让“走程序”走快些
第02版：综合新闻
　社长：夏泽民　总编辑：屈胜文　　国内统一刊号 CN61-0058　邮发代号 51-10
让“走程序”走快些
&&■杨海林&&“还需要走程序。”去有关部门办事，这样的回答屡见不鲜。没有规矩，不成方圆。“走程序”本没错，任何事情当然应该有一定的程序。但不知何时起，“走程序”被玩坏了，渐渐地变成一推二拖三扯皮，“遇事不办，等等再看”，好好的“走程序”却变成了推诿的“挡箭牌”，值得高度重视。&&党的群众路线教育实践活动开展以来，中央反复强调要针对群众反映强烈的突出问题，边学边改、立行立改，力求实效。然而，一句“还需要走程序”，显然不把群众的“小事”放在心上，也没把作风顽疾当回事，是患上了对下无动于衷、对事漠然置之的“拖延症”。如果任其泛滥发展，永远是“等等再看”，只会让群众寒心，有损党和政府的公信力。&&清风凉自林谷出，廉洁缘从正气来。笔者认为，解决“走程序”中存在的“慢半拍”现象，只有对症下药，方能药到病除。一方面要继续改革简政放权、简化办事手续等，消除中梗阻、清除痼疾，有效打通堵塞服务群众“最后一公里”问题。另一方面，要强化内部监管，扩大社会监督，建立内部监管体系， 畅通群众监督举报渠道，从源头上严惩办事拖延行为，让监督制约真正有效有力，使百姓办事更加满意。&&“时间就是金钱，效率就是生命”。在岗就须尽责。一事当前，直面群众，事情无论难易，作为公职人员就应该责无旁贷，必须一如既往地走好群众路线，真正让“走程序”之“走”快起来，切莫让“走程序”寒了群众的心。
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陕新网审字[号　陕ICP备号[文章原地址]人翻胜于机翻，本着练习英语的目的翻译iOS相关的文章，看官切勿见笑。本人将在文章的部分地方添加注释，并根据需求增减文章内容，在此对原作者辛勤劳作表示感谢
iOS Quick Tip: 5 Tips to Increase App Performance
&on Jul 19th 2013 with&
Tutorial Details
Difficulty:&Intermediate
Completion Time:&30 Minutes
Technology:&iOS SDK
Even though the iPhone 5 and the iPad 4 ship with a powerful A6(X) processor and a lot more RAM than the original iPhone, this doesn&t mean that iOS applications are by definition fast and performant. In this quick tip, I will give you five tips to improve application performance.
尽管iPhone5和iPad4装载了一个强力的A6(X)处理器,拥有着比以前iPhone更多的内存,你以为你的程序就能比以前跑得快了?代码写得烂一样跑不快哦.我会给你5点提示来让你的应用程序表现得更好.
1.&Caching
If an iOS application fetches a remote resource, it is important that it doesn&t fetch that same resources every time it needs to access it. If you plan to develop a Twitter client for iOS, for example, then the client shouldn&t be downloading the same avatar every time it needs to display it. Caching the avatar will significantly improve application performance.
如果一款应用依靠着网络上的资源来运作,那么,你总不能每次都不停的获取(服务器上)相同的资源吧.如果你计划研发一款Twitter的客户端软件,那么,这个客户端就不应该每次都下载相同的数据来显示它.缓存这段数据就是个非常有效的方法.
What is caching? The basic idea of caching is simple. When the application fetches a remote resource for the first time, it stores a copy of that resource on disk for later use. If that same resource is needed later, the application can load it from disk instead of fetching it remotely. The added benefit is that the resource is also available when the device is not connected to the web. The complex aspect of caching is how to store the resource, when to store it, and, most importantly, when to refresh it.
什么是缓存?原理是很简单的.但应用软件第一次获取服务器上的资源时,它就存储了一份拷贝在闪存上方便以后的使用.以后的某段事件你又需要用到那段数据,应用软件就直接从闪存中读取出来而不用再次从服务器中获取.另外一点的好处呢,就是即使你的应用连接不上网络获取不了资源数据,你本地上还是有得.恩,难点呢,就是怎么去缓存数据,什么时候去缓存它,最重要的是,什么时候刷新它.
&has developed a small library named&&that is aimed at caching images. It provides a category on&UIImageView&much like&AFNetworking&does. The key difference is that&SDWebImage&caches the images it downloads. Images are downloaded in the background and each images is decompressed, resulting in faster load times. The library leverages Grand Central Dispatch to keep the main thread responsive. If your application works with remote images, then you should take a look at this gem.
Olivier Poitrey 已经搞出了一个很小的库,名叫SDWebImage,专门用来缓存图片的.他给UIImageView提供了一个类目就像AFNetworking所做的那样.但他们有着一个核心的不同点:SDWebImage能缓存已经下载过的图片.图片在后台下载完之后再进行解压,目的是为了应用程序快速的加载.这个库会促使GCD(多核编程)保持与主线程良好的响应,如果你的应用程序需要经常加载服务器的图片资源,也许你应该瞧瞧这个不错的库.
