不过，黄路武律师表示，运营商应当对其产品本身的系统漏洞承担责任，为此给其他正常游戏的玩家造成的损失应当予以赔偿。
新人欢迎积分0 阅读权限1积分2840精华0UID帖子金钱5604 威望0
UID帖子威望0 多玩草50 草
新人欢迎积分0 阅读权限30积分197精华0UID帖子金钱658 威望0
Lv.3, 积分 197, 距离下一级还需 53 积分
UID帖子威望0 多玩草0 草
http://news.hexun.com//.html新闻链接
新人欢迎积分1 阅读权限80积分17616精华0UID3382331帖子金钱47622 威望12
Lv.8, 积分 17616, 距离下一级还需 384 积分
UID3382331帖子威望12 多玩草1484 草
他敢公布就不怕被抓，17W只是个幌子，为了突显这个BUG的重要性
新人欢迎积分1 阅读权限80积分10717精华0UID4393464帖子金钱11404 威望9
Lv.8, 积分 10717, 距离下一级还需 7283 积分
UID4393464帖子威望9 多玩草288 草
唬人而已&&老马装装样子
新人欢迎积分0 阅读权限70积分5141精华0UID帖子金钱21338 威望2
It was Raining
Lv.7, 积分 5141, 距离下一级还需 4859 积分
UID帖子威望2 多玩草65 草
新人欢迎积分1 阅读权限80积分11505精华0UID帖子金钱1289 威望10
Lv.8, 积分 11505, 距离下一级还需 6495 积分
UID帖子威望10 多玩草86 草
新人欢迎积分0 阅读权限50积分1171精华0UID帖子金钱3538 威望0
Lv.5, 积分 1171, 距离下一级还需 1329 积分
UID帖子威望0 多玩草50 草
那我们这种搬砖卖游戏币的人怎么办？
A：“你的肥皂”
& && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && &B：“不，是你的肥皂”
新人欢迎积分1 阅读权限90积分20877精华0UID帖子金钱35357 威望8
回忆斑驳了荒凉的记忆....
Lv.9, 积分 20877, 距离下一级还需 7123 积分
UID帖子威望8 多玩草228 草
然后没有然后了
新人欢迎积分1 阅读权限60积分4301精华0UID帖子金钱7969 威望0
时间是一把杀猪刀，妹子都变成女汉子了
Lv.6, 积分 4301, 距离下一级还需 699 积分
UID帖子威望0 多玩草3 草
看看 反正赚的不是我
新人欢迎积分0 阅读权限1积分2精华0UID帖子金钱12 威望0
UID帖子威望0 多玩草0 草
我回复了一段很长的话，然而没看见在这上面有，我一句话概括了吧，强盗，土匪，无耻败类
新人欢迎积分1 阅读权限1积分1511精华0UID帖子金钱2070 威望0
UID帖子威望0 多玩草0 草
前排…………
新人欢迎积分0 阅读权限1积分5精华0UID帖子金钱108 威望0
UID帖子威望0 多玩草0 草
能抓到几个？
初级在线标兵
论坛在线时间达1000小时即可申请
元宝专属一阶勋章。已绝版
爱情守望者
爱情守望者
节日守望者
节日守望者
风雨同舟勋章
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DNF手机盒子勋章
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活动奖励勋章
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妹纸看过来，我是真汉纸！
元宝专属二阶勋章。已绝版
需要金钱：1100
手机盒子客户端点击或扫描下载
Powered by有没有人知道，如果利用游戏漏洞赚奖品 算不算违法？
查看: 3108
帖子威望主题
新手上路, 积分 5, 距离下一级还需 55 积分
新手上路, 积分 5, 距离下一级还需 55 积分
最近朋友推荐玩了一款本地开发的游戏，我们几乎是同时开玩的，水平也差不多。但是最近发现他老在榜首，就问他是不是充钱了，他说他发现了游戏的漏洞，不用充钱，几乎每天都可以收一个小米手环。
有没有懂法律的人，如果利用这个游戏漏洞赚算不算违法？
因为这个漏洞实在是太简单了，简单的让人忍不住想利用。
帖子威望主题
火箭侠(Lev.11), 积分 2006, 距离下一级还需 94 积分
火箭侠(Lev.11), 积分 2006, 距离下一级还需 94 积分
来自手机版
如果被游戏管理人员发现并起诉的话是可能受到法律追究的，09年一个梦幻西游玩家利用游戏漏洞获利300多万元，被判了10年。算算加上减刑啥的也该出来了。
帖子威望主题
新手上路, 积分 5, 距离下一级还需 55 积分
新手上路, 积分 5, 距离下一级还需 55 积分
如果被游戏管理人员发现并起诉的话是可能受到法律追究的，09年一个梦幻西游玩家利用游戏漏洞获利300多万元 ...
这个漏洞赚不来那么多钱
帖子威望主题
职业侠客(Lev.4), 积分 466, 距离下一级还需 34 积分
职业侠客(Lev.4), 积分 466, 距离下一级还需 34 积分
被查出来要是不追究那就问题不大，私下解决了，查出来就麻烦比较多了。关键看你玩的什么游戏，获利多少
帖子威望主题
蜘蛛侠(Lev.8), 积分 1004, 距离下一级还需 196 积分
蜘蛛侠(Lev.8), 积分 1004, 距离下一级还需 196 积分
来自手机版
有人还用支付宝扫红包漏洞赚钱呢，，，，结果呢？进去了
帖子威望主题
新手上路, 积分 5, 距离下一级还需 55 积分
新手上路, 积分 5, 距离下一级还需 55 积分
有人还用支付宝扫红包漏洞赚钱呢，，，，结果呢？进去了
妈呀，支付宝红包漏洞也进去&&褥羊毛也……也…算？
帖子威望主题
新手上路, 积分 5, 距离下一级还需 55 积分
新手上路, 积分 5, 距离下一级还需 55 积分
被查出来要是不追究那就问题不大，私下解决了，查出来就麻烦比较多了。关键看你玩的什么游戏，获利多少
游戏是本地开发的一款杠次麻将游戏，奖品获利不大，就一、二百块左右
帖子威望主题
职业侠客(Lev.4), 积分 466, 距离下一级还需 34 积分
职业侠客(Lev.4), 积分 466, 距离下一级还需 34 积分
游戏是本地开发的一款杠次麻将游戏，奖品获利不大，就一、二百块左右
还是小心点好，小便宜贪几次可以，一直贪就不好了
帖子威望主题
侠之大者(Lev.5), 积分 510, 距离下一级还需 90 积分
侠之大者(Lev.5), 积分 510, 距离下一级还需 90 积分
来自手机版
一分钱的便宜都不要贪。
谨防因小失大。玩游戏赚钱|网络游戏工作室赚钱项目攻略！
