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英语读音规则(详细)
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英语读音规则(详细)
&比较全面地归纳了英语单词及语句的读音规律,希望能对你有所帮助。&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&1、巧记读音规则(元音字母读音规则,辅音字母读音规则,由于词形变化、同源词音节增减而引起读音变化)2、英语字母、字母组合读音与英语单词重音3、英汉发音差异及美式、英式音标差别(含句子语调)&巧记读音规则一、元音字母读音规则1.元音字母a在重读开音节中读/ei/例如make,name等;a在重读闭音节中读/?/,例如map,that等。其他主要情况有如下几种:(1)&&&&&&&&在非重读相对开音节中,a的发音:&(2)a的后面是ss,st,sk,sp,th,f,n时,则读/a:/。例:class,pass,task,grasp,chance,plant,cast,after,path,但entrance中的a发/?/音。(3)any,many,ate中的a发/e/音。a在闭音节中,前面是辅音/w/时读作/7?:/,例:want,warm,warn.(4)ar常读/a:/,例:yard,carpet,garment,farm;但在辅音/w/ 之后常读作/?:/,例:war,warm,warn.&(6)字母组合are常读/3ε?/音,例如:bare,hare,care,glare,dare。字母组合al?辅音字母时,al常读/?:/,但在shall中al读/?/;在half,calm中发/a:/音。2.元音字母e在重读开音节中,读/ i: /,例:we,be,these,e在重读闭音节中读/e/,例:help,member,then,beg;但在arithmetic中,e发/?/音,元音字母e的字母组合读音:&(4)eer常读/i?/,例:deer,cheer,pioneer,engineer,volunteer(志愿者)。(5)字母组合ex的读音规则:a.以字母组合ex开头的词,若ex后接一个元音字母且重音不落在第一个音节上,则ex的发音为/igz/。例如:exact,exam,example,exist。b.以字母组合ex开头的词,若ex后接一个辅音字母,且重音不落在第一个音节上,则ex读/iks/。例:excuse,expect,exchange,except,experience,experi-ment,explain,expose,express,expression,expensive,extend,extraordinary。c.以字母组合ex开头的词,无论ex后跟着什么字母,只要重音(包括次重音)落在第一个音节上,则ex的发音即为/eks/。例:exercise,expert(专家,能手),extra(额外的),exhibition。3.元音字母i在重读开音节中读/ai/,例如:nice,drive,quite,line,polite,apologize,wise。i在重读闭音节中读/i/,例如:arithmetic,benefit,habit,English,equip。(1)字母组合ie一般读/i:/,例:piece,field,thief,achieve;有时读/ai/,例:lie,die;但friend/frend/,review/ri’vju:/,quiet/kwai?t/例外。(2)字母i在climb,flight,fight,blind,kind,mind,find,frightful,design,sign,wild等含有igh,ign,ind,ild的词中,i发/ai/。(3)April,impossible中的i发/?/。(4)pencil,business,medicine中的i不发音。(5)在quiet,society,empire,entire,violin,diary,lion,wire,tire,giant,dialogue中元音字母i的字母组合读音均为/ai?/。(6)字母组合ai在重读时一般发/ei/,但在captain,mountain,portrait,foun-tain中的ai发/i/,在curtain中的ai不发音。4.元音字母o在重读开音节中读/?u/。例:whole,home,rope,hope;在重读闭音节中,读/?/,例:foreign,dollar,borrow,forehead,cost,tomorrow,common,province,model,modern,cough,forest,honour,proverb,probably,promise,beyond,modest,honest,stocking;但在improve中的o读/u:/。(1)在post,most,clothes,both,host,progress,total,won’t,soldier,gold,robot,poster,roll,control,scold,hotel等词中的o发/?u/音。(2)o在n,m,v,th之前常读/}/,例:month,front,son,ton,none,tongue,wonder,dozen,among,above,comfort。(3)在tomb中的o发/u:/。(4)字母组合oo在一般情况下读/u:/,例:shoot,loose,pool,moon,choose,balloon,smooth,cool,food,fool,school,tooth。但在k前,有时在t,d前,由它们构成的合成词、派生词中均发/u/,例:cook,good,foot,look,wood,stood,took。book在由room构成的合成词中也发/u/;但应注意例外,例:blood,flood中的oo读/}/。(5)字母组合or在辅音/w/之后一般读/?:/,例:word,worm,world,work,worth,worthy,worse,worst,worship。(6)以字母o开头的词中o的读音:(7)字母组合ow的读音:(8)字母组合ou的读音:5.元音字母u在重读开音节中读/ju:/。例:refuse,use,amuse,diffuse;在重读闭音中读/}/,例:bus,bump,suddenly,hundred,suffer,funny,study。(1)r,l,j等加u的开音节中,u读/u:/,例:blue,conclude,truth,truly,salute,rule,June。(2)u在ll,sh之前,在f,p,b之后读/u/,例:full,push,pull,sugar,bullet,bush。(3)在difficulty,suggest,supply,success,industry,column,support中的u发/?/。(4)在busy,minute,business中的u发/i/;但在guest,bury中的u读/e/。(5)字母组合ur常发/?:/音,例:burden,turn,burst,curtain,curl,fur,furnish,nursery,furl,furniture(家具)。二、辅音字母读音规则1.字母b一般读/b/,但在climb,comb,tomb,debt,doubt中位于m后或t前,这时b不发音。2.字母n发/n/,例:fine,cent;词尾是mn时,n一般不发音,例:autumn,col-umn;字母n在/k/、/g/ 音前发/ ?/,例:thank,language,bank,anxious,English。3.字母组合ng在词中时,一般发/ ?g/,例:longer,stronger,language,但在engineer,danger,change,orange之中的ng却读/nd?/。但sing变为singer时,却读作/si? ?/。4.-sian,-cian,-sion,-tion的读音(1)词尾-sian,-cian读/??n/,这样的词主要有:Asian,?ussian,Prussian,musi-cian等。(2)词尾tion(sion)发/?(?)n/,例:education/edju(:)’kei??n /,discussion等;但-tion在字母s后发/t??n/,这样的词主要有:question,suggestion;-sion在元音字母后发/{?n/,主要有:conclusion,decision,revision,television等。5.wh在一般情况下读/hw/,例:white,wheat等,但wh在o前却读/h/,例:who,whom,whose,whole。&8.字母组合ch一般读/t?/,但在源出希腊语的单词ache,character,chemical,chemist,chemistry,school,stomach,technical,technique,technology中,ch发/k/。而在moustache中的ch读/?/。9.qu读/kw/,例:require,quick。10.以“th?s”或“th?’s”结尾词的读音(1)在长元音和双元音后,“ths”或“th’s”读作/δz/。例:path/pa:θ/→paths/pa:δz/bath/ba:θ/→baths/ba:δz/mouth/mauθ/→mouths/mauδz/(2)在短元音或辅音(包括rth)后,ths或th’s读作/θs/。例:months/m}nθs/,lengths/le?θs/births/b?:s/,breaths/breθs/(3)英语中有少数词中的ths既可读/θs/又可读作/δz/。三、由于词形变化、同源词音节增减而引起读音变化&字母组合gh的读音规则gh字母组合的读音在中学英语课本中归纳起来主要有“发音”和“不发音”两种情况。一、gh在下列三种情况下发音1.gh在词首时,读作/g/。