Sugar操作系统的全名为Sugar on a Stick(简称SoaS)，意即“运行在U盘上的Sugar”，
Sugar操作系统界面日Sugar Labs正式发布可直接U盘运行操作系统。Sugar 由 的 Summer of Code 赞助，面向
等通用 Linux 程序。自2006年夏天以来，Sugar 已经取得了不少进展。Sugar Labs称这版操作系统为「Sugar on a Stick v1」，该机构希望能藉此扩大该操作系统在校园的使用，不需要另外购买OLPC机器。 该操作系统采Fedora Linux核心，可直接从USB拇指碟开机，不需要另外从硬盘安装。 根据Sugar Labs的说法，该操作系统目前已经用于40多个国家、约有100万名年龄介于5-12岁的小孩子使用。其社交导向的接口可辨识出其他周遭同样使用Sugar-based的计算机，不需要因特网联机就可进行互动。 　
Sugar操作系统 -
日，非营利性教育软件开发组织Sugar Labs宣布，
Sugar操作系统界面之前主要用于OLPC“一百美元笔记本”计划的Sugar操作系统正式向公众发放。该系统主要针对教育用户，可以直接在U盘活其他移动媒体上运行。Sugar Labs由原OLPC计划软件项目主管Walter Bender于2008年创立，由于和OLPC组织在长期规划上出现分歧，Walter Bender和多位原OLPC关键人物离开组织，另立门户开发可用于任何PC平台的开源教育操作系统Sugar。
Sugar操作系统 -
此次发布的Sugar操作系统的全名为Sugar on a Stick(简称SoaS)，
Sugar操作系统界面意即“运行在U盘上的Sugar”，主要用于学校教育使用，老师可以将其存放在U盘中，无论连接任何电脑即可马上启动使用。 Sugar计划的目的是，学校建立一个服务器系统，向学生的Sugar系统提供内容分发、作业收集、备份等服务。此次发布的v1版代号 Strawberry，基于Fedora 11，下一版本预计将于2009年年底推出。 Sugar on a Stick包含整个操作系统以及各种应用软件的ISO镜像容量仅为380MB，写入到CD或U盘等介质后，无需安装即可直接启动。该系统适用于几乎任何低配置PC，在Mac上也可以通过专用启动光盘（HelperCD）或虚拟机来使用。
Sugar操作系统 -
100 美元笔记本
100 美元笔记本首发产品已经定名为
(Children's Machine)，
Sugar操作系统界面该笔记本电脑的价格已从 100 美元提升至 140 美元，并且部分配置进行了升级。 CM1 的操作系统基于 Linux，用户界面则称为 Sugar。Sugar 由 Google 的 Summer of Code 赞助，面向 AbiWord 等通用 Linux 程序。自今年夏天以来，Sugar 已经取得了不少进展。
Sugar操作系统 -
OLPC Sugar UI。 Home 模式和框架Sugar 中的主窗口被称为 Home 模式。这个窗口基本上就是桌面，
膝上型电脑的 Home 模式它告诉您环境、活动等信息。该窗口的中心是 XO 图标，它代表了您和您的膝上型电脑。如果在无线网络中其他用户对您来说是可视的，那么您将会看到他们。要关闭膝上型电脑，请将鼠标光标置于 X 图标处，然后点击关闭选项。 围绕在膝上型电脑上的圆环显示了当前正在运行的活动。您可以单击这里的任何图标返回到一个运行中的活动。要返回到 Home 模式，请将鼠标移动到窗口的一个角落。这样做可以将框架返回到视图。请注意框架左上角的四个圆圈状的 “缩放” 图标：最后一个代表最近访问过的活动。单击此按钮返回该活动（该活动占据整个窗口）。倒数第二个图标（中心有一个点的图标）代表 Home 窗口。单击此图标会返回到 Home 模式。下一个图标（有三个点的图标）显示组，包含附近的朋友和他们正在运行的活动。最后，第一个图标（有许多点的图标）代表整个邻域（neighborhood）。这个图标显示所有用户和他们正在共享的活动。 启动活动框架的底部是能够运行的活动集。活动 是一个应用程序； 所示，XO-1 膝上型电脑支持多种活动。Sugar 装备了 Web 浏览器、计算器、绘图程序、新闻阅读器，以及其他可以和其他用户分享的用来在这个项目中协作的程序。要启动一个活动，在框架的下半部分单击该活动的图标。在图 4 中，我启动了 Write 活动并添加了一些文本。 Sugar 中的一个运行着的活动Sugar 中的一个运行着的活动控制键使用鼠标导航已经非常简单了，但 Sugar 还允许使用控制键在应用程序和模式间更快地切换。列示了几种可用于在模式间灵活切换的重要控制键。&在模式之间切换的控制键 控制键 操作 F1 切换到邻域视图 & & & & & & & & & &F2 切换到组视图 F3 切换到 home 模式 F4 切换到上一活动 开发人员控制台由于 Sugar 是构建在 Linux 操作系统上的，开发工作需要访问一个 shell。