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BUG 意为臭虫，在计算机的专业术语中，BUG是指在电脑的程序或系统中存在着的缺陷。游戏BUG，游戏也是电脑程序，不过比一般电脑程序要大，所以游戏中有BUG是非常正常的，在网络游戏中，几乎没有没BUG的网络游戏，只不过有些BUG很微乎其微，有些BUG很恶劣而已。一般来说，游戏开发者跟程序员对BUG都有一些评级，把严重的BUG与轻微的BUG分好类，例如S级、A级、B级、C级、D级。分好类以后，他们更新游戏的时候都会针对这些BUG进行更新与修复。如果是严重的游戏BUG，肯定一更新就修复了，也许游戏还没更新的时候，但却因为BUG太过于严重，就强行关服直接对游戏进行维护。自己不是游戏开发商，无从得知程序员对BUG的具体分类，而且每个游戏分类的标准也不一样，所以自己制定了一个等级分类。D级BUG —— 提示类BUG& 这类BUG属于良性BUG，对游戏不会产生任何影响，例如：错别字 UI搭配混乱 字体不规范等等C级BUG —— 体验类BUG& 这类BUG属于偏恶性，对游戏不会产生任何影响，但是会影响游戏体验，例如游戏性能不好，容易报错，容易无响应等等。B级BUG —— 利益类BUG& 这类BUG对玩家属于良性，对游戏开发商属于恶性，玩家可以利用一些简单的游戏BUG或者游戏机制上的漏洞来进行游戏，达到获取利益的效果，例如，卡副本，卡地图BUG，使自己不被击杀等等，但是这类BUG影响不大，属于人人都可以一学即会，并且人人都用的BUG。A级BUG —— 严重牟利类BUG 此类BUG对大部分玩家不公平，而且这类BUG一般不会生存太久，一般开发商发现了就封掉的，例如刷材料，刷金币，修改属性等。并且此类BUG如果性质恶劣一般都会回档。S级BUG —— 严重牟利类或攻击类BUG 此类BUG罕有，可能整个网游市场中，一年难得出现几次，典型的例子，LOL卡天赋，当时受此BUG侵害的所有玩家均奖励永久限定皮肤至死不渝 瑞兹，并且此皮肤再无任何其他获取方式，因为鉴于LOL是属于比较公平的而且比较大型的MOBA游戏，此BUG实为罕见，所以可以列为S级BUG，暗黑3刷金币，利用此BUG的工作室都瞬间赚了几十万人民币的，剑灵刷猛兽洞穴，其实这两个都可以列为A级BUG，但是工作室一利用，也是瞬间获利几十万，而且无法回档追回，可以列为S级，在就是一些服务器攻击类的，例如一些竞技类游戏的炸房BUG，使用BUG使整个房间掉线，以及一些游戏服务器被攻击全服掉线等等。关于A级BUG与S级BUG分类的问题，为什么A级与S级两个例子，同为牟利类BUG，A级中韩服刷金瞬间刷上万金，而S级中刷猛兽洞穴，甚至只能说是正常的游戏行为，都不算是游戏漏洞，而且还需要工作室开大批号才能刷，分级却相反呢？原因是回档问题。在A级BUG中，举的例子是韩服，虽然人人都可以刷上万金，但是官方选择了回档，大家就算刷的在嗨，也无人获利，而S级BUG中，举的例子是国服猛兽洞穴，只有少部分人再刷，大多数是工作室在刷，所以官方没有选择回档，原因很简单，假如我现在是工作室，我现在刷了1万元的材料，卖给了一位土豪，土豪给了我1万元，我已经拿到人民币了，而土豪拿到的确实虚拟物品，假如官方选择回档，我这1万元没有任何损失，已经在我手上了，买我东西的土豪却直接亏1万元。我作为工作室，肯定不可能还钱给他。所以大部分游戏就算有一些漏洞可以刷材料刷钱，官方也很少选择回档，就是这个原因，A级BUG中那个例子，虽然很变态，但是真正赚钱的没多少， S级BUG中的这个例子，虽然很小众，但是赚钱的工作室都赚了几十万人民币。题目标题是利用游戏BUG赚钱，但是说实话，这个东西是非常靠机遇的，一个BUG生存周期，最短可能在数小时之内，例如剑灵，曾经有个网页BUG可以刷高级进化石，而短短的3小时时间，我们剑灵群内的一个女孩子瞬间刷了3万多人民币的高级进化石，并且瞬间出货，因为她号非常多，属于剑灵的老玩家，而且在BUG发生时刚好在电脑前，从BUG出来一开始就一直刷到结束，并且全部出货成功。后来官方进行了一次回档，就是非法产出的高级进化石全部没收，但是她已经卖成钱了，所以根本无所谓。而当时B导正在前往上海的火车上，也就自然与此BUG无缘了。所以说，BUG是非常靠机遇的，但是最重要的是，你要有资讯。而且要比普通玩家更为宽广的资讯接受渠道，当你在贴吧中，多玩中，17173中看到某BUG时，这时候这个BUG基本已经被人玩烂了，并且会马上和谐。所以多加几个比较高端的游戏工作室群，或是收藏一些高端游戏资讯网站显得尤为重要。但是个人还是推荐QQ群，因为网站上面，无论是站长编辑还是发布都需要一定时间，而且发布了你也不一定第一时间能看到，都多多少少有时差，建议还是多加QQ群，但是不要加太水的QQ群，那样有游戏BUG也不关你们事。
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专业玩家网阐述游戏漏洞的类型及相关解决方法
发布时间： 10:58:13
Tags：,,,,
作者：Julian Pritchard
我刚刚设计好一款卡片游戏；我为此很得意：游戏的规则非常巧妙，玩家可以在游戏中尝试各种策略。我把规则解释给两个朋友后，他们就开始试玩。我期待着看他们吃惊的表情。
然而，结果是我吃惊了：其中一人居然靠使小把戏赢了，因为我的游戏很不幸地存在漏洞。
发现漏洞后，这款游戏与我原来的设计就不一样了。最终，我决定把这款卡片游戏改成桌面游戏，这样就可以保持我原来的想法，同时去掉漏洞。
调整游戏后，我对从游戏中发现的漏洞产生了浓厚的兴趣。我开始研究它们如何影响游戏。在本文中，我将对我的研究作一番总结，内容包括漏洞的定义、破坏性和类型。本文还将附上修补这些漏洞的方法。
loopholes(from devmag.org)
漏洞是什么？
如果某样东西可以被滥用，那么它就会被滥用。 ——Hyrop的“漏洞法则”
漏洞可以定义为，系统中的缺陷，玩家可以通过它得到有失公平的或意想不到的优势。——Fullerton，《游戏设计工作坊》
漏洞通常是在自生性游戏性中产生的：即当两个或以上的游戏机制、规则共同起作用时，产生了一些意料之外的结果。当游戏规则不能完全限制或强制合法行为时，漏洞就产生了。
当玩家非常熟悉游戏规则时，或者在偶然的情况下，玩家会发现漏洞。无论玩家在什么情况下发现漏洞，结果总是一样的：他们会利用漏洞，无论能否让游戏变得更有趣。玩家利用漏洞而不是享受游戏乐趣的典型例子就是，刷成就。
漏洞导致不合理的玩家行为。在下文中，我将论述玩家利用漏洞可能做的、但设计师（通常）不希望看到的事。
漏洞成为玩游戏的退化策略。在所有可以使用的策略中，使用优势策略是最可能获得成功的。所谓的“退化策略”就是指总是产生成功的优势策略（游戏邦注：并非所有优势策略都是退化策略：“囚徒困境”就是一个经典的例子）。
漏洞通常是bug，但只有能被玩家利用的bug才会成为漏洞。
许多漏洞的结果是破坏秩序（也就是，玩家利用漏洞体验正常秩序不允许的事件），但只有能让玩家获得好处的秩序破坏才是漏洞。
玩家利用漏洞的行为有违游戏精神。但并非所有有违游戏精神的行为都是漏洞导致的。例如，有些行为需要借助特殊的工具破解了游戏才能完成。这类行为通常属于作弊。
漏洞的案例
在《Bastion》中，玩家可以故意从驳船上掉下来，使游戏在非战斗状态时在移动的驳船上强制重刷玩家。通过这种做法，玩家可以跳过部分关卡，不必展开战斗。这个漏洞的第二个效果就是，叙述者没有意识到发生了什么事；他会兴高采烈地继续谈战斗，以为战斗仍然在进行。