例:ghost/g?ust/2.词首为字母1,且后跟字母组合augh时,gh读作/f/。例:laugh/laa::::;f/,laughter/’laa:::ft?/3.词尾为字母组合ough时,gh读作/f/。例:enough /i’n}f/,cough/k?f/,rough/r?f/,tough/t?f/二、gh在下列五种情况下不发音1.gh在元音字母i后不发音。例:bright/brait/,fight/fait/,frighten/’fraitn/,high/hai/,light/lait/,might/mait/,night/nait/,right/rait/,sight/sait/,slight/slait/2.gh在元音字母组合ei和ai后不发音。例:eight/eit/,eighth/eitθ/,neighbor/’neib?/,straight/streit/,weigh/wei/,weight/weit/3.gh在字母组合ought中不发音。例:bought/b?:t/,brought/br?:t/,fought/f?:t/,thought/θ?:t/4.字母组合augh前面不是1时,gh不发音。caught/k?:t/,daughter/’d?:t?/,naught/n?:t/,naughty/’n?:ti/,taught/t?:t/5.词尾为ough的词,如以上所述,有的发/f/,但有时也不发音。例:although/?:l’δ?u/,plough/plau/,through/θru:/,though/δ?u/,thorough/’θ?r?/注意:若gh不是字母组合,而是分属于前后两个不同的音节时,不适合以上规则。例:dininghall/’daini?h?:l/字母组合th的读音规则现就中学英语课本中出现的含有字母组合th的单词,进行分类归纳,对其在单词中的读音总结以下几条。1.在th后以字母-er结尾的单词中,th读浊辅音/J/。例:altogether/?:lt?’geJ?/,farther/’fa J?/,feather/’fe J?/,whether/’we J?/,either/’ai J?/,gather/’g J?/2.一般情况下,在代词、冠词、介词、连词或副词中的字母组合th,读浊辅音/J/。例:within/wi’Jin/,without/wi’Jaut/,these/Ji:z/,therefore/’&Jε?f?:/,al-though/?:lJ?u/,those/ J? uz/,the/ J?/,thus/ J?s/发音特殊的单词:through/θru:/,throughout/’θru:aut/3.字母组合th在数词(包括基数词和序数词)中读清辅音/θ/。例:three/θri?:/,thirty/’θ?:ti/,thirteen/’θ?:’ti:n/,third/ θ?:d/,fourth/f ?:θ/,fiftieth/’fiftii θ/,thousand/’θauz?nd/,hundredth/’h?ndr?dθ/4.除上述单词外,一般位于词首的th读/θ/。例:theatre/’θi?t?/,thick/θik/,thin/θin/,throat/θr?ut/,theory/’θi?ri/,thrust/θr?st/,thread/θred/,thorough/’?r?/,Thursday/’θ?:zdi/5.以th结尾的单词,th读清辅音/θ/。例:truth/tru:θ/,worth/w? :θ/,breath/breθ/,both/b?uθ/,cloth/kl?θ/,path/pa :θ/,wealth/welθ/,length/le?θ/,strength/stre?θ/发音特殊的单词,例:smooth/smu:J/6.在复合词中,th的读音与在原词中的读音相同。例:something / ‘s?mθi?/,anything/’eniθi?/,nothing/’n^?θi?/还有前面提到的within,without等。7.其他无规则可循的词分列如下:maths/m^?θs/,arithmetic/?’riθm?tik/,clothing/kl?uJi?/,clothes/kl?uJz/,southern/’s?J?n/,northern/’n ?:J?n/,worthy/’w?:Ji/,author/’?:θ?/,sympathy/’simp?θi///与/g/的读音区别&&位于词中间的字母组合ng,有时读作/ ? /,有时读作/ ?g/。例:singer/'si ??/,ringing/'ri ? i ?/,anger/'??g?/,stronger/'str ?g?/。这种ng什么情况下读作/ ?/,什么情况下读作/ ?g/呢?其规律是:1.ng位于词的中部,ng后边的部分本来就是该词的一部分,而不是根据某种变化需要加的后缀。这时ng读作/ ? g/。例:finger/fi ?g?/,hunger/h ?g?/,hungry/h??gry/,linger/ling?/,England/'i ?gl?nd/,English/'i ?gli?/,Hungary/'h??g?ri/,language/'l? ? gwid?/,lingual/'li ?gw?l/,distinguish/dis'ti ?gwi?/2.以ng结尾的形容词变比较级和最高级加-er或-est后,词中的ng读作/ ?g/。longer/'l?g?/,longest/'l? ? gist/,stronger/'str? ?g?/,strongest/'str?gist/,younger/'j? ? g?/,youngest/j?gist/3.以ng结尾的动词和名词因某种变化需要加上后缀后,词中的ng仍读作/ ?/。例:things/θi ?z/,singer/'si ??/,hanger/'h? ??/,hanged/h? ?d/,singing/'si ?i ?/,ringing/'ri ? i ?/,clinging/'kli ?i ?/4.如果一个词既可作动词(或名词),又可作形容词,它作动词或名词时加后缀以后,词中的ng仍读作/ ?/;它作形容词时加-er或-est后词中的ng读作/ ?g/。例:long(v.渴望)longing/'l? ? i ?/,long(a.长的)longer/'l? ? g?/ & -(e)s和-(e)d的读音规则&一、大部分可数名词的复数及动词第三人称单数的一般现在式,是以-(e)s结尾的,如:moths,glasses;digs,teaches等。其读法是:1.在清辅音后读/s/。例:months/m?nθs/,cakes/keiks/,stops/st?ps/,laughs/la :fs/2.在浊辅音及元音后读/z/。例:girls/g?:lz/,pictures/'pikt??z/,potatoes/p?'teit?z/,reads/ri:dz/,digs/digz/,cries/kraiz/3.在/s/、/z/、/?/、/t?/、/d?/等音后-es发/iz/。例:glasses/'gla:siz/,bridges/'brid?iz/,noses/'n?uziz/,teaches/'ti:t?iz/,wash-es/'w??iz/请注意下面这些词单复数的发音变化:house/haus/→houses/'hauziz/,mouth/mauθ/→mouths/mauJz/二、规则动词的过去式和过去分词中的-(e)d读法是:1.在清辅音(/t/除外)后读/t/。例:asked/a:skt/,helped/helpt/,watched/w?t?t/,laughed/la:ft/2.在浊辅音(/d/除外)和元音后读/d/。例:livd/lived/,planned/pl?nd/,pulled/puld/;tired/tai?d/3.在/t/、/d/后读/id/。例:wanted/'w?ntid/,sounded/'saundid/ _________________________________________________________________________&s发/s/的读音规则&字母s的读音有/s/、/z/、/?/、/{/这几种,下面主要讲讲发/s/音的几条规则。一、s在词首时,除了sugar,sure以及sh组合发//以外,其余一般发/s/。例:surface/'s?:fis/,serve/s?:v/,seven/sevn/,six/siks/,some/s?m/,sign/sain/比较:design/di'zain/一般前缀,合成词不影响其读音。s仍读成/s/。例:unsafe/?n'seif/,unsatisfactory/?n??tis'f?k?t?t?ri/,roadside/'r?udsaid/,teaspoon/'ti:spu:n/,snowstorm/'sn?ust?:m/二、两个s在词尾时读作/s/。例:grass,glass,address,press,success,pass,miss,stress,across,swiss,puss,progress,process,kiss三、词尾s在u后读作/s/。例:bus/b?s/,us/?s/,minus/'main?s/,abacus/'?bks/,plus/pl?s/,status/'steit?s/,virus/'vai?r?s/四、在sis组合的弱读中,两个s都读作/s/。例:emphasis/'emf?sis/,analysis?='nlsis/,thesis/'θ:sis/,crisis/'kraisis/五、s在字母c前常读作/s/。例:muscle/'m?sl/,discipline/'disiplin/,science/'sai?ns/六、s在某些前后缀中读作/s/。1.在前缀mis-,dis-中,s读作/s/。