开发人员控制台可以按下 Alt-= 来访问 shell，这样会打开一个登录提示符。在这里，键入 root 调用一个友好的 Bash 提示符。也可以通过开发人员控制台访问 shell，如图 5 所示。此控制台包含五个选项卡，分别用于访问资源面板、日志查看器、当前面板（用于无线型 XO-1 膝上型电脑）和一个终端（Bash shell）。 如果想返回到 Sugar，请按下 Ctrl-Alt-F3。 shell 仍然是活动的，因此可以方便地在 Sugar 和 Bash 之间来回切换。 其他快捷键还有 Alt-F，用来开关框架（即，窗口外围的边界）。可以按住 Alt-C 退出当前活动，按住 Ctrl-Alt-Backspace 终止 Sugar GUI。 扩展 XO 膝上型电脑下载 XO-1 膝上型电脑的文件系统映像意味着您将同时得到其中的内核和。该文件系统包含启动 XO-1 膝上型电脑的所有必要应用程序和 OLPC 组件。但这并不意味着不能扩展该软件。文件系统中的常驻包之一 YUM (Yellow-dog Updated, Modified) 是一个包管理系统，用于简化软件包的下载、安装和配置。 用 YUM 既可以下载和安装新包，也可以更新系统中所有现有的包。例如，清单 4 显示如何更新自上一次更新之后更改过的包。&使用YUM 安装新的更新bash-3.2# yum -y update Loading "installonlyn" Setting up Update Process olpc_development 100% |==========================| 1.1 kB 00:00 primary.xml.gz 100% |==========================| 2.9 MB 00:17 olpc_devel: ###################################################
olpc_devel_kernel_repo 100% |==========================| 951 B 00:00 olpc_devel: ################################################### 23/23 No Packages marked for Update/Obsoletion -bash-3.2#
Sugar操作系统 -
谷歌宣布推PC操作系统
易富财经讯： 谷歌和微软，这两家IT巨头之间的竞争越来越有“短兵相接”的味道。 在微软此前发布新搜索引擎“必应”，率先向谷歌的主业发起挑战之后，日其官方博客中宣布，将在2009年内推出基于浏览器的PC操作系统，正面挑战微软的主业???Windows操作系统。 谷歌表示，目前已经有了PC厂商作为合作伙伴，其中包括惠普、联想、华硕、东芝等厂商。
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保存二维码可印刷到宣传品National Geographic Magazine -
Photographer Robert Clark shows us sugar in its many beautiful forms.
Published: August 2013Sugar
Sugar Love(A not so sweet story)By Rich Cohen
Photograph by Robert Clark
Bottom of the DrinkThey had to go. The Coke machine, the snack machine, the deep fryer. Hoisted and dragged through the halls and out to the curb, they sat with other trash beneath gray, forlorn skies behind Kirkpatrick Elementary, one of a handful of primary schools in Clarksdale, Mississippi. That was seven years ago, when administrators first recognized the magnitude of the problem. Clarksdale, a storied delta town that gave us the golden age of the Delta blues, its cotton fields and flatlands rolling to the river, its Victorian mansions still beautiful, is at the center of a colossal American health crisis. High rates of obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease: the legacy, some experts say, of sugar, a crop that brought the ancestors of most Clarksdale residents to this hemisphere in chains. &We knew we had to do something,& Kirkpatrick principal SuzAnne Walton told me.