在更早版本的《Desktop Dungeons》中，每个地下城有三个神坛。每个神坛会从9个神中随机解锁1个神。这些神通过任务会逐一解锁。玩家发现，如果他们只解锁了3个神，就可以很肯定哪三个神会刷出来。这样，神的随机性就消失了。开发者的解决办法是，在每个地下城只放一个祭坛，直到玩家解锁完4个神。
在《世纪之石》中，有可能会出现石头砸到门，然后在通道上反弹的情况。在这之后，石头会回到通道上，这样玩家只跑一次路线就可以砸门两次了。这是一个很有害的漏洞，因为游戏要求玩家在砸开门以前必须在通道上往返。
在万智牌《魔法风云会》的游戏过程中，卡片可以消掉它下面的任何一张卡片。有些玩家会把卡片撕开，散放到对手的卡片组中，这样就可以消掉多张卡片。当玩家第一次这么做时，裁判会将其判定为合法，因为并没有规则要求不能将卡片撕开。
在《辐射3》中有一个漏洞，也就是，玩家可以直接前往城市The Citadel，然后使用任何道具跳进这个城市，这样就跳过了游戏中的很大一部分，不必完成任务。
在《上古卷轴5：天际》中，玩家可以把桶放在NPC的头上，然后打劫他，这样NPC就不会发现了。
在《骇客任务》中，玩家可以把LAM手榴弹当作感应地雷或者梯子，这样玩家就以不合理的方式进入区域了。
一个10岁的骇客公布了《核战危机》中的漏洞：在这款运行在手机设备上的社交游戏中，你可以把时间调前，这样就可以提早收到奖励了。
除了以上案例，《文明4》、《天际》、《模拟人生3》等都存在漏洞。
meerkat(from devmag)
漏洞的破坏性
根据Adams所述，游戏玩法是：
1、玩家在实现游戏中的目标以前必须面对的挑战
2、玩家应对这些挑战时允许采取的行动
漏洞对这两方面都构成危害。
漏洞消除了游戏的挑战性。正如前面提到的，玩家总是选择最简单的方法达到目标。漏洞相当于开了一条新捷径，有效地消除了开发者在游戏中设置的挑战。没有挑战性，游戏玩法也就毁了。
漏洞消除了有意义的选择。漏洞破坏游戏的平衡性，不平衡的选择总是不怎么需要动脑的。漏洞的存在减少了玩家可以采取的有意义行动。
漏洞为什么不好？还有另外两个原因。
漏洞消除了多人游戏中的公平性。不公平的游戏是不可能好玩的，因为所有玩家都会靠漏洞保持自己的竞争力。设计师应试始终保持游戏的公平性。
漏洞破坏了“第四堵墙”（游戏邦注：这里的“第四堵墙”借用了戏剧中的术语；在戏剧中，写实场景的室内只有三面墙，而面向观众的一面则被视为假想的“第四堵墙”。它的作用是将演员与观众隔开，使演员忽略观众的存在）。当玩家利用漏洞时，游戏的反应就会暴露它的局限性和潜层机制。这就消除了游戏中的真实感，因为没有了魔法光环，游戏中的氛围和剧情都不再合理了。前文中提到的《Bastion》叙述者失效就是一个典型的例子。
漏洞的一般类型
以下行为可以发生在任何类型的游戏中。它们是许多游戏的玩法，但是，当设计师并不意图这些玩法的出现的时候，它们就变成了漏洞。
避免玩家记忆游戏事件的最简单的办法就是引入随机元素，可以是随机AI行为、随机道具、随机AI位置或者甚至随机AI时限。
所谓的预测就是，玩家学习AI的逻辑，然后估计它的下一步举动，从而轻松地打败它。
正如前面所说的，随机元素可以避免玩家的预测行为，或使AI显得更精巧（本质上说，是更加依赖多次的输入变量）。
“蛮干”（也叫作“变换玩法”）是一种解决某类益智题的办法。当玩家必须想出正确的移动、数字、按钮等组合时，往往会使用“蛮干”（例如，在《机械迷城》中有许多这类益智题）。
在某些情况下，蛮干就是解决问题的方案。但是当设计师意图玩家靠游戏提供的逻辑和线索解决益智题时，蛮干就是一种漏洞了。
解决办法就两种：
1、增加更多组合（例如，再增加一个影响益智题的元素，从而使可能的解决方案数量翻倍），这样蛮干的策略就会显得不实用了。
2、使逻辑和线索更加明显。
在点击类冒险游戏中，“象素搜索”是一种特殊形式的蛮干，也就是玩家的鼠标在整个屏幕上随便悬浮（或点击），直到弹出提示告之玩家可操作的点。
当鼠标悬浮在可操作点上时，或点击到可操作点时，可操作点就会被突出——玩家在任何有这类机制的游戏都可能使用象素搜索，例如，在FPS中，当十字标经过隐藏的敌人时，它就会变红。
在某些情况下，游戏的意图就是让玩家搜索象素，如《质量效应2》中的资源扫描。
“误导”是指玩家故意以低于实际水平的方式玩游戏，使游戏的动态难度调整机制降低游戏难度。这种做法使游戏变得更容易，最终导致玩家轻松获胜（游戏邦注：这类似于现实世界中的撞球比赛，高手故意隐藏真实水平，使对手放松警惕）。
误导经常出现在单人模式的赛车游戏中。赛车游戏使用动态难度调整机制，其作用是根据玩家的水平调整AI赛车的水平：玩家越快，AI也越快。在赛车游戏中，玩家的误导做法就是故意保持第二名（即使他可以超过第一辆赛车），直到最后一圈再猛冲。只要玩家保持第二名，游戏就不会提高难度，因为游戏以为玩家已经受到挑战了。
要解决误导问题可能很困难。赛车游戏《Pure》使用了一种复杂的解决办法。游戏一开始，它的系统就会动态地设置跑在玩家前面一段距离的AI。这意味着玩家在整个赛车过程中，始终与AI势均力敌，这样他想靠最后一圈的冲刺赢AI就不太可能了。但与这种AI比赛，玩家通常能够取胜，只是不太可能误导游戏了。
“碰运气”通常出现在随机关卡生成的游戏中。玩家先大致看一下关卡，再决定是否能够通关；如果不能，他就会重开关卡，等游戏生成更有可能通过的关卡。与误导类似，碰运气的玩家玩到的游戏难度比游戏设计师所期望的低。
以下方法可以防止玩家碰运气：
1、标准化关卡难度，这样随机生成的关卡难度都差不多（这个方法有难度，需要深入理解数值和游戏机制）。
2、禁止新关卡生成，除非玩家已经玩了之前生成的关卡。这要求设计师保证所有关卡是公平的。这个办法的风险是，如果玩家无法通关，可能会永远离开游戏。
3、使玩家更难判断关卡难度，也就是说，当玩家意识到关卡的难度时，他在这一关所花的时间已经足够他打消退出的想法了。
FPS中的漏洞
“擦边式”是指玩家站在角落射击部分敌人，而敌人看不到玩家。这个漏洞可以通过让AI敌人寻找伤害的来源解决。
“突击式”与“擦边”类似，不同的是，玩家从角落里突然现身，打几枪又躲回角落。与“擦边式”的解决办法一样，让AI敌人逼近玩家攻击。
“楔入式”可以用来对付射程短的敌人：玩家把敌人困在一个它无法攻击到玩家的地方，这样玩家就可以很轻松地打它了。
解决这个漏洞的办法是，修改关卡设计或改进AI，给敌人更远的射程，使它能接近玩家；或者做一个东西把玩家拉近敌人（例如使用绳子）。
“隔空式”是指当玩家移动得比敌人更快或射击得比敌人更远时，他可以一边倒退一边攻击敌人，而自己不受伤害。
“驻扎式”是指玩家驻扎在一个敌人看不到他的地方，然后从那个地方攻击敌人。驻扎通常需要一定的距离，并且使用狙击武器。
简单地让敌人回击可能会让玩家觉得受骗了。更好的解决方法是，让敌人朝玩家移动。另一个方法（在多人游戏中特别管用）是精心设计关卡，不留任何适合驻扎的地方，或者给予其中一方以足够的反馈手段，使其获知另一方的驻扎位置；例如，《现代战争2》中的心跳传感器、无人机和KillCam。