例:mismanage/?mis'm?niDN/,misjudge/?mis'DN?DN/,misbelieve/?misbi'l:v/,disorder/di's?:d?/,disobey/dis?'dei/2.在后缀-sive,sity,-self,-some,-sy中,s读作/s/。例:expensive/ik'spensiv/,intensive/in'tensiv/,decisive/di'saisiv/yourself/j?:'self/,handsome/'h?ns?m/,troublesome/'tr?blsm/,tiresome/tai?s?m/,quarrelsome/'kw?r?ls?m/七、s在清辅音前后常读作/s/。1.s在清辅音前常读作/s/。例:honest/'?:nist/,newspaper/'nju:?speip/,task/ta:sk/,satisfy/'s?tisfai/,grasp/gra:sp/2.s在清辅音后常读作/s/。例:sportsman/'sp?:tsmn/,works/w?:ks/,stops/st?ps/,roofs/ru:fs/.八、词尾se在字母r,l,n后读作/s/。例:horse/h?:s/,nurse/n?:s/,worse/w?:s/,course/k?:s/,universe/'ju:nivs/,pulse/p?ls/,else/els/,tense/tens/,sense/sens/读/ei/音的字母(组合)规则&1.a在开音节中读/ei/。例:face/feis/,plane/plein/。再如:place race space grade trade age page cake shake lake make take wake snakepale tale sale game lame name shame same shape tape phase Kate fate hate date gatelate state skate plate cave save wave slave brave baby lady lazy paper nature Asia abletable native awake mistake translate persuade potato2.a在tion前读/ei/。例:nation/'nei??n/,station/'stei??n/。再如:relation situation graduation education population information operation libera-tion celebration pronunciation congratulation examination imagination3.ai读作/ei/。例:maid/meid/,remain/ri'mein/。再如:例:wait waist strait straight raise praise tail fail sail nail rail aim pain chainmain gain rain plain train grain brain paint dail mainly railway waiter tailor sailorfailure4.ay读作/ei/。例:spray/sprei/,bayonet/'bei?nit/。再如:day hay lay play may ?ay pay way stay gray tray maybe daytime daylight play-ground today delay away5.eigh读作/ei/。例:eight/eit/,freight/freit/。再如:eighth weigh weight eighty neighbour6.ey读作/ei/。例:grey/grei/,hey/hei/,they/Jei/,obey/?'bei/7.a在nge前读/ei/。例:change/t?eind?/,strange/streind?/,stranger/streind??/,danger/deind??/,dangerous/'deind??r?s/8.在以下单词中,ea读/ei/。例:break/breik/,great/greit/ --------------___________________________________________________________________读/!:/音的字母(组合)规则&1.e在开音节中读/!:/。例:be/b!:/,metre/'m!:t?/。再如:he she me we eve these scene Negro Chinese complete Japanese kilometre ap-preciate2.ea常读作/!:/。例:lead/l!:d/,scream/skr!:m/。再如:sea tea cheap eat seat heat beat meat neat wheat treat peace east beast leastweak speak leaf each teach reach lead read league leave weave please pleased breathedeal meal steal team steam stream dream lean clean mean easy teacher leader eagerweaver speaker season reason meaning repeat defeat increase easily European reason-able3.ee读作/!:/。例:feel/f!:l/,sleep/sl!:p/。再如:see bee knee flee free three keep sheep deep jeep weep sweep sheet meet sweepstreet week speech feed seed deed need speed sleeve freeze reel steel seem queengreen screen feeling freel freedom freezing meeting indeed between seventeen4.ie读作/!:/。例:piece/p!:s/,thief/θ!:f/。再如:field,belief,believe,achieve,achievement5.在辅音字母s,c后面,ei读/!:/。例:seize/s!:z/,ceiling/'s!:li?/,receive/ri's!:v/6.在一些单词中,i读如e的长元音,即/!:/。例:police/p?'l!:s/,technique/tek'nk/,machine/m?&?!:n/,magazine/m?g?'z!:n/7.字母组合eo中的o往往不发音而读作/!:/。例:people/p!:pl/。  &&读/ai/音的字母(组合)规则&1.字母i在开音节中读/ai/。例:slide/slaid/,tiny/'taini/。再如:θ ice nice rice twice price side hide ride wide pride life knife wife bike like ?ikestrike pipe wipe kite white write quite five drive dive pile mile while smile time finepine shine line mine nine wine Friday ninety China writer driver silence recite exciteinvite polite unite advice surprise besides decide aside arrive behind bicycle dialogueexcite unite2.在in,igh,ind,ild等字母组合中,i读作/ai/。例:high/hai/,kind/kaind/。再如:tight fight sight light might night right slight flight bright sign climb child wildfind mind blind ninth tightly slightly fighter frighten childhood kindness tonight de-sign &______________________________________________________________________________读/u/音的字母(组合)规则&1.o在开音节中读作/?u /。例:go/g?u/,photo/'f?utu/。再如:go no hope rope note chock joke smoke role close globe stove nose rose thoseclose pole hole whole home stone bone total noble programme notice ago hello alonedevote suppose2.oa读作/?u/。例:soap/s?up/,coat/k?ut/。再如:boat goat float throat coast road coal roadside3.ou有时读作/?u/。例:soul shoulder although though4.ow有时读/?u/。例:show/?u/,low/l?u/。再如:know row flow slow blow snow throw grow bowl own slowly lower owner注意:ow在词尾的非重读音节中也读/?u/。如:arrow/'?ru/,narrow/'n?ru/,sparrow borrow sorrow fellow yellow shallowwindow5.在ld和st前,o读作/?u/。