Media centre
Fact sheetUpdated September 2017
Though the exact number of snake bites is unknown, an estimated 5.4 million people are bitten each year with up to 2.7 million envenomings.
Around 81 000 to 138 000 people die each year as a result of snake bites, and around three times as many amputations and other permanent disabilities are caused by snakebites annually.
Bites by venomous snakes can cause paralysis that may prevent breathing, bleeding disorders that can lead to a fatal haemorrhage, irreversible kidney failure and tissue damage that can cause permanent disability and limb amputation.
Agricultural workers and children are the most affected. Children often suffer more severe effects than adults, due to their smaller body mass.
Snake bite is a neglected public health issue in many tropical and subtropical countries. About 5.4 million snake bites occur each year, resulting in 1.8 to 2.7 million cases of envenomings (poisoning from snake bites).There are between 81 410 and 137 880 deaths and around three times as many amputations and other permanent disabilities each year.
Most of these occur in Africa, Asia and Latin America. In Asia up to 2 million people are envenomed by snakes each year, while in Africa there are an estimated 435 000 to 580 000 snake bites annually that need treatment. Envenoming affects women, children and farmers in poor rural communities in low- and middle-income countries. The highest burden occurs in countries where health systems are weakest and medical resources sparse.
Bites by venomous snakes can cause acute medical emergencies involving severe paralysis that may prevent breathing, cause bleeding disorders that can lead to fatal haemorrhage, cause irreversible kidney failure and severe local tissue destruction that can cause permanent disability and limb amputation. Children may suffer more severe effects, and can experience the effects more quickly than adults due to their smaller body mass.
In contrast to many other serious health conditions, a highly effective treatment exists. Most deaths and serious consequences from snake bites are entirely preventable by making safe and effective antivenoms more widely available and accessible. High quality snake antivenoms are the only effective treatment to prevent or reverse most of the venomous effects of snake bites. They are included in the WHO List of essential medicines and should be part of any primary health care package where snake bites occur.
A significant challenge in manufacturing of antivenoms is the preparation of the correct immunogens (snake venoms). At present very few countries have capacity to produce snake venoms of adequate quality for antivenom manufacture, and many manufacturers rely on common commercial sources. These may not properly reflect the geographical variation that occurs in the venoms of some widespread species.In addition, lack of regulatory capacity for the control of antivenoms in countries with significant snake bite problems results in an inability to assess the quality and appropriateness of the antivenoms.
A combination of factors has led to the present crisis. Poor data on the number and type of snake bites have led to difficulty in estimating needs, and deficient distribution policies have further contributed to manufacturers stopping production or increasing the prices of antivenoms. Poor regulation and the marketing of inappropriate or poor quality antivenoms has also resulted in a loss of confidence in some of the available antivenoms by clinicians, health managers, and patients, which has further eroded demand.
Health systems in many countries where snake bites are common often lack the infrastructure and resources to collect robust statistical data on the problem. Assessing the true impact is further complicated by the fact that cases reported to health ministries by clinics and hospitals are often only a small proportion of the actual burden because many victims never reach primary care facilities, and are therefore unreported. This is contributed to by socio-economic and cultural factors that influence treatment-seeking behavior with many victims opting for traditional practices rather than hospital care.
Under-reporting of snake bite incidence and mortality is common. In Nepal, for example, where 90% of the population lives in rural areas, the Ministry of Health reported 480 snake bites resulting in 22 deaths for the year 2000, yet figures for the same year collected in a community based study of one region (Eastern Nepal) detailed 4078 bites and 396 deaths (1). Likewise, a very large community- level study of snakebite deaths in India gave a direct estimate of 45 ,900 (99% CI: 40,900-50,900) deaths in 2005, which is over 30 times higher than the Government of India’s official figure (2). A comparison of hospital-registered deaths in one district of Sri Lanka to data from the Registrar-General’s office on deaths demonstrated that 62.5% of deaths from snakebite envenoming were not reported in hospital data (3).