Walton, Clarksdale born and bred, was leading me through the school, discussing ways the faculty is trying to help students&baked instead of fried, fruit instead of candy&most of whom have two meals a day in the lunchroom. She was wearing scrubs&standard Monday dress for teachers, to reinforce the school&s commitment to health and wellness. The student body is 91 percent African American, 7 percent white, &and three Latinos&&the remaining 2 percent. &These kids eat what they&re given, and too often it&s the sweetest, cheapest foods: cakes, creams, candy. It had to change. It was about the students,& she explained.
Take, for example, Nicholas Scurlock, who had recently begun his first year at Oakhurst Middle School. Nick, just tall enough to ride the coaster at the bigger amusement parks, had been 135 pounds going into fifth grade. &He was terrified of gym,& Principal Walton told me. &There was trouble running, trouble breathing&the kid had it all.&
&Of course, I&m not one to judge,& Walton added, laughing, slapping her thighs. &I&m a big woman myself.&
I met Nick in the lunchroom, where he sat beside his mother, Warkeyie Jones, a striking 38-year-old. Jones told me she had changed her own eating habits to help herself and to serve as an example for Nick. &I used to snack on sweets all day, &cause I sit at a desk, and what else are you going to do? But I&ve switched to celery,& she told me. &People say, &You&re doing it &cause you&ve got a boyfriend.& And I say, &No, I&m doing it &cause I want to live and be healthy.&&
Take a cup of water, add sugar to the brim, let it sit for five hours. When you return, you&ll see that the crystals have settled on the bottom of the glass. Clarksdale, a big town in one of the fattest counties, in the fattest state, in the fattest industrialized nation in the world, is the bottom of the American drink, where the sugar settles in the bodies of kids like Nick Scurlock&the legacy of sweets in the shape of a boy.
Mosques of MarzipanIn the beginning, on the island of New Guinea, where sugarcane was domesticated some 10,000 years ago, people picked cane and ate it raw, chewing a stem until the taste hit their tongue like a starburst. A kind of elixir, a cure for every ailment, an answer for every mood, sugar featured prominently in ancient New Guinean myths. In one the first man makes love to a stalk of cane, yielding the human race. At religious ceremonies priests sipped sugar water from coconut shells, a beverage since replaced in sacred ceremonies with cans of Coke.
Sugar spread slowly from island to island, finally reaching the Asian mainland around 1000 B.C. By A.D. 500 it was being processed into a powder in India and used as a medicine for headaches, stomach flutters, impotence. For years sugar refinement remained a secret science, passed master to apprentice. By 600 the art had spread to Persia, where rulers entertained guests with a plethora of sweets. When Arab armies conquered the region, they carried away the knowledge and love of sugar. It was like throwing paint at a fan: first here, then there, sugar turning up wherever Allah was worshipped. &Wherever they went, the Arabs brought with them sugar, the product and the technology of its production,& writes Sidney Mintz in Sweetness and Power. &Sugar, we are told, followed the Koran.&
Muslim caliphs made a great show of sugar. Marzipan was the rage, ground almonds and sugar sculpted into outlandish concoctions that demonstrated the wealth of the state. A 15th-century writer described an entire marzipan mosque commissioned by a caliph. Marveled at, prayed in, devoured by the poor. The Arabs perfected sugar refinement and turned it into an industry. The work was brutally difficult. The heat of the fields, the flash of the scythes, the smoke of the boiling rooms, the crush of the mills. By 1500, with the demand for sugar surging, the work was considered suitable only for the lowest of laborers. Many of the field hands were prisoners of war, eastern Europeans captured when Muslim and Christian armies clashed.