2.&Do Not Block the Main Thread
One of the most important lessons to learn when developing for the iOS platform is to never block the main thread. If you block the main thread with a long running operation, such as downloading images or other resources, your application will become unresponsive as long as the operation isn&t completed. Make it a habit to move long running tasks to a background thread. Even if you only need a handful of bytes, if the device&s connection to the web is slow, the operation will still block the main thread.
请记住一点,永远不要阻塞主线程.如果你执行了一段运行时很长的代码而阻塞了主线程,例如下载图片资源或者其他资源,你的应用程序将会变得反应迟钝直到你的那段代码执行完毕了.把那段代码转移到后台的线程去吧.即使是你仅仅想获取一点点字节数的资源,如果连接那个网站很慢呢?这个代码一样也会阻塞主线程的.
Writing safe multithreaded code has become a lot easier with the introduction of Grand Central Dispatch. Take a look at the following code snippets. The first snippet downloads data on the main thread, while the second snippet leverages Grand Central Dispatch to perform the same task on a background queue.
如今,GCD已经介绍了,写出安全的多线程代码已经变得很容易,看看下面的代码片段吧.第一段代码是在主线程中下载数据,同时,第二段代码促使GCD在后台队列中做着同样的工作.
NSData *data = [NSData dataWithContentsOfURL:URL];
UIImage *image = [UIImage imageWithData:data];
[imageView setImage:image];
dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_queue_create("downloadAsset",NULL);
dispatch_async(queue, ^{
　　NSData *data = [NSData dataWithContentsOfURL:URL];
　　dispatch_async(dispatch_get_main_queue(),&^{
　　　　UIImage *image = [UIImage imageWithData:data];
　　　　[imageView setImage:image];
3.&Lazy Loading
Being lazy isn&t always bad especially if you are a programmer. Lazy loading is a well known concept in software development. It simply means that you postpone the instantiation of an object until you need the object. This is advantageous for several reasons. Depending on the object and the cost for instantiation, it can dramatically improve application performance and memory usage. Lazy loading objects isn&t a difficult concept. The simplest implementation of this pattern is overriding the getter of a property as shown below.
如果你是一个码农,偶尔懒惰一下也不是什么坏事.在应用软件领域,延迟加载可谓家喻户晓.很简单,你延时实例化一个对象,直到你真的需要了.他有着几点特别的好处.因为实例化一个对象是需要开销的,(延迟实例化它)能够戏剧性的提升你应用程序的流畅度以及良好的内存使用率.延迟加载对象不是什么难事.最简单的实现就是去重写一个属性的getter方法,看看下面的代码吧.
- (MyClass *)myObject
　　 if (!_myObject)
　　　　_myObject = [[MyClass alloc] init];
　　return _myO
The lazy loading pattern can be applied in many areas of software development. For example, if part of your application&s user interface is not shown by default, it may be advantageous to postpone its instantiation until that part is about to be shown.
延迟加载的设计方式可以用于很多的软件开发领域.例如,如果你的应用程序的部分UI界面还没有显示出来,那么,当真正到了需要显示的时候,那就实例化出那个对象来显示吧.
Table and collection views use a combination of caching and lazy loading to optimize performance. If the next cell or item is about to be displayed on screen, the table or collection view looks for a cell or item it can reuse (caching). Only if no reusable cell or item is available will the table or collection view (or its data source) instantiate a new cell or item (lazy loading).
table和视图集会用到缓存以及延迟加载来优化程序的性能.如果下一个单元或者物件将要在屏幕上显示出来了,那么table或者视图集就可以重用.仅仅在没有可以重用的单元或者物件的时候,这个时候就创建出一个新的单元或者物件(之后可以重用了).
4.&Measure Performance
If you notice that your application is slow at times and you want to find out what is causing it, then you may need to profile your application with a tool such as Instruments. Colin Ruffenach wrote&&with Instruments on Mobiletuts+.
有时候,你注意到了你的应用程序偶尔会卡顿而且你也想找出到底是什么东西引起的.那么,你就需要一个工具来分析了,例如Instruments.Colin Ruffenach 在网站Mobiletuts+写了 &a nice tutorial about time profiling& 来教你使用 Instruments .
If Instruments doesn&t give you a clear answer, you may be interested in&, a benchmarking library developed and maintained by&. This compact library lets you measure how fast your code executes and it helps you to track down the bottlenecks in your code base. It actually complements Instruments quite well so you shouldn&t use one or the other. Mattes Groeger&s library comes with an extensive feature set and is remarkably powerful. I highly recommend it as an alternative or complement to Instruments.