“驻扎改良式”与“驻扎式”类似。玩家站在离敌人较远的地方，然后朝会对敌人造成范围伤害的物品射击，如射中手榴弹。
这个问题的解决办法有两个：第一，根据一点物理数学的计算，使AI可以避开接近中的投射物产生的范围伤害；第二，AI可以找出发起攻击的玩家。
“顺序式”是指玩家从敌群中挑选敌人，逐个击破。这往往发生在狭窄的空间中，或者当敌人从群体中分散出来时。如果设计师的意图是让玩家难以战胜集体式攻击，而玩家现在却能选择先打掉哪个敌人，那么这就成了一个漏洞。
最简单的解决办法就是，在周围的敌人中触发警戒状态，使他们集体朝玩家移动。另外，为了防止“顺序式”，战斗空间也要认真设计。
多人游戏中的漏洞
“龟缩”通常发生在有资源系统的游戏中——往往是战略游戏，并且玩家超过2人。当两方玩家交战时，双方都会消耗资源。这就使参战双方处于不利地位，因为他们在战斗时都损失了资源。而同时，采取“龟缩”战术的一方却比双方更好过，因为他在之前的战斗中没有消耗资源，这就使他在下一场战斗时比另外两方更有优势。
这个漏洞的后果就是，游戏中的所有玩家都选择当“乌龟”，这当然就阻碍了游戏的发展。解决办法是，奖励战胜方，并且奖励足够弥补战斗造成的损失。
“弑君”通常出现在玩的过程中显示排名的游戏中。玩家往往结成同盟一起攻击领导者，因为他是最可能获胜的人。
简单的解决办法是，取消游戏过程中的排行榜。更复杂的解决办法是防止玩家与其他玩家合作。
“沙包”是应对“弑君”产生的。优秀的玩家知道其他人可能会进攻自己，如果表现得太突出的话。为了防止这种情况，他会故意隐藏自己的实际水平，直到时机成熟时再一举获胜。注意，“沙包”通常发生在能动态调节难度的游戏中。
解决办法与“弑君”一样：移除排行榜。如果玩家不知道谁最强，就没理由采取“沙包”战术了。
“外交”是指得分低的玩家虽然不能赢，但他的行动可能决定哪个优势玩家能胜出。这些行动可以是给其他玩家赠送资源、或合并军队。这就把外交元素引入游戏了，也就是玩家可以通过建立关系获胜，而不是技术（如果这不是游戏设计的意图，那么就是漏洞了）。
解决办法与前面两种一样：移除排行榜。
“混水”的形式多样，但基本形式一样：当一伙玩家合力达成一个目标时，“混水”的玩家只参与，不投入。
在经验由最后一击的玩家获得的游戏中，混水者在战斗中表现低调，只等最后一击杀掉敌人拿经验，这种做法的死亡风险几乎为零。
在经验根据是否在杀敌范围内分配时，混水者可以一直保持被动，虽然得分落后，但不承担风险就能获得经验。
“混级”是一种特殊的“混水战术”：一伙玩家由一个高级玩家带领杀高级的敌人。因为级别上的跨度，低级玩家会得到大量经验，使升级更快。
简单的解决办法是把经验经分给伤害输出最出的玩家，或让所得经验与伤害输出成正比。
“纯混”是一种特殊的混经验战术：不是投入少，而是完全不投入（纯混的玩家事实上已经停止操作了）。这类玩家躲在其他玩家注意不到他已离开的地方，或者甚至使用外挂。
“打金”是指玩家使用其他帐号帮主帐号增加所得。这在多人地下城游戏中非常普通，玩家可以释无忌惮地重复获取资源。这种做法在格斗游戏中也常用，玩家使用他的其他帐号作托，增加主帐号的属性点或提高排名。
简单的解决办法是，检查IP，惩罚滥用游戏的玩家。这个做法的风险是，开发者可能会误惩玩家，例如，如果兄弟两人在家玩同一款游戏。
另一个更好的解决办法是，执行收益递减系统，也就是不断消灭给攻击者少量好处的实体。或者把这个办法再改进一点，即让高级玩家从攻击低级玩家中获益更少。
“越级”与“打金”相反：玩家建立一个低级角色，给这个角色原本只有高级角色才能获得的道具物品等。这个低级角色可以轻而易举地击败与他级别相当的敌人。
“老手新号”是指老玩家使用新帐号假装新手，然后诱杀真正的新手玩家。这在根据角色能力匹配战斗的游戏中非常普遍。例子如最近的《使命召唤》、《星际争霸2》和《英雄联盟》。
解决办法是使匹配系统自我调正：即在几场游戏之后，将“表现特别突出”的“老手新号”玩家匹配相同水平的玩家，这样“老手新号”把手戏就只能使用几次，然后再建立一个新帐号。对于付费游戏，这类不老实的玩家每建一个帐号就要购买一次游戏。在免费游戏中，这只能靠玩家群体的社交规范和开发者的政策了。
“扮鬼”是指不参与游戏的玩家在多人游戏中偷偷把对手的活动汇报给另一名玩家。
“扮鬼”的另一种形式是高水平的玩家通过流服务“现场解说”游戏。同伴可以边观看解说边估计对手的行动。
“帐号共享”是指多名玩家使用同一个帐号达到靠个人需要耗费大量时间才能达到的目标。当帐号共享时，这个目标可能只需要耗费个人少量的时间就能达到了。
“练”是指玩家专注于不是游戏主要目标的目标，比如增加属性点、达成成就等。
“练成就”在多人游戏中表现为，敌方团队的玩家与另一方的玩家合作，这样他就能轻易达成一般情况下需要更高水平和更多投入的成就。
赛车游戏中的漏洞
“短路”是指当玩家发现比正常路线更快完成比赛的路线。这可能简单得像倒退开车，但一般情况下需要玩家发现关卡设计上的错误。
“刷跳”是指玩家重刷和跳进度。通常表现为，玩家死在一个能使他们在前面刷出的地方，或死亡后重刷会极大地增加他的速度。例如，《马里奥赛车》中的彩虹桥，玩家在那里死亡后重刷可以跳过大段路程。
“刷道具”是指玩家可以继续原本限制了使用次数或时间的速度道具。例如，在《马里奥赛车》中。玩家刷道具保持赛车的高速状态。另一个例子是在《F-ZeroX》中，使用分开的得分榜显示刷道具的玩家和没有刷道具的玩家。
游戏物理中的漏洞
“墙跳”是指玩家能够“飞檐走壁”，通常因为游戏世界几何体中的物理不准确或小故障。
在《魔兽争霸》中，在引入飞行坐骑以前，玩家会使用这个漏洞到达原本无法达到的地方。
“带物”是指当玩家跳到某物品上时，他就可以留住这个物品，带着这个物品继续移动。这使得玩家可以跳起来或像坐了喷气背包一样飞行。在之前提到的《辐射3》中，玩家就是靠这种办法直接进入Citadel的。
“超级跳”是指玩家使用一系列二级动作增加移动速度。这些动作一般是跳跃或蹲下。“超级跳”技术因为引擎不同，效果也不同。
保存系统中的漏洞
“复制”是指玩家通过存档留住资源——通常用在玩家通过IAP获得的虚拟货币。玩家收集资源；加载后再收集，这样就能轻轻松松获得大量虚拟货币了。
“克隆”类似于“老手新号”，但不是创建新帐号，而是把保存好的游戏拷贝给其他帐号，然后出售保存好的游戏中的资源换钱，再通过好友“赠送礼物”等社交功能把钱返回给原来的帐号。
解决办法是追踪玩家保存的有效性，或检查“礼物”的来源以判断是否出自合法用户。
“多档保存”是指玩家将游戏保存多次，这样他就可以“完美表现”了。这么做的玩家只要简单地重新载入游戏，直到得到想要的结果。
解决办法是将加载没有正确发生的情况下频繁使用的保存版移除或变为不可用，玩家死亡是典型的情况。不幸的是，这个做法取消玩家在死亡后重新加载的功能。另一种办法是在游戏中使用保存点，而不允许玩家随意保存进度。
“多档保存”类似于“碰运气”—-区别是，玩家可以使用多个存档来保存游戏进度，而只是“碰运气”的玩家必须重新开始游戏（或关卡）。
有些游戏将这种做法当作有效的游戏机制，例如，在《Castle Of The Winds》中，关卡在玩家进入时会随机生成，玩家可以选择重新进入关卡。这是一种原本有损的机制的后备修复办法（更准确地说，有损的程序生成）。