Perhaps the first Europeans to fall in love with sugar were British and French crusaders who went east to wrest the Holy Land from the infidel. They came home full of visions and stories and memories of sugar. As cane is not at its most productive in temperate climes&it needs tropical, rain-drenched fields to flourish&the first European market was built on a trickle of Muslim trade, and the sugar that reached the West was consumed only by the nobility, so rare it was classified as a spice. But with the spread of the Ottoman Empire in the 1400s, trade with the East became more difficult. To the Western elite who had fallen under sugar&s spell there were few options: deal with the small southern European sugar manufacturers, defeat the Turk, or develop new sources of sugar.
In school they call it the age of exploration, the search for territories and islands that would send Europeans all around the world. In reality it was, to no small degree, a hunt for fields where sugarcane would prosper. In 1425 the Portuguese prince known as Henry the Navigator sent sugarcane to Madeira with an early group of colonists. The crop soon made its way to other newly discovered Atlantic islands&the Cape Verde Islands, the Canaries. In 1493, when Columbus set off on his second voyage to the New World, he too carried cane. Thus dawned the age of big sugar, of Caribbean islands and slave plantations, leading, in time, to great smoky refineries on the outskirts of glass cities, to mass consumption, fat kids, obese parents, and men in XXL tracksuits trundling along in electric carts.
Slaves to SugarColumbus planted the New World&s first sugarcane in Hispaniola, the site, not coincidentally, of the great slave revolt a few hundred years later. Within decades mills marked the heights in Jamaica and Cuba, where rain forest had been cleared and the native population eliminated by disease or war, or enslaved. The Portuguese created the most effective model, making Brazil into an early boom colony, with more than 100,000 slaves churning out tons of sugar.
As more cane was planted, the price of the product fell. As the price fell, demand increased. Economists call it a virtuous cycle&not a phrase you would use if you happened to be on the wrong side of the equation. In the mid-17th century sugar began to change from a luxury spice, classed with nutmeg and cardamom, to a staple, first for the middle class, then for the poor.
By the 18th century the marriage of sugar and slavery was complete. Every few years a new island&Puerto Rico, Trinidad&was colonized, cleared, and planted. When the natives died, the planters replaced them with African slaves. After the crop was harvested and milled, it was piled in the holds of ships and carried to London, Amsterdam, Paris, where it was traded for finished goods, which were brought to the west coast of Africa and traded for more slaves. The bloody side of this &triangular trade,& during which millions of Africans died, was known as the Middle Passage. Until the slave trade was banned in Britain in 1807, more than 11 million Africans were shipped to the New World&more than half ending up on sugar plantations. According to Trinidadian politician and historian Eric Williams, &Slavery wa rather, racism was the consequence of slavery.& Africans, in other words, were not enslaved because they w they were seen as inferior to justify the enslavement required for the prosperity of the early sugar trade.
The original British sugar island was Barbados. Deserted when a British captain found it on May 14, 1625, the island was soon filled with grinding mills, plantation houses, and shanties. Tobacco and cotton were grown in the early years, but cane quickly overtook the island, as it did wherever it was planted in the Caribbean. Within a century the fields were depleted, the water table sapped. By then the most ambitious planters had left Barbados in search of the next island to exploit. By 1720 Jamaica had captured the sugar crown.
For an African, life on these islands was hell. Throughout the Caribbean millions died in the fields and pressing houses or while trying to escape. Gradually the sin of the trade began to be felt in Europe. Reformer housewives boycotted slave-grown cane. In Sugar: A Bittersweet History Elizabeth Abbott quotes Quaker leader William Fox, who told a crowd that for every pound of sugar, &we may be considered as consuming two ounces of human flesh.& A slave in Voltaire&s Candide, missing both a hand and a leg, explains his mutilation: &When we work in the sugar mills and we catch our finger in the millstone, t when we try to run away, both things have happened to me. It is at this price that you eat sugar in Europe.&
And yet there was no stopping the boom. Sugar was the oil of its day. The more you tasted, the more you wanted. In 1700 the average Englishman consumed 4 pounds a year. In 1800 the common man ate 18 pounds of sugar. In 1870 that same sweet-toothed bloke was eating 47 pounds annually. Was he satisfied? Of course not! By 1900 he was up to 100 pounds a year. In that span of 30 years, world production of cane and beet sugar exploded from 2.8 million tons a year to 13 million plus. Today the average American consumes 77 pounds of added sugar annually, or more than 22 teaspoons of added sugar a day.