如果 Instruments 还是不能给你一个清晰的答案,也许你会对MGBenchmark感兴趣,那就看看Mattes Groeger大神所开发和维护的企业级库,这个牛逼的库能够测试出你的代码能够跑得多快,而且,他还能追踪到你代码的最高运行速度.他真的表现得完美,你根本就不需要其他的了,真的.Mattes Groeger的库有着大量的牛逼的特性,功能非常强大.在这里,我无节操的强烈向你们推荐它.
5.&Stress Testing
If you&re developing an application that works with lots of data, then it is important to test it with&well&lots of data! During the development of an application, it isn&t always easy or possible to imagine how your users are going to use your application, but it is good to put it through its paces before releasing it. Your application may perform admirably during development and perform terribly in situations where it is flooded with data. You probably won&t be able to predict, let alone test, all the circumstances in which your application will be used, but you can try to mimic common situations by creating data sets to test with.
如果你开发的应用软件需要处理非常多的数据,好吧,那你就用巨量的数据来测试它!在软件开发阶段,想象着用户怎么暴力玩弄你的软件似乎有点困难,但是呢,发布软件前最好还是进行压力测试.也许开发阶段,应用软件表现良好,但是呢,一旦遇到了海量的数据量时,估计会卡得掉渣.你很有可能无法预测到这点哦,那就进行测试吧,将所有可能出现的情形都测测,有时候,你可以(自己)创建出一些测试数据来模拟现实的情形进行压力测试.
I often create a small script or class that populates the application with test data to measure how well it performs with a lot of data. Ideally, you want to populate the application with more test data than an average user will have & to the extent that you can predict this during development. When I was developing Pixelsync, an iPad application that interfaces with Aperture and iPhoto, I created an Aperture library with close to 500,000 images. If Pixelsync performed well with a photo library of that size, I could be fairly confident that the average user wouldn&t run into performance issues.
我常常会写脚本来装载进程序中来测设数据,测量测量应用程序在面对巨量数据时是否能表现如意.理论上,你需要给出比正常需求更多的数据进行测试.再者,你可以在开发阶段就提前预测.当我在开发Pixelsync(一款iPad应用,可以与Aperture和iPhoto交互)时,我创建了一个Aperture的库,足足有50000张图片.如果Pixelsync能够处理好如此巨量的图片库,那我能十分确信,即使是春哥也玩不坏这款软件.
If you really are a lazy developer or you just don&t have enough time, then you can also be more creative by&.
如果你真的懒得要死,或者要打游戏没有时间,也许,你可以自己造一个机器人来帮你干这些事情......
Conclusion
Application performance remains an essential aspect of software development despite the fact that the new generation of devices are much more powerful and capable. Blocking the main thread, for example, will always result in a bad user experience no matter how capable the device is.
开发应用软件时,软件运行得流畅是非常非常非常重要的,尽管,事实上,每更新一代硬件后,性能都会得到提升.但是,垃圾代码阻塞了主线程,那卡顿的触感是会让用户崩溃而问候开发人员的,无论你硬件的性能有多牛逼.
阅读(...) 评论()如何让自己的matlab程序跑的更快！-第一节
1、一定要利用好M-file编辑器，因为会有一些着重标示的优化建议。
例如，你在编辑器里输入以下代码：
for k = 1:NumTrials
x(k) = runsim(r);
它会用红色波浪线表示出来，提示你最好先预设x的值。
最好在一个单独的文件夹里运行程序；
写好程序代码的注释，利人利己；
将常用的命令存下来，方便以后调用。
2、在运行循环的时候，一定要预设变量值！
可以用 cell
和zeros这两个矩阵命令，对变量进行预设。
for k = 2:8000
a(k) = 0.99803 * a(k -1)-0.06279 * b(k-1);
b(k) = 0.06279 * a(k-1) + 0.99803 * b(k-1);
，没有预设，大约耗费0.47秒；
a = zeros(1,8000); %
Preallocation
b = zeros(1,8000);
for k = 2:8000
a(k) = 0.99803 * a(k -1)-0.06279 * b(k-1);
b(k) = 0.06279 * a(k-1) + 0.99803 * b(k-1);
有预设，大约耗费0.14秒！
已投稿到：
以上网友发言只代表其个人观点，不代表新浪网的观点或立场。纯技术方面－＝＝－架构设计（10）
1：字、双字和四字在内存中并不需要对齐至自然边界（字、双字和四字的自然边界是偶数编号的地址，对于双字和四字来说，抵制要分别能够被4和8整除）。
2：然而，为改进程序的性能，数据结构（特别是堆栈）只要可能，应对齐在自然边界上。理由是：对于不对齐的存储访问，处理器要求做两次存储访问操作； 对于对齐的访问，处理器只要做一次存储访问操作。
以上两点摘自与IA-32指令系统一书。
我有个疑问，对于不同语言，比如c,c++,c#还有脚步语言如perl或动态语言python再或前台页面的语言javascript, 它们在编码中，在给数据对象分配内存空间时，都是怎么做到位置对齐的。
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