例:old cold hold scold gold post most soldier &读/ ju:/音的字母(组合)规则&1.u在开音节中读/ ju: /。例:use(n.)/ju:s/,use(v.)/ju:z/,refuse/ri'fju:z/。再如:huge Tuesday duty suger future reduce produce excuse universe introduce注意:在少数单词的非重读音节中,u读作/ju:/或/ju/。如:communism/'k?mjunizm/,communist/'k?mjunist/,institute/'institju:t/,unite/ju:'nait/,value/'v?lju:/2.字母组合ui有时读/ju:/。例:suit/sju:t/。3.ew有时读/ju:/。例:few/fju:/,new/nju:/,news/nju:z/,newspaper/'nju:speip/,newsreel/'nju:zrl/ &&& &读/u:/音的字母(组合)规则&1.u在开音节中有时读作/u:/。例:rule/ru:l/,June/d?u:n/。再如:true blue rude salute pollute conclude include revolutionary2.co读作/u:/。例:too/tu:/,choose/t?u:z/。再如:zoo troop shoot boot root loose tooth food smooth pool tool cool fool school roomsoon moon noon foolish schoolboy schoolgirl foolishly schoolmaster3.ou有时读作/u:/。例:group/gru:p/,through/θru:/。再如:youth route wound wounded4.在开音节中,o有时读作/u:/。例:do/du:/,who/hu:/,whose/hu:z/,lose/lu:z/,move/mu:v/,prove/pru:v/5.ew有时读作/u:/。例:Jew/d?u:/,jewel/d?u:?/,chew/t?u:/,crew/kru:/6.oe在词末,有时读作/u:/。例:shoe/?u,canoe/k?'nu:/ &&读//音的字母(组合)规则&1.a在闭音节中读/?/。例:back/b?k/,flash/fl??/。再如:cap map wrap cat fat hat bat rat that flat Jack back black track tax gas masscatch hatch match snatch ash add sad bad mad glad bag rag flag drag shall camplamp stamp fan can man plan ant sand hand land stand grand hang thank bank rankFrank gather travel jacket habit rapid practice plastic plastics Paris captain action ab-sent camel candle planet blanket mankind handsome grandson angry anger thankfulanxious perhaps exact satellite satisfy passenger family handwriting handkerchief ex-actly imagine understand reality2.在ll,mm,nn,pp,rr,tt前面,a有时读作/?/。例:scatter/'sk?t/,marry/'m?ri/。再如:valley shallow ally Allan challenge hammer grammar manner channel bannerapple happy happen carry arrow narrow sparrow carriage barrel matter cattle battle &读/e/音的字母(组合)规则&1.e在闭音节中读/ e /。例:bed/bed/,spend/spend/。再如:step set debt get jet let net wet yet check neck yes flesh fresh pest test chestbest rest west desk left text next bed red Fred egg beg leg help them pen ten henthen when fetch bench French end send bend lend spend length strength very everclever whether never expert desert metal special western question second elder help-ful seldom welcome empty member empire temple chemist Henry gently plentytwenty enter centre entrance splendid upset forget accept inspect protect elect collectcorrect connect direct suggest hotel myself percent invent attend separate separatelyrecognize exercise technical yesterday February medical chemical chemistry memorycentury gentleman connected directly direction correctly however forever togetherNovember expensive attention invention attentively development America2.e在ll前读/e/。例:bell/bel/,tell/tel/。再如:smell sell shell well fellow yellow rebellion spell spelling umbrella3.e在nn前读/e/。例:penny/'peni/,Jenny/'d?eni/,tennis/'tenis/4.e在rr前读/e/。例:merry/'meri/,errand/'er?nd/,terrible/'teribl/,terrify/'terifai/5.e在ss前读/e/。例:less/les/,dress/dres/。再如:essay depression message possession press pressure procession progress lessonsuccess express oppress impress address unless professor successful expression6.e在tt前读/e/。例:Betty better letter settle7.ea有时读/e/。例:head/hed/,instead/in'sted/。再如:sweat deaf death breath dead thread bread spread health wealth ready healthyweather measure pleasure haven peasant breakfast ahead instead already &读/e/音的字母(组合)规则&1.e在闭音节中读/ e /。例:bed/bed/,spend/spend/。再如:step set debt get jet let net wet yet check neck yes flesh fresh pest test chestbest rest west desk left text next bed red Fred egg beg leg help them pen ten henthen when fetch bench French end send bend lend spend length strength very everclever whether never expert desert metal special western question second elder help-ful seldom welcome empty member empire temple chemist Henry gently plentytwenty enter centre entrance splendid upset forget accept inspect protect elect collectcorrect connect direct suggest hotel myself percent invent attend separate separatelyrecognize exercise technical yesterday February medical chemical chemistry memorycentury gentleman connected directly direction correctly however forever togetherNovember expensive attention invention attentively development America2.e在ll前读/e/。例:bell/bel/,tell/tel/。