In situations where data on snakebite envenoming is poor, it is difficult to accurately determine the need for antivenoms. This leads to under-estimation of antivenom needs by national health authorities driving down demand for manufacturers to produce antivenom products, and for some, their departure from the market. Lack of effective products can contribute to inappropriate procurement and distribution strategies in countries that lack expertise in antivenom evaluation and regulation.
Given low demand, several manufacturers have ceased production, and the price of some antivenom products have dramatically increased in the last 20 years, making treatment unaffordable for the majority of those who need it. Rising prices also further suppress demand, to the extent that antivenom availability has declined significantly or even disappeared in some areas. The entry into some markets of inappropriate, untested, or even fake antivenom products has also undermined confidence in antivenom therapy generally.
Many believe that unless strong and decisive action is taken quickly, antivenom supply failure is imminent in Africa and in some countries in Asia.
WHO has taken steps to raise the awareness of health authorities and policy makers on this issue. In December 2015 a programme to evaluate the potential safety and effectiveness of current antivenom products intended for use in sub-Saharan Africa was launched by the WHO. The results of this detailed technical and laboratory assessment will be published in early 2018. Following a request by several UN member states, WHO formally listed snakebite envenoming as a highest priority neglected tropical disease in June 2017.
WHO urges regulators, producers, researchers, clinicians, national and regional health authorities, and international and community organizations to work together to improve the availability of reliable epidemiological data on snake bites, the regulatory control of antivenoms and their distribution policies.
Two tools to help guide the development of appropriate antivenoms have been launched:
These tools will assist:
public health officials in determining what antivenoms are needed in their country and in drafting relevant national pu
national regulators in prioritizing antivenoms for registration and assessing safety, quality, and efficacy of antivenoms to meet national
procurement agencies in selecting appropriate antivenoms for nati
antivenom manufacturers in developing plans for production and sale of ap
clinicians and health care professionals in and
general population in knowing and being able to identify which venomous snakes live in their area.
(1) Sharma SK. Snake bites and dog bites in Nepal: community based studies on snake bites and dog bites. Department of Medicine, B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, presentation made at the WHO first Consultative Meeting on Rabies and Envenomings, Geneva, 10 January 2007.
(2) Mohapatra B, Warrell DA, Suraweera W, Bhatia P, Dhingra N, Jotkar RM, Rodriguez PS, Mishra K, Whitaker R, Jha P. . PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 12 April 2011.
(3) Fox S, Rathuwithana AC, Kasturiratne A, Lalloo DG, de Silva HJ. . Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Volume 100, Issue 7, 1 July 2006, pages 693–695.
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【MOD】【教程】N网好用Mod搬运 + Mod管理器SnakeBite使用教程
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Steam: Convertisme(TM)
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替换00.dat来实现MOD功能会比较适合懒人
如果你想自己定义并管理MOD的话，强烈建议用SnakeBite这款MOD管理器！
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
安装提示与解决办法
*如果之前的是整合版的00.dat，也没用过SnakeBite，建议用
的00.dat覆盖后再运行SnakeBite
*从SnakeBite点StartGame可能会报错，应该是CPY或者REVOLT补丁的缘故，从mgsvtpp.exe启动游戏就好了
*做好Master\0\下面 00.dat 和 01.dat的文件备份
*Mod之间冲突，如果不会改，就卸载有冲突的，安装想安装的..