“跳进度存档”是指玩家利用游戏自动保存机制获得好处，比如远程传送到不同的游戏点，或跑到一个自动保存点同时加载存档，这样就把敌人移除了。
如何寻找游戏设计中的漏洞
作为设计师，寻找漏洞是件难事：为了管理游戏世界，你要破坏你精心制作的每一条规则。在非电脑类游戏中，这可能比较容易，因为规则是明确陈述的。而在电子游戏中，规则是含蓄的，玩家必须学习规则，且大多时候要经历不断的尝试与犯错。因为这类游戏的复杂度，一个漏洞可能会被完全忽略，毕竟“合适的游戏方法”在设计师脑中已经根深蒂固了。
要发现设计中的漏洞，你要使用：
1、你的知识、经验和直觉
寻找漏洞模式。有了经验后，你便可以识别出可能导致漏洞的模式，然后提前在设计中将它去除。上文讨论到的所有FPS漏洞都是由关卡设计和AI的互动之间导致的。
从其他游戏中发现漏洞，从而积累寻找漏洞的经验，是非常有意义的。
理解玩家动机。甚至在简单的游戏中，漏洞也可能是无穷无尽的。专注于重要的漏洞。考虑玩家想做什么，关注允许或限制玩家目标的各种系统：
1、玩家想赢
2、玩家想要更多资源
3、玩家想在游戏中百发百中
4、玩家想成为第一名、最快的、最强的、最富的、最靓的、最酷的人
5、玩家想要成就
这些不一定是最容易出现漏洞的系统，但却是玩家最关注的系统，而这些系统中的漏洞最有可能产生重大影响（对玩法、玩家满足感和甚至你的底线）。
不要消自发性游戏性。预测玩家行为可能很困难，并且你的漏洞修补措施可能会限制游戏或抑制积极的突发事件。
2、请其他游戏设计师检查你的设计
其他设计师有可能是找漏洞的高手。设计师通常对系统和规则有一套很好的检查漏洞的办法，并且他们非常了解其他游戏中的各种漏洞。
当然，这个办法不是完美的：
1）不同的设计师可能对什么是漏洞有不同的定义
2）即使有100个设计师检查，也可能忽略某些漏洞
测试具有以下优势：玩家没有设计师的偏好；你通常能找到更多玩家来评价你的游戏。
玩家知道他们的游戏世界有规则，他们可以破坏规则达到自己的目的。联赛水平级的玩家通常可以当作平衡性测试者，他们曾在《星际争霸2》和《CS》这类游戏的制作中发挥了非常重要的作用。
数据指标是寻找漏洞的强大工具，特别是当你有很庞大的测试团队时。简单的数值如选择某个角色的玩家人数可能会暴露平衡性问题：如果选择某个角色的玩家比例失调，那就说明有问题了。
《Desktop Dungeons》团队能够发现地下城神坛的漏洞是因为他们查看了玩家数据指标。许多玩家在相同的帐号上创建另一个角色，而这个帐号只解锁了3个神。这让设计师感到困惑，直到他们意识到只解锁3个神的优势。
数据指标在发现普通的漏洞方面也很有用：数据指标显示，《WOW》中的高水平公会在突袭中使用客户端工具，直接跳到最后一个BOSS面前，使游戏事件发生的顺序失调。
热力图—-将游戏地图的数据指标视觉化的图像，是另一种寻找漏洞的好工具。热力图可以显示诸如玩家死亡数、射击发生数、敌人覆盖点和玩家探索路线等东西。热力图直观地显示了地图上的地形问题。BioWare在《光晕3》、《正当防卫2》、《小绿人历险记》《CS：全球攻势》中均使用热力图寻找漏洞，甚至在点击类冒险游戏中也采用这种技术。
Just Cause 2(from devmag.org)
（玩家在《正当防卫2》中的玩家死亡数分布图）
4、玩家反馈
一旦游戏发布，就会有大量玩家玩它，接着就会暴露漏洞问题了。在游戏中添加数据指标是非常有用的（因为玩家可能不会像测试者那么积极地反馈漏洞。）不幸的是，你只能靠补丁或升级来解决漏洞。
如何修补漏洞
改变其中一个组件。因为漏洞是因为游戏元素（规则或系统）之间的意外交互作用而产生的，所以漏洞通常可以通过修改某个系统得到修补。例如，上文讨论到的所有FPS漏洞都可以通过改变关卡设计或调整AI得到解决。
改变交互作用。通过改变系统之间的交互作用也可修补漏洞。以FPS为例，在调整AI时把关卡设计考虑进去，使AI根据周围的情况改变行为。
注意：普遍的解决办法VS特殊的解决办法。有些漏洞可以通过引入特殊的规则或例外来解决。例如，在FPS中，可以根据特定的区域设计AI行为：“如果我接近位置（123，456）时，我必须离开板条箱”。也可能使用普遍的规则解决漏洞；例如在FPS中，AI呆能被调整为：“如果我介于两个板条箱之间，我就要离开。”
普遍规则更容易管理。但靠普遍规则修补漏洞可能会引入新的漏洞。特殊规则不影响整个游戏，但可能需要大量特殊规则，这就使排错工作变得很困难。“为什么这个AI靠近大BOSS时就离开板条箱？”
依靠社交规范。在多人游戏中，社交规范可以弥补规则上的破损，特别是当修补漏洞的成本太高时，或者解决方案不明确时。网络司法体系是MMO社交系统的必要部分。这种社交规范可以由行为指南提供，如《魔兽争霸》的针对骚扰的政策，或奖励对社区积极贡献的玩家，这是《Dota2》的计划。
不是bug，是特色
漏洞会破坏游戏，但也不总是。
有些漏洞本身就有很高的技术含量，所以它们不会破坏游戏。在《传送门》的开发者评论中，游戏开发者表示，他们有意留下一些解决益智题的诡计，因为执行这些诡计需要的技术比按正常办法解决益智题更多。
有些漏洞成为新机制。如果它们被使用得够多，可能仍然不妨碍游戏成为一款好游戏，即使已经违背了设计师的意图。在《Quake 3》中，玩家可以使用跳跃加转向的组合来提高速度。这个技术叫作平移跳，是设计师从来没有想过的，但它很快成为游戏的一部分，所以设计师们也决定留下它。
游戏的漏洞甚至可能成为续作的主要机制。在《Starsiege: Tribes》中，移动系统允许玩家使用喷气背包加速下坡。这类似于滑雪，是所有《Starsiege: Tribes》系列的核心机制之一。
有些漏洞对游戏影响极小。这类漏洞可能使游戏的某些部分变得更容易了，但并没有改变游戏的整体难度。在这种情况下，这种漏洞可能成为一种乐趣，如在前文中提到的在《天际》中玩家将桶扣在NPC头上。
有些漏洞“修补”了崩坏的设计。是的，如果你不使用“蛮干”解决某些游戏中的难题，那些难题可能根本解不开。
寻找漏洞是一种娱乐。在制作游戏的比赛，“极速通关赛”使用了序列间断的漏洞，这样玩家就能以尽可能少的时间完成给定的游戏或关卡。
漏洞将永无止境地出现。在其他游戏中积累的漏洞经验和知识可以帮助你避免漏洞，适合的测试可以帮助你找到漏洞。（本文为游戏邦/gamerboom.com编译，拒绝任何不保留版权的转载，如需转载请联系：游戏邦）
Loopholes in Game Desig
by Julian Pritchard
I had just finished working on I was rather chuffed with it: the rules were elegant and nuanced: there was a wealth of strategies you could use in the game. I explained the rules to two friends, and they began to play. I was expecting them to be amazed with the game.