再如:smell sell shell well fellow yellow rebellion spell spelling umbrella3.e在nn前读/e/。例:penny/'peni/,Jenny/'d?eni/,tennis/'tenis/4.e在rr前读/e/。例:merry/'meri/,errand/'er?nd/,terrible/'teribl/,terrify/'terifai/5.e在ss前读/e/。例:less/les/,dress/dres/。再如:essay depression message possession press pressure procession progress lessonsuccess express oppress impress address unless professor successful expression6.e在tt前读/e/。例:Betty better letter settle7.ea有时读/e/。例:head/hed/,instead/in'sted/。再如:sweat deaf death breath dead thread bread spread health wealth ready healthyweather measure pleasure haven peasant breakfast ahead instead already &读/i/音的字母(组合)规则&1.i在闭音节中读/i/。例:gift/gift/,visit/'vizit/。再如:ship trip whip lip hit pick kick sick thick trick quick stick if kiss miss ?iss thisits rich which fish dish wish Smith strict fix six mix gift lift list fifth sixth lid ridsing king thing ring wing bring spring string pig big dig is his bridge with him Jimswim ill skill silk milk film skin print since pitty city silly fifty bitter mirror sisterwhisper figure picture mixture little middle whistle listen chicken prison distant dif-ferent difference ticket minute Christmas British village Silver illness simple simplywindy instant finger thinker singer single kingdom equip permit unfit resist exist for-bid until begin fisherman liberate prisoner villager interesting cinema industry assis-tant consider continue composition2.i在v和rr前读作/i/。例:give/giv/,forgive/f?'giv/,live/liv/,living/'livi?/,river/'riv?/,mirror/'mir?/3.y读作/i/。例:physical/'fizikl/,history/'hist?ri/。再如:Olympic sympathy physics physicist pyramid Egyptian4.注意:在非重读音节中,e读/i/。例:carpet/ka:pit/,cinema/'sinim?/,college/k?lid?/,necessary/'nes?s?ri/,planet/'p?nit/,ticket/'tikit/,kindness/'kaindnis/ & 读//音的字母(组合)规则&1.o在闭音节中读/?/。例:job/j?b/,strong/str??/。再如:top shop stop crop drop pot hot shop spot rot off boss cross cloth lock knockrock clock fox box soft cost rob god frog dog Tom fond song long wrong copy coffeesoftly body sorry offer proper doctor dollar honour concert ?obert follow sorrow bor-row bottle model moral bottom problem often modern foreign crossing stocking officepromise province topic pocket object modest forest orange college solid comrade con-stant honest across beyond along operate popular copybook officer oxygen possiblyhospital probably poverty politics holiday volleyball horrible communist monitormonument contrary constantly astonish tomorrow communism impossible geography2.在w,wh,qu等读/w/音的辅音字母(组合)后,a在闭音节中读/?/。例:watch/w?t?/,quarrel/'kw?r?l/。再如:what wash want wander Washington quantity wallet wander watchtower what-ever quality swallow3.o在rr前读作/?/。例:sorry/'sri/,borrow/'b?ru/,horror/'h?r?/,horrible/'hrbl/,sorrow/'s?r?u/,porridge/'p?rid?/,tomorrow/t?'mr?u/读/u/音的字母(组合)规则&1.在有/b-/、/p-/、/f-/等闭音节词中,u读作/u/。例:bush/bu?/,bullet/'bulit/。再如:put push pull full full-time2.在/k/和部分/d/之前,oo读/u/。例:foot/fut/,look/luk/。再如:cook hook book wood good good-looking good-bye handbook notebook songbooktextbook copybook brook wooden3.ou有时也读/u/。could/kud/,should/?ud/,would/wud/ 读//音的字母(组合)规则&1.u在闭音节中读/?/。例:study/'st?di/,lunch/lvnt/。再如:up cup cut shut suck duck luck truck thus such much rush brush must trustdust just rub club mud plug judge pulse jump sun fun hunt trunk lucky hurry uglyupper supper suffer butter rubber summer ?ussia dustbin sudden husband sufferingstruggle rubbish publish public subject number under thunder Sunday sunny funnypunish hundred uncle hungry discuss result suddenly republic discussion constructionconductor interrupt2.部分开音节词及m,n,v,th前,o有时读/?/。例:ton/t?n/,London/'l?ndn/。再如:love come some son none one once month front tongue lovely worry cover othermother brother colour thorough stomach dozen nothing comfort sometimes some-where something ?onday money monkey wonder above become among governmentotherwise wonderful discovery3.oo在d前有时读/?/。例:blood/bl?d/,flood/fl?d/4.ou有时读作/?/。例:tough/t?f/,touch/t?t/。再如:young country courage southern cousin double trouble enough rough discouragedsouthern troublesome& 读/au/音的字母(组合)规则&1.ou有时读作/au/。例:about/?'baut/,thousand/'θauznd/等。再如:plough out shout house mouse south mouth loud proud count pound found soundround ground cloudy trousers outer outward outside mountain without throughoutaloud around surround announce pronounce2.ow有时读作/au/。例:now/nau/,power/'pau?/。