If you go to Barbados today, you can see the legacies of sugar: the ruined mills, their wooden blades turning in the wind, the roads that rise and fall but never l the hotels where the tourists are fil and those few factories where the cane is still heaved into the presses, and the raw sugar, sticky sweet, is sent down the chutes. Standing in a refinery, as men in hard hats rushed around me, I read a handwritten sign: a prayer beseeching the Lord to grant them the wisdom, protection, and strength to bring in the crop.
The Culprit&It seems like every time I study an illness and trace a path to the first cause, I find my way back to sugar.&
Richard Johnson, a nephrologist at the University of Colorado Denver, was talking to me in his office in Aurora, Colorado, the Rockies crowding the horizon. He&s a big man with eyes that sparkle when he talks. &Why is it that one-third of adults [worldwide] have high blood pressure, when in 1900 only 5 percent had high blood pressure?& he asked. &Why did 153 million people have diabetes in 1980, and now we&re up to 347 million? Why are more and more Americans obese? Sugar, we believe, is one of the culprits, if not the major culprit.&
As far back as 1675, when western Europe was experiencing its first sugar boom, Thomas Willis, a physician and founding member of Britain&s Royal Society, noted that the urine of people afflicted with diabetes tasted &wonderfully sweet, as if it were imbued with honey or sugar.& Two hundred and fifty years later Haven Emerson at Columbia University pointed out that a remarkable increase in deaths from diabetes between 1900 and 1920 corresponded with an increase in sugar consumption. And in the 1960s the British nutrition expert John Yudkin conducted a series of experiments on animals and people showing that high amounts of sugar in the diet led to high levels of fat and insulin in the blood&risk factors for heart disease and diabetes. But Yudkin&s message was drowned out by a chorus of other scientists blaming the rising rates of obesity and heart disease instead on cholesterol caused by too much saturated fat in the diet.
As a result, fat makes up a smaller portion of the American diet than it did 20 years ago. Yet the portion of America that is obese has only grown larger. The primary reason, says Johnson, along with other experts, is sugar, and in particular fructose. Sucrose, or table sugar, is composed of equal amounts of glucose and fructose, the latter being the kind of sugar you find naturally in fruit. It&s also what gives table sugar its yummy sweetness. (High-fructose corn syrup, or HFCS, is also a mix of fructose and glucose&about 55 percent and 45 percent in soft drinks. The impact on health of sucrose and HFCS appears to be similar.) Johnson explained to me that although glucose is metabolized by cells all through your body, fructose is processed primarily in the liver. If you eat too much in quickly digested forms like soft drinks and candy, your liver breaks down the fructose and produces fats called triglycerides.
Some of these fats stay in the liver, which over long exposure can turn fatty and dysfunctional. But a lot of the triglycerides are pushed out into the blood too. Over time, blood pressure goes up, and tissues become progressively more resistant to insulin. The pancreas responds by pouring out more insulin, trying to keep things in check. Eventually a condition known as metabolic syndrome kicks in, characterized by obesity, especia and other metabolic changes that, if not checked, can lead to type 2 diabetes, with a heightened danger of heart attack thrown in for good measure. As much as a third of the American adult population could meet the criteria for metabolic syndrome set by the National Institutes of Health.
Recently the American Heart Association added its voice to the warnings against too much added sugar in the diet. But its rationale is that sugar provides calories with no nutritional benefit. According to Johnson and his colleagues, this misses the point. Excessive sugar isn&t it&s toxic.