Instead, I was amazed with how one had managed to find a neat little trick to — unexpectedly — win the game: a loophole!
After the discovery, the game was never the same. I eventually decided to change the card game into a board game so that the game could keep my original idea, but without the loophole.
After the change in my game, I became obsessed with loopholes in games. I began to research them and find how they could affect games. In this article, I summarize my research. This article covers what loopholes are, and why they are bad, with a big list of generic types of loopholes that can be found in games. The article also gives some advice on how to find and correct these nasty little game breakers.
What a loophole is
If something can be abused, it will be.
— Hyrop’s Law of Loopholes
A loophole can be defined as a flaw in the system that users can exploit to gain an unfair or unintended advantage.
[Fullerton, Game Design Workshop]
Loopholes are often the two or more rules acting together to make something possible that was not thought possible. Loopholes arise when the game rules don’t completely limit or enforce the legal behaviour.
Players find loopholes when they know the rules very well, or by accident. However they find it, the result is always the same: they will use the loophole, regardless of whether it makes the game more fun. A pointed example of players grinding away instead of having fun is with achievement farming.
When given a task, players will find the optimal solutions, even if it ruins their fun. Finding optimal solutions is part of playing the game — it is the designer’s responsibility to create the necessary challenges for an
this burden is never the player’s.
Loopholes lead to unwan the named loopholes discussed below are all words for things the player can do, but the designer does not (usually) want.
Related Concepts
Loopholes are degenerate strategies to play the game. Among all available strategies, a dominant strategy has the best chance of leading to success. A degenerate strategy is a dominant strategy that always leads to success. (Not all dominant strategies are degenerate: the prisoner’s dilemma is a classical example.)
Loopholes are often bugs, but only bugs that can be exploited by the player are loopholes.
Many loopholes are sequence breakers (that is, they allow the player to experience events in a different order than was intended), but only sequence breaks that benefit the player are loopholes.
Many loopholes are exploits — ways to play the game that goes against the spirit of the game. But not all exploits are loopholes. For example, some exploits require special tools for hacking the game. These are generally considered cheating.
Examples of loopholes
In Bastion, players can deliberately fall off a barge, forcing the game to respawn them in a non-combative state on a moving barge. In this way, players can traverse part of the level without having to engage in combat. A secondary effect of this loophole is that the narrator does not realise what’ he happily talks about combat as if it is still happening.
In an earlier version of Desktop Dungeons, there was three altars in each dungeon. Each of these altars randomly selected one god from a possible nine gods. These gods were unlocked one-by-one through quests. Players realised that if they have only unlocked three gods, they could know which three gods would spawn with certainty. Thus, the randomness of gods was removed. The developers have since fixed this loophole by making only one altar available in a dungeon until the player has unlocked four gods.
In Rock of Ages it is possible for a rock to hit the door, and then bounce off the pathway. The game then places the rock back on the pathway, allowing the player to hit the door twice with only running the course once. This is a detrimental loophole because the game requires the player to traverse a course before they can hit the door.
In Magic The Gathering the Chaos Orb card removes any card it landed on from play. Some players would tear it up and sprinkle it on their opponents cards to remove multiple cards from play. When a player tried this the first time, the judges ruled it legal, since there was no rule against tearing the card up.
Fallout 3 has a loophole where the player may skip a large portion of the game by going straight to one city (The Citadel), and then using any item to jump into the city, instead of completing the quests to get inside.
In The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim a player can place a bucket on NPC’s head and rob him blind without the NPC realising it.
In Deus Ex players could uses LAMs, a grenade which could be placed as a proximity mine, as a ladder. This allowed players into areas in ways that were not intended.
A ten year old hacker exposed the following generic loophole at DefCon: in social games that run on mobile devices, you can set the time forward and receive reward without having to wait for it.
More examples:
Loopholes in Sid Meyer’s Civilisation IV
Loopholes in Skyrim (levelling up)
Loopholes in The Sims 3
Playing games in different ways
Image from xkcd.com/115
Why loopholes are bad
According to Adams, gameplay is
The challenges a player must face to arrive at the object of the game.
The actions the player is permitted to take to address those challenges.
Loopholes interfere with both these aspects of gameplay.
They remove the challenge of the game. As mentioned earlier, players will take the easiest path towards their goal. A loophole introduces a new, easier path, effectively removing the path of challenge the designer intended. Without challenge, the gameplay is ruined.
They remove meaningful choice. Loopholes mess with the balance of the game, and an unbalanced choice is almost always a no-brainer. The existence of a loophole limits the range of interesting actions the player can take..
There are two additional reasons why loopholes are bad.
They remove fairness in multiplayer games. A game that is not fair is not fun, because all players would have to use the loophole to stay competitive. Designers should always strive to make games fair.
They can break the fourth wall. When a player uses a loophole, the game reacts in a way that exposes its limitations and underlying machinery. This can remove the sense of atmosphere and story from the game, because things no longer make sense without looking outside the magic circle. The narrator glitch in Bastion mentioned above is the perfect example.
General types of loophole
The following behaviours can occur in any type of game. Many games rely on these behaviours for their gameplay, but when they were not the behaviours intended by the game designer, they show a loophole.
Memorizing is when the game or game AI follows patterns that players can memorize.
Pac-Man is famous for this — instead of responding to enemy behaviour, the best players memorize sequences of moves they have to make to complete a level.
The easiest way to avoid players from memorizing game events is to introduce a random element in the game, either in AI behaviour, or item and AI placement, or even just in the timing of the AI.
Predicting is when the player can learn the logic of the AI, and easily defeat it by predicting its next action.
Prediction can be avoided by introducing random elements as explained above, or making AI more nuanced (essentially, making it depend on more input variables).
Brute forcing (also called permutation play) is a way of solving certain kinds of puzzles, usually where the player must figure out the correct combination of moves, digits, levers, buttons, or something similar (there are many of these kinds of puzzles in Machinarium, for example).
In some cases, brute force is the intended method of solution. But when the designer intends the player to use logic and clues provided to solve the puzzle, solving it by brute force is a loophole.
There are two ways to fix this:
Add more combinations (for example, adding a lever to a puzzle doubles the number of possible solutions), so that brute force techniques become infeasible.
Make the logic or clues more transparent.
Pixel hunting is a special form of brute forcing that is common in point-and-click adventure games. Pixel hunting is where the player mouses over (or clicks, depending on the controls) the entire screen until a indicator pops up to show that they had found an interactive point.
Pixel hunting can occur in any game that highlights interactive points only when the mouse hovers over them or they are clicked, such as a FPS reticle turning red when passing over a hidden enemy.
In some cases making the player hunt for pixels is intentional, such as resource scanning in Mass Effect 2.
Hustling is when a player exploits the dynamic difficulty adjustment of a game by playing lower than her potential. This makes the game easier, and eventually allows the player an easy victory. This is similar to pool hustling in the “real world”.
Hustling is most common in the single-player mode of racing games. Racing games use dynamic difficulty adjustment, called rubber band AI, which adjusts the AI vehicles’ performance to match the player’s: the faster the player, the faster the AI. A player hustles by keeping in second place until the last lap (even if she can pass the first vehicle). With the player in second place, the game will not inc it thinks that the player is being challenged.