再如:cow how how crowd town down brown tower shower flower powder allowpowerful &读/i/音的字母(组合)规则&1.oi读作/?i/。例:boil/b?iil/,poison/'p?i izn/。再如:choice voice noise oil soil join poisonous point disappointed2.oy读作/?i /。boy/b?i/,joy/d?i/,toy/t?i,voyage/'v?id/ &读/a:/音的字母(组合)规则&1.ar读作/a:/。例:hard/ha:d/,regard/ri'ga:d/。再如:car far star sharp start park dark mark march card hard yard starve charge largearm farm harm army party farther market Arctic artist harvest pardon gardon harmful regark remark artlcle Antarctic department2.在字母组合ance,and和ant中(即a在n前),a有时读作/a:/。(英国发音)chance/t?a:ns/,dance/da:ns/。再如:France plant demand command advanced3.在字母组合ask,ass,asp,ast中(即a在s前),a多读作/a:/。例:pass/pa:s/,class/kla:s/。再如:glass gasp grasp past cast fast last ask task master basket glasses classroomgrassland basketball4.在字母组合aft和ath中(即a在ft和th前)a常读作/a:/。例:path/pa:θ/,bath/ba:θ/。再如:father rather afternoon afterward(s)5.字母组合al和au有时读作/a:/。例:half/ha:f/,calm/ka:m/,laugh/la:f/,aunt/a:nt/ &&读/:/音的字母(组合)规则&1.or读作/?:/。例:order/'?:d/,morning/'m?:ni/。再如:nor port sort short sport fork force horse north sword form storm corn bornforty storey border corner normal northern portrait forward horseback report supportrecord toward organize important recorder fortunately ordinary2.ore读作/?:/。例:shore/??:/,more/m?:/,store/st?:/,score/sk?:/,before/bi'f?:/3.our读作/?:/。例:pour/p?:/,four/f?:/。再如:fourth your course court yours mourn resource4.oar读作/?:/。例:board/b?:d/,aboard/?'b?:d/5.oor读作/?:/。例:door/d?:/,floor/fl?:/6.ough读作/?:/(即ou在gh前读/?:/)。例:ought/?:t/,thought/θ?:t/7.au读作/?:/。例:cause/k?:z/,author/'?:θ?/再如:daughter autumn August launch fault naughty pause8.aw读作/?:/。例:law/l?:/,jaw/d??:/。再如:draw sawmill hawk lawyer drawing crawl9.在k或l前,al读作/?:/。例:all/?:l/,call/k?:l/。再如:fall hall tall talk chalk walk ball wall small recall wallet10.a在字母组合al中读作/?:/(即al读/?:l/)。例:almost already also although altogether always11.oa读作/?:/。broad/br?:d/,broadcast/br?:dkst/12.ar读作/?:/。例:warm/w?:m/,war/w?:/。再如:warmhearted warship warn toward quarter &&& &&读/:/音的字母(组合)规则&1.er读作/?:/。例:serve/s?:v/,person/'p?:sn/。再如:her hers verb term mercy German certain servant service nervous perfect referobserve certainly perfectly Germany university2.ir读作/?:/。例:bird/b?:d/,thirty/'θ?:ti/。再如:sir shirt skirt dirt first third girl firm dirty thirsty birthday circle3.ur读作/?:/。例:nurse/n?:s/,church/t??:t?/。再如:burn turn fur hurt burst Thursday murder murderer further curtain surface re-turn4.ear有时读作/?:/。例:learn/l?:n/,earth/?:θ/,search/s?:t?/,early/'?:li/,research/ri's?:t?/5.or在w后读作/?:/。例:word/w?:d/,work/w?:k/。再如:works worse worst worth worm world worthy worship worker workshop &&读/i/音的字母(组合)规则&1.ear读作/i?/。例:dear/di?/,appear/?'pi/。再如:ear fear hear near spear clear nearly nearby fearless disappear2.ea读/i?/。例:real/ri?l/,idea/ai'di?/。再如:really theatre hearing realize3.eer读作/i?/。例:cheer deer sneer engineer pioneer4.ere读作/i?/。例:here/hi?/,merely/'mi?li/5.e有时读作/i?/。例:hero/'hi?ru/,zero/'zi?ru/。再如:serious period theory material experience imperialism &读/ε?/音的字母(组合)规则&1.are读作/ε?/。例:care/kε?/,stare/stε?/。再如:rare share spare square dare glare careful prepare barefoot barely declare2.air读作/ε?/。例:air/ε?/,pair/pε?/。再如:fair chair hair stair fairly fairy chairman airport repair affair upstairs despairmillionaire3.eir读作/ε?/。例:their/Jε? /,theirs/ Jε?z/4.ear有时读作/ε?/。例:bear/bε?/,tear(v.)/tε?/,wear/wε?/5.ere有时读作/ε?/。例:there/ Jε?/,where/wε?/,therefore/'Jε?f?:::::::/6.a有时读作/ε?/。例:area/'ε?ri/,glaring/'glε?ri?/,various/'vε?ris/,?ary/'mε?ri/,Hungarian/h??'gε?rin/ &读/ai/音的字母(组合)规则&1.ire读作/ai?/,例:wire/wai?/,admire/ad'mai?/。再如:fire tire tiresome hire require wireless inspire inspiring entirely2.ia读作/ai?/。例:trial/trail/,diamond/'dai?mnd/3.ie读作/ai?/。例:quiet/kwai?t/,society/s?'saiti/。再如:quietly science scientist4.其他例:diary/'dai?ri/,iron/ai?n/,lion/lai?n/,violin/?vai'lin/ &读/u/、/ju/音的字母(组合)规则&1.ure,ue,oor,our等有时读作/u?/。例:sure/?u/,surely/'?u?li/,cruel/kru?l/,cruelty/'kru?lti/,poor/pu?/,tour/tu?/2.ure有时读作/ju?/。例:cure/kju?/,pure/pju?/,endure/in'dju?/ &不发音的字母有哪些&英语词汇浩如烟海,记不胜记。掌握一个词,不仅要知其形,懂其意,更应首先学会准确发音。但是,英语中有一些字母,在某些构词环境中不发音,使词的形、音脱节,从而增加了词汇学习的难度。但此类字母并非杂乱无章,无规可循,而往往有一定的规律性。如果学习者掌握了不发音字母的一般规律,问题也就迎刃而解了。不发音字母主要有以下几种情况:1.b出现在词尾,在字母m之后。如:bomb,climb,comb,crumb,dumb,lamb,limb,plumb(垂直的),thumb,tomb.2.c出现在字母s或者x之后。