&It has nothing to do with its calories,& says endocrinologist Robert Lustig of the University of California, San Francisco. &Sugar is a poison by itself when consumed at high doses.&
Johnson summed up the conventional wisdom this way: Americans are fat because they eat too much and exercise too little. But they eat too much and exercise too little because they&re addicted to sugar, which not only makes them fatter but, after the initial sugar rush, also saps their energy, beaching them on the couch. &The reason you&re watching TV is not because TV is so good,& he said, &but because you have no energy to exercise, because you&re eating too much sugar.&
The solution? Stop eating so much sugar. When people cut back, many of the ill effects disappear. The trouble is, in today&s world it&s extremely difficult to avoid sugar, which is one reason for the spike in consumption. Manufacturers use sugar to replace taste in foods bled of fat so that they seem more healthful, such as fat-free baked goods, which often contain large quantities of added sugar.
It&s a worst-case scenario: You sicken unto death not by eating foods you love, but by eating foods you hate&because you don&t want to sicken unto death.
In the Beginning Was the FruitIf sugar is so bad for us, why do we crave it? The short answer is that an injection of sugar into the bloodstream stimulates the same pleasure centers of the brain that respond to heroin and cocaine. All tasty foods do this to some extent&that&s why they&re tasty!&but sugar has a sharply pronounced effect. In this sense it is literally an addictive drug.
This raises the question, however, of why our brains would evolve to respond pleasurably to a potentially toxic compound. The answer, Johnson told me, lies deep in our simian past, when a craving for fructose would be just the thing our ancestors needed to survive.
I paraphrase Johnson in a voice borrowed from the fables, for what are even the best theories, if not the old stories told again in the language of science? Some 22 million years ago, so far back it might as well be the beginning, apes filled the canopy of the African rain forest. They survived on the fruit of the trees, sweet with natural sugar, which they ate year-round&a summer without end.
One day, perhaps five million years later, a cold wind blew through this Eden. The seas receded, the ice caps expanded. A spit of land emerged from the tides, a bridge that a few adventurous apes followed out of Africa. Nomads, wanderers, they settled in the rain forests that blanketed Eurasia. But the cooling continued, replacing tropical groves of fruit with deciduous forests, where the leaves flame in autumn, then die. A time of famine followed. The woods filled with starving apes. &At some point a mutation occurred in one of those apes,& Johnson explained. It made that ape a wildly efficient processor of fructose. Even small amounts were stored as fat, a huge survival advantage in months when winter lay upon the land and food was scarce.
Then one day that ape, with its mutant gene and healthy craving for rare, precious fruit sugar, returned to its home in Africa and begot the apes we see today, including the one that has spread its sugar-loving progeny across the globe. &The mutation was such a powerful survival factor that only animals that had it survived,& Johnson said, &so today all apes have that mutation, including humans. It got our ancestors through the lean years. But when sugar hit the West in a big way, we had a big problem. Our world is flooded with fructose, but our bodies have evolved to get by on very, very little of it.&
It&s a great irony: The very thing that saved us could kill us in the end.
The Healthy ChefThough just 11, Nick Scurlock is a perfect stand-in for the average American in the age of sugar. Hyperefficient at turning to fat the fructose the adman and candy clerk pump into his liver at a low, low price. One hundred thirty-five pounds in fifth grade, in love with the sweet poison endangering his life. Sitting in the lunchroom, he smiled and asked, &Why are the good things so bad for you?&
But this story is less about temptation than about power. At its best, the school can help kids make better decisions. A few years ago Pop-Tarts and pizza were served at Kirkpatrick. Now, across the district, menus have improved. The school has a garden that grows food for the community, a walking track for students and the public, and a new playground.
In a sense the struggle in Clarksdale is just another front in the continuing battle between the sugar barons and the cane cutters. &It&s a tragedy that hits the poor much harder than it does the rich,& Johnson told me. &If you&re wealthy and want to have fun, you go on vacation, travel to Hawaii, treat yourself to things. But if you&re poor and want to celebrate, you go down to the corner and buy an ice-cream cake.&
When I asked Nick what he wanted to be when he grew up, he said, &A chef.& Then he thought a moment, looked at his mom, and corrected himself. &A healthy chef,& he said.
Rich Cohen&s ninth book, on the 1985 Chicago Bears, will appear in October. Robert Clark&s story on
was published last month.
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