To fix rubberband exploits can be difficult. The racing game Pure uses a sophisticated alternative to the rubber band method. The system dynamically sets the AI some distance ahead of the player from the start. This means that the player is continually playing catch-up throughout the race until the end, where she can narrowly beat the AI. Like with rubber band AI, the player is generally capable of victory, but she can’t hustle.
Fortune hunting occurs in games with random level generation. The player briefly glances around the level to decide if they feel the level is easy enough
if not, they simply restart the level in the hope of a more favourable one. Like the hustler, the fortune hunter is playing the game at a difficulty lower than the one that designer intended.
The designer can prevent fortune hunting in several ways:
By normalizing level difficulty so that each randomly generated level is about the same level of difficulty (this can be hard, and requires a good understanding of statistics and the game mechanics).
By not allowing a new level to be generated until the previous one has been played.This requires that you can guarantee that all your levels are fair. Otherwise, a level may be generated that frustrates the player to the point of quitting the game permanently.
To make it more difficult to judge the level difficulty until the player has invested enough time not to want to quit the level.
Loopholes in FPSes
Edging is where the player stands around a corner and shoots a part of the enemy while the enemy can’t see the player. This loophole can be countered by having the enemy AI seek out the source of the damage.
Picking is the same as edging, except that the player hops out from the corner, shoots, and returns to hiding. As with edging, this loophole can be corrected by making the AI move towards the players to attack.
Wedging can be used on enemies with a short attack range: the player lodges an enemy in a place where it cannot attack her from. This allows the player to pick off this enemy with ease.
Ways to counter this loophole are to give the enemy a long range attack, to allow it a means to reach the player by fixing the level design or improve the AI, or to create entities which force the player towards it (using a rope, for example).
Kiting is when the player can move faster or shoot further than the AI. This allows the player to move backwards and attack the AI while not receiving damage.
Camping is when a player stations herself where enemies can’t see her, and attacks enemies from such a place. Camping is normally done from a distance and with a sniper weapon.
Simply making enemies return fire may cause the player to feel cheated. A proper solution is to make the enemies move towards the player. Another strategy (especially useful in multiplayer games) is to carefully design levels without any good camping spots, and give enough feedback so that players can learn the positions of campers, for example, the Heartbeat Sensors, Unmanned Arial Vehicles (UAVs), and KillCam in Modern Warfare 2.
Splashing is similar to camping. The player positions herself far away from the enemy and shoots an object that does splash damage, such as a grenade, at the enemy.
The are two solutions to this problem: first, the AI can be made to avoid splash damage of oncoming missiles with a second, the AI can be made to seek out the player who launched the attack.
Serializing is when a player kills an entire group of enemies by picking them off one-by-one. This is typically happens in narrow spaces, or if the AI causes enemies to separate from the group. This is a loophole if the intention was to make it more difficult to take out groups, and give the player an opportunity to choose which enemies to take out first.
The simplest fix is for the enemy to trigger an alert state in the nearby enemies which allow them to move off in a group towards the player. The combat space also needs to be designed carefully to prevent serialisation.
Loopholes in multiplayer games
Turtling happens in games with resources — typically strategy games — and there are more than two players. When two players engage in combat, both will consume resources. This puts the combatants at a disadvantage since they both lost resources in the engagement. In the meantime, the turtle is better off than both, since she did not need to spend any resources, giving her an advantage in the next combat against either player.
This effect can lead everyone in the game to play turtle, which of course prevents the game from moving forward. The solution is to encourage aggressive play by awarding the winner of each battle with enough resources to offset the losses suffered in that battle.
Killing the leader occurs in games where a scoreboard is available during play. Players attack the leader, since she is the person most likely to win, often forming coalitions to achieve this goal.
With the multitude of players attacking the leader, it is likely that they may suffer damages to a point where they can’t recover from them, and they no longer have any chance at victory.
A simple solution is to remove scoreboards from the game. A more complex solutions is to prevent players from cooperating with one and other.
Sandbagging is is a form of hustling caused by the killing-the-leader effect. Good players are aware that others are likely to attack them if they are seen to be doing well. To prevent this, they deliberately underperform until they can act to their full potential and win the game. Note that the killing the leader effect serves as built-in dynamic difficulty adjustment.
The solution to this is the same as that for killing the leader: remove the leaderboard. If players don’t know who the leader is, there is no reason to play sub-optimally.
Kingmaking is when the player lower down in the scores is not able to win, but by her actions she can decide whom among the leaders does win. These actions can be in the form of sending resources to another player, or combining the armies in a coalition. This introduces an element of diplomacy into the game, where a player can win based on relationships and not skill. (As always, it is just a loophole if this is unintentional).
The solution to this is the same as the one for sandbagging and killing the leader: remove scorebords.
Experience leeching takes a variety of forms, but the general formula is the same. A player gains benefit of participation without putting in the required effort involved to achieve the outcome.
In games where experience is awarded to the player who lands the killing blow, leechers are passive in combat until the last moment, when they jump in and kill the enemy to get the experience, at little risk of dying.
In games where experience is awarded to all players in range of the kill, leechers can stay
as long as they trail behind, they can get experience without having to take any risks.
Power leveling is a special kind of leeching. A player groups with a high level player who also kills enemies of a high level. Because of the level difference, the low level player will gain a wealth of experience causing them to level fast.
Simple solutions are to assign experience to the player who does the most damage, or to assign experience in proportion to the damage dealt.
AFK loopholes are a special form of experience leeching: instead of putting minimal effort, though, the player doesn’t put in any effort (they are, in fact, away from keyboard). The player hides in a place where other players will not notice that they are AFK, or even employs some form of bot.
Boosting or alt farming or alternate-account farming is a method where a player uses an alternate account to enhance the gains of her primary account. This is widespread in MUDs, where the players have a resource that they can attack repeatedly without fear of retribution. Boosting is also common in fighting games, where a player will “fight” against the character of her second account to boost her stats or position in the leaderboards.
A simple solution is to check the IP usage and discipline the user for abusing the game. The problem with this scheme is that the developer may punish a player unfairly, for example, if a player beats her brother at a game that they play together.
A more elegant solution is to implement a system of diminishing returns, where the continued killing of a single entity gives less gains for the attacker until it no longer to make sense to attack. This can further be improved by also making higher level players receive less benefits from attacking lower level players.
Twinking is the opposite of alt farming. It is when a player creates a low-level character and gives it the benefits that are intended for a high level character. The twink is kept at a low-level so that it may defeat opponents of similar level with great ease.
Smurfing is hustling by using a new account and pretending to be an inexperienced player to lure in and kill players that are actually inexperienced easily. This is common in games where there is matchmaking based on metrics tracking player capabilities. Examples include the recent Call of Duty games, the leagues in StarCraft II, and League of Legends.
Matchmaking systems are self-correcting: metrics will move the smurfer to matches with equally skilled players after a few games, so she can only use this technique a few times before having to create another new account. And with pay-to-play games, the smurfer is required to buy the game each time she wants to create a smurf account. In a free-to-play game it is up to the community and dev team to find a solution using social norms and policy (discussed more in a section below).
Ghosting is when a non-playing observer in a multiplayer game communicates to one player, or team, the actions of their opponent.
A sub form of ghosting is called stream sniping this is when highly skilled player broadcast their games live on a streaming service. Their opponents may then watch the stream and counter their opponents actions as they are watching them.
Account Sharing is when multiple people use the same account to achieve a goal that would need a large time commitment by a single player. With account sharing, such a goal can be reached with only a modest time commitment by each player.
Farming is when players focus on a goal that is not the main goal of the game. This can be something such as increasing their stats, or gaining achievements. Each of which would normally prefix farming when in action.
Achievement farming, in a multiplayer games, is when players of opposing teams cooperate with one and other so that players can easily gain achievements that would normally require skill and investment in the game.