如:adolescence(青春期),ascend(登高),dis-ciple(门徒),excellence,excess,excite,fascinate,scissors。3.g出现在词首,在字母n之前。如:gnarled(多瘤节的),gnash(咬牙切齿),gnat[英]蚊子,gnaw(咬)。g出现在词尾,在字母m,n之前。如:diaphragm(隔膜),paradigm(范例),phlegm(痰);campaign,deign(屈尊),design,foreign,reign.4.gh出现在词尾,或在字母t之前。如:brought,caught,fought,height,high,straight,thorough,thought,weight.5.h出现在词首,在字母g,r,ex之后。如:ghetto(犹太人居住区),ghost,ghoul(盗尸的人);rhetoric(修辞学),rhyme,rhythm;exhaust,exhibit,exhilarate(使高兴),exhort(规劝)。h出现在词尾。如:ah(啊!),myrrh(没药),Sarah(女子名),Utah(美国西部一州名)。6.k出现在词首,在字母n之前。如:knead(按摩),knee,knickers(灯笼裤),knife,knight,knit,knot,know.7.l出现在词尾,在字母组合alf,alk,alm中。如:calf,half;chalk,stalk,talk,walk;alms(救济金),calm,palm,psalm(赞美诗)。8.m出现在词首,在字母n之前。如:mnemonic(帮助记忆的),mnemonist(记忆术专家),mnemosyne(古希腊司记忆的女神)。9.n出现在词尾,在字母m之后。如:autumn,column,hymn(圣歌,赞美诗)。10.p出现在词首,在字母n,s,t之前。如:pneumatics(气体力学),pneu-monia(肺炎);psalm(赞美诗),pseudonym(笔名),psychic(精神的,心理的),psy-chology(心理学);pterodactyl(飞龙目动物)。11.t出现在词尾的字母组合-sten和-stle中。如:fasten,hasten;apostle(鼓吹者,倡导者),castle,whistle. &英语字母组合与英语单词重音&学习英语时我们常因单词重音位置的飘忽不定而大伤脑筋,尤其是遇上双音节以上的词汇,要准确无误地读准其重音,确实不太容易。其实,英语词汇的重音位置通常是有规律的。例如:有些双音节词汇做名词时重音往往落在首音节上;而做动词时,重音就落在第二音节上了。这些词汇常见的有:addict,accent,abstract,annex等。可见,掌握好并读准单词的重音有一定的规律可循。为了便于记忆和学习,现将部分规则按重音位置和字母顺序作如下归纳,并从理论上进行简要分析。一、归类部分1.重音落在末音节的字母组合①以-ee结尾,读音为/i:/的词汇:appellee chimpanzee conferee contestee decree drawee evacuee em-ployee goatee grandee guarantee indictee inductee②以-act结尾,读音为/?kt/的词汇,多为动词:contact contract detract distract exact enact intact interact③-air,-aire或-are结尾,读音为/ε?/的词汇:affair concessionaire enclair millionaire aware prepare④以-ade结尾,读音为/eid/的词汇:arcade brigade colonnade escalade escapade(exception:decade)⑤以-ane结尾,读音为/ein/的词汇:inane insane profane humane⑥以-ceive结尾,读音为/si:v/的动词:conceive deceive perceive receive⑦以-duce结尾,读音为/dju:s/的词汇:conduce deduce induce introduce reduce reproduce subduce traduceseduce⑧以-ease结尾,读音为/i:s/或/i:z/的词汇:appease decease decrease disease increase predecease release sub-lease surcease⑨以-een结尾,读音为/i:n/的名词:colleen canteen pretteen Salween shagreen thirteen spalpeenvelevteen yestreen⑩以-eer结尾,读音为/i?/的名词:cannoneer compeer domineer engineer fronteer gadgeteer gazetterpamphleteer patrioteer(11)以-ect结尾,读音为/ekt/的动词:affect bisect collect defect direct detect correct confect connectdisinfect eject elect(12)以-ede结尾,读音为/i:d/的动词:accede antecede concede impede intercede precede recede retrocedesecede supercede(13)以-end结尾,读音为/end/的动词:attend amend commend comprehend contend defend depend extendintend represend subtend(14)以-el结尾,读音为/el/的词汇:compel impel Nobel marcel propel rebel(v.)(15)以-ert结尾,读音为/?:t/的词汇:assert concert convert desert introvert subvert(16)以-ese结尾,读/i:s/或/i:z/的词汇:Chinese Japanese Napalese sudanese telegraphese vietnamese(17)以-clude结尾,读音为/klu:d/的动词:conclude exclude include occlude preclude seclude(18)以-esce结尾,读音为/es/的词汇:coalesce deliquesce effloresce evanesce recrudesce(19)以-ess结尾,读音为/es/的动词:compress confess depress express impress profess redress represssuppress transgress若不是动词,以-ess结尾,的词汇之重音位置不固定:'progress 'congress pro'cess un'less(20)以-est结尾,读音为/est/的动词:adjest congest contest digest infest protest suggest(21)以-ette结尾,读音为/et/的词汇:cassette cigarette brunette coquette chemisette forssette frisettegazette grisette(22)以-form结尾,读音为/f?:m/的动词:conform perform reform transform(但uniform是名词)(23)以-ict结尾,读音为/ikt/的动词:afflict conflict constrict contradict inflict predict restric(24)以-ide结尾,读音为/aid/的词汇:aside astride beside confide divide provide reside subside(25)以-ign结尾,读音为/ain/的动词:assign condign design consign resign(26)以-ire结尾,读音为/ai?/的动词:conspire esquire expire desire inquire inspire require respire(27)以-lapse结尾,读音为/l?ps/的词汇:collapse prolapse relapse(28)以-mit结尾,读音为/mit/的词汇:admit commit demit emit intermit omit permit pretermit remitsubmit transmit(若是名词,重音落在首音节,如:'limit 'summit 'vomit)(29)以-ort结尾,读音为/?:t/的动词:disport distort escort export import report retort support trans-port(若是名词,重音多落在首音节:escort export import bistort purport等。)