*遇到安装Mod卡死，与游戏文件冲突报错等，通用解决办法是：
& && && &1.还原CPY原版00.dat和01.dat
& && && &2.用汉化版00.dat覆盖
& && && &3.删除游戏目录下的SnakeBite.xml
& && && &4.重新初始化SnakeBite，重新安装Mod
*更新汉化00.dat 步骤同上
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↓点击下一页或查看所有：SnakeBite简易安装教程 ↓
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SnakeBite 更新：
MOD打包下载：
The Ultimate Phantom Pain Mod by NasaNhak
（这个Mod功能很多很强大，装了这个Mod，下面很多Mod都不用装了，因为都会冲突。。 ）
详细内容见
The Ultimate Phantom Pain Mod MotherBase by NasaNhak
（ 出自第一个Mod：The Ultimate Phantom Pain Mod，只有母基地修改部分，不含其它修改 ）
过期，新版
无需研发时间，野外有50%概率出现S+及以上士兵，关禁闭时间减少到10~15分钟，部署时间减少（1~19分钟随机），提高部署任务奖励，
提高建设部门资源产出，减少装备的GMP和资源消耗，也包括呼叫直升机和弹药投放（原来的1/4）
MoreResourceGMP by Anyone
（ 出自 Anyone's MGSV TPP Improvement's ）
野外获取的GMP和资源x10，草药x5&&
Better Enhanced Suppressors by monoolho
消音加强，有90发子弹耐久
Inf supp by whump whump
Inf ammo and Supp by whump whump
无限消音+无限子弹
More Animals - Afghanistan by Morbidslinky
阿富汗地区有更多的动物&&
More Animals - Africa by Morbidslinky
非洲地区有更多的动物&&
Distant Sunlight Shadows 1.1
扩大阴影范围，提高远景阴影效果/环境光遮蔽，可能会影响帧数
Kick-Ass 80's Compilation music &&
包含22首80年代风格的音乐，解压把MP3放入游戏目录下的CustomSoundtrack文件夹，
当然你也可以把任意你喜欢的mp3放进去，设置成直升机登陆音乐！
Wild_Weather
天气系统修改，比如母基地不会沙尘暴，阿富汗很少下雨等
The Man Who Sold the World
允许你扮演真正的Big Boss, 与经典的mullet或ponytail（这个不会翻译..）。可以选择在两个手臂风格取代仿生手臂。
使用SnakeBite安装MOD
HARDCORE MOD
硬核模式，可以配合TUPPMSettings.lua使用。
& && &&&--HARDCORE MOD OVERRIDE 硬核模式改写& && &&&是否使用下列自定义士兵参数.为true时下面修改才会生效.不会影响到FOB& && &&&士兵躯干生命.& && &&&士兵耐力& && &&&士兵肢干生命& && &&&士兵护甲耐久& && &&&-士兵头盔耐久& && &&&睡眠时间.设置0永远不醒& && &&&眩晕时间.设置0永远不醒& && &&&垂死时间.设置0会很残忍& && &&&士兵视野范围倍数& && &&&士兵听觉范围倍数
敌人的听觉和视觉范围提高到1<font color="#%
敌人的HP提高到200%
子弹伤害提高到250%
子弹时间降低到原来的50%
减少玩家的HP和再生，只比一个标准士兵高一点
提高用天气和伪装的额外效果
弹药数减少为50%，挂载榴弹数减少
For those with issues with Snakebite try: 如果使用有问题：
Do not use the Install .ZIP option, instead extract the mods .mgsv file that's in the mods .zip and use Install .MGSV （不要选择安装.zip，直安装.mgsv文件）
Installing Microsoft .Net 4.6.1: （安装微软运行库 .Net 4.6.1）
If you have a warning about permissions try right clicking Snakebites shortcut and choosing Run as administrator
出现权限警告用右键使用管理员权限运行
Or try reinstalling Snakebite to a different folder than it's default.
或者安装SnakeBite到另外的文件夹
There is an issue with the Re-validate game files option where Snakebite will close it before it is complete.
To manually revalidate the files: （Steam版可以使用检查游戏完整性）
Right click on Metal Gear Solid V in Steam
Choose properties from the right click menu
Click the Local Files tab
Click Verify Integrity of Game Cache.
Wait till it says it's complete.
If you get &The selected mod conflicts with existing MGSV system files& warning then snakebite has likely messed up it's data xml and added mod files to it's default files list.
如果出现 &The selected mod conflicts with existing MGSV system files& 请 卸载所有Mod，删除Snakebite.xml 再重新启用
The only solution is to hit Restore Original Game Files in the snakebite settings. Verify MGSVs game cache (through steam, not snakebite) to make sure everything is default and try again.
Snakebite prints information to Log.txt in snakebites install folder.
Check this before you close snakebite (since it's cleared on next snakebite start) to see if there's any error messages.
查看位于SnakeBite目录的 Log.txt 文件 检查任何错误信息
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