Loopholes in racing games
Short circuiting is when the player finds a faster route to complete the race than the intended one. This can be as simple as driving the course backwards, but normally requires the player to find an error in the level design.
Spawn jumping occurs when the player respawns and has gained time. This normally involves the player dying in such a place that it is possible for them to spawn ahead, or dying in such a way that would dramatically increase her speed. An example of this is the rainbow bridge in Mario Kart, where a player could skip half the race by spawn jumping.
Perma boosting is when the player is able to continually use a speed boost that is only supposed to be used seldomly, or in a limited amount. An example of such an exploit is snaking in the Mario Kart games, where players use power slides to always have a boost on the vehicle. Another example is in F-ZeroX, where separate scoreboards are used for players who perma boost and those who don’t.
Loopholes in game physics
Wall jumping is when the player is able to climb up a wall by jumping against it, usually because of inaccurate physics or small glitches in the world geometry.
In World of Warcraft, before the introduction of flying mounts, it was possible to use this loophole to reach places in the game that the player shouldn’t have been able to.
Bootstrapping is when the player jumps onto an object that she ‘holds’. She just moves up and also brings the object up with her. This allows the player to jump up or fly as if she had a jetpack. The Fallout 3 loophole mentioned earlier relies on bootstrapping for the player to get access to the Citadel.
Bunny hopping is when the player uses a series of secondary movements to increase the movement speed. These movements typically involve jumping or crouching. Bunny hopping techniques vary from engine to engine.
Loopholes in saving systems
Duping is when there is a resource that persists through saves — generally a currency the player gains through an in-app purchase. The player
loads and gathers it again, while they are in turn getting richer for not doing any work.
Cloning is similar to twinking, but instead of creating a new account the player copies a saved game into a dummy account, sells the resources of the saved game for currency, and sends the currency back to the original account via a form of social integration where friends can ‘gift’ things to one and other.
The solution is to track the validity of player saves, or to check where the ‘gifts’ are coming from to be sure that they are from a legitimate user.
Save scumming is when a player makes multiple saves so that they can play a ‘perfect’ game. The player creates a number of saves and simply reloads one until they get the result they want.
A solution is to remove, or disable, a save that is frequently used without the correct condition for the load to happen — player death is typical. This, unfortunately, removes the player’s ability to reload when death is certain even before it occurred. An alternative is to make the games use save points instead of free saves.
Save scumming is similar to fortune hunting — the difference is that a player can progress with save scumming, while a player that merely fortune hunts has to restart the game (or level).
Some games make statistics manipulation a valid game mechanic, for example, in Castle Of The Winds levels are randomly generated on player entering, and players can choose to re-enter the level. This is a kind of fall-back-fix for otherwise broken mechanics (more precisely, broken procedural generation).
Save jumping is when the player uses the game auto-save system to their advantage. The player can do things such as teleporting to a different game point, or run to an autosave point while fighting to load the save and remove the enemies.
How to find game design loopholes
As a designer, finding loopholes is a challenge: you are trying to break the very rules you crafted so carefully to govern the game world. In non-computer games this may be easier because the rules are stated explicitly. In video games, the rules are implicit, and requires a player to learn the rules, mostly, through trial-and-error. Because of the complexity of some games, a loophole may be completely overlooked simply because the “proper way of playing” is ingrained in the designer’s head.
There are four ways to find loopholes in your design.
1. Use your own knowledge, experience and instincts
Look for loophole patterns. With experience, you will start to recognize the patterns that can lead to loopholes, and remove them from the design early. All the FPS loopholes discussed above arises from the interaction between the level design and AI.
Drawing from a large knowledge-base of loopholes in other games in your genre can be very helpful, and it’s a good idea to build such a base for yourself.
Understand player motives. Even in simple games, the possibilities for loopholes are endless. Focus your attention where it matters. Consider what players want to do, and pay attention to the various systems that allows or limits these goals:
Players want to win.
Players want more resources.
Players want to get to every spot in the game.
Players want to be the first, the fastest, the strongest,the richest, the prettiest, the coolest.
Players want achievements.
This will not necessarily be the systems with the most loopholes, but it will be systems that players will pay most attention to, and loopholes in these systems are most likely to have important effects (on gameplay, player satisfaction, and even your bottom line).
Don’t Kill Emergence. Trying to predict player behaviour can be tricky, and there is always the risk that your loophole corrections unnecessarily limits the game, and removes the possibilities of positive emergence.
2. Ask fellow game designers to check your design
Fellow designers can be great at finding loopholes. Designers have a good way of looking at a system and its rules and finding where to break them, and they typically have a vast knowledge of various loopholes in other games.
Of course, this method is not perfect:
different designers may not agree on what are the l and
even a hundred game designers may still overlook some loopholes.
Testing overcomes some of these problems: gamers don’t have designer’s bias, and you can generally find more game players than game designers willing to comment on your game.
Gamers know their game worlds have rules, and that they can break these rules to their advantage. Tournament level players are often used as balance testers and have been extremely important in the making of games such as Starcraft 2 and Counter Strike: Global Offensive.
Metrics are a powerful tool for finding loopholes, especially if you have a large test group. A simple statistic such as number of players that choose a certain character may point to a balance issue: if a disproportionate number of players choose a certain character or combination, you know there is a problem. The course blog Game Balance Concepts gives an extensive overview of the use of metrics in game design.
The Desktop Dungeons team was able to pick up the loophole with the gods by looking at the metrics of their players. A number of players were creating alternative characters on the same account where they unlocked only three gods. This puzzled the developers, until they realised the advantage of only unlocking three gods.
Metrics are also useful to pick up more general exploits: metrics exposed a highly skilled guild of WoW players that used a client side tool to delete a wall during a raid and skip to the last boss, making game events happen out of the planned order.
A heatmap — a visual depiction of a metric on the game map — is another useful tool in finding loopholes. A heat map can show things such as player deaths, shots fired, enemy cover and player exploration. Heatmaps make it visually apparent where there are topographical problems with the map. See for example how this technique was applied in Halo 3, Just Cause 2, Replica Island, Counter Strike: Global Offensive, by BioWare, and even in point-and-click adventure games.
Player deaths in Just Cause 2.
4. Use feedback from players in the field
Once a game has shipped, and your game is played by a large number of players, even more loopholes will be exposed. Adding metrics to your games can be very helpful to expose loopholes in these circumstances (players may not want to report loopholes as eagerly as testers). Unfortunately, you will only be able to fix with a patch or update.
How to fix loopholes
Change one of the components. Since loopholes arise from the unintended interaction of game elements (rules or systems), a loophole can generally be fixed by making a change to just one of these systems. For example, all the FPS loopholes discussed can be fixed by either changing the level design, or by changing the AI.
Change the interaction. Loopholes can also be fixed at the points where systems that cause them interact. Taking the FPS examples, the AI can be adjusted to take the level design into account, so that alternate behaviours are used based on the topology of the surroundings.
Beware: general versus specific solutions. Some loopholes can be fixed by introducing very specific rules or exceptions. For example, in an FPS game, AI can be developed for specific zones: “if I am close to position (123, 456), I need to move away from the crates”. Alternatively, problems can be fixe in an FPS, for example, the AI may be adjusted “if I am between two crates, move away”.
General rules are more elegant and easier to manage. But adding general rules to fix loopholes may introduce new loopholes. Specific rules don’t impact on the overall game, but many may be needed, leading to debugging nightmare. “Why is this AI moving away from crates when he is near the big boss?”
Rely on social norms. In multiplayer games, social norms can make up for broken rules. This is especially useful when a loophole would be too expensive to fix, or a solution is not clear. Online justice systems are an essential part of MMO social systems. Such social norms can be provided by behavioural guidelines — such as the World of Warcraft harassment policy — or rewarding players who positively contribute to the community, such is the plan for Dota 2.
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