(30)以-ore结尾,读音为/?:/的词汇:afore before deplore explore restore(31)以-pose结尾,读音为/p?us/、/p?uz/的动词:depose decompose expose impose interpose oppose indispose predis-pose propose suppose(32)以-scribe结尾,读音为/skraib/的词汇:conscribe describe escribe prescribe subscribe transcribe(33)以-scend结尾,读音为/send/的词汇:ascend condescend descend transcend(34)以-oon结尾,读音为/u:n/的词汇:afternoon balloon buffoon cartoon cocoon decocoon dragoon festoongalloon octoroon pocaroon(exception:forenoon)(35)以-que结尾,读音为/k/的词汇:antique boutique blottesque burlesque arabesque cacique critiquegrotesque Japanesque mystique(36)以-r结尾,现在分词和过去分词均要双写r(-red,-ring):demur incur inter infer occur prefer recur refer transfer(37)以-uct结尾,读音为/)kt/的词汇:conduct construct deduct instruct obstruct product(38)以-ult结尾,读音为/)lt/的词汇:consult exult insult occult midcult result(39)以-ume结尾,读音为/ju:m/的词汇:assume consume perfume presume subsume(40)以-use结尾,读音为/ju:s/或/ju:z/的词汇:accuse confuse excuse perfuse refuse suffuse transfuse(41)以-ure结尾,读音为/ju?/的词汇:accure impure immure insecure insure inure mature obscure per-dure procure secure(exceptions:'epicure 'manicure)2.重音落在倒数第二个音节的字母组合:①以-ial结尾,读音为/?l/、/i?l/或/j?l/的词汇:/?l/:confidential decrial existential impartial inferential inffluentialinitial prejudicial sacrificial substantial/i?l/:authorial bimestrial colloquial gressorial material mercurialministerial motorial pictorial prefatorial tectorial visitorial/j?l/:antimonial bicentennial colonial②以-ian结尾,读音为/?n/、/i?n/、/j?n/的词汇:/?n/:academician arithmetician acoustician electrician Eurasian Lin-guistician musician Persian politician practician/i?n/、/j?n/:Cantabrigian collegian Colombian historian rosarian salu-tatorian subclavian③以-ia结尾,读音为/i?/的词汇:国名、地名:Australia Ethiopia θndonesia ?alaysia ?auritania ?oma-nia医学:abulia achromatopsia acidemia acrophobia aerophobia bilharziainsomnia其他:academia acedia cryptomeria razzia encyclopedia④以-ic结尾,读音为/ik/偶或包括以-ics结尾的词汇:atomatic atmospheric autarkic autographic ballistic climatic cosmeticenteric epidemic⑤以-ior结尾,读音为/i?/的词汇,形容词居多:inferior junior posterior prior senior superior ulterior⑥以-it结尾,读音为/it/的词汇:cohabit demerit discredit discomfit decrepit deposit explicit dispiritdisinherit inspirit inherit inhabit inhibit reposit transit visit⑦以-scence(n.)或-scent(adj)结尾:acescence acquiescence deliquescence convalescence evanescence obso-lescence reminiscence renascence decrescent marcescent pubescent re-crudescent quiescent resipiscent suffrutescent⑧以-ion或-sion结尾:accusaion abolition confusion explosion decision impression persua-sion excitation suggestion invitation3.重音落在倒数第三个音节的字母组合:①以-fy结尾,读音为/fai/的动词:acidify identify intensify emulsify lapidify personify qualify modifyprettify simplify transmogrify②以-ical结尾,读音为/ik?l/的词汇:academical chemical electrical political periodical encyclical teleologi-cal inimical theoretical technological③以-icide结尾,读音为/isaid/的词汇:suicide aborticide acaricide foeticide fratricide herbicide infanticideliberticide uxoricide④以-itude结尾,读音为/itj%!d/的词汇:attitude decrepitude infinitude lassitude latitude platitude⑤以-ity结尾,读音为/iti/的词汇:ability curiosity civility facility fragility opportunity personalitypossibility sensitivity simplicity speciality utility vanity whimsicality⑥以-graph或-phy结尾,读音为/gr?f/或/fi/的词汇:aerography bibliography biography calligraphy chirography geographylexicography photography planography telegraphy theosophy philosophy⑦以-ology结尾,读音为/?l?d*i/的词汇:aerology bibliology bryology crytology ecology Egyptology lexicologytechnology pestology psychology testaceology teleology theology zoology⑧以-otomy结尾,读音为/?t?mi/的词汇:neurotomy tenotomy tracheotomy trichotomy⑨以-ular结尾,读音为/jul?/的词汇:biangular binocular consular insular intercelluar ocular orbicularpopular particular secular regular triangular4.词汇加了前缀后的重读位置①重读落在第一音节的词汇,加前缀后,重读位置不变:'dazzle—be'dazzle&&'operate—co'operate'force—en'force&&&&'logical—il'logical'literate—il'literate&&'constant—in'constant②重读落在第二音节的词汇,加前缀后,原重读位置不受影响,但前缀的字母组合作为一个音节可重读或次重读:pro'duce—'repro'duce'graduate—'post'graduate'national—'inter'nationalim'pressionism—'neo-imp'ressionism(the only exception:'finite—'infinie)二、简析部分从语言学的角度来分析,英语的词重音(word stress)的位置是不固定的。英语与某些别的语言不同,例如:法语词汇的重音总是在词的末音节上;与法语相反的是捷克语,它的重音总是落在词的首音节上,而波兰语却独特一些,重音位置总是落在词汇的倒数第二个音节上,因此,这些语言的重音称为固定重音(fixed stress),而英语和俄语的重音则是自由重音(free stress)。英语本身吸收并借用了大量的外来语(loan words),以历史语言学或词源学(etymology)的观点来剖析,就不难解释为什么英语重音属于自由重音这一现象。例如:以-ion和-ic结尾的英语词汇重音往往落在倒数第二个音节上,而-ion和-ic结尾的字母组合则源于拉丁语。以-ee结尾的英语词汇重音总是落在末音节上,若追溯它的同源词(cognate),我们可以看到-ee这一后缀源于?iddle English的-e,而-e又来源于?iddle French的-é,若再追本溯源,乃是来自于Old French的-é。再考察以-ette后缀结尾的词汇,-ette后缀也是经历了从Old French到?iddle French再到?iddle English这一相似的演变过程,直至现在,仍然保留了法语的重音特征,与现代法语的词重音总是落在末音节这一规律完全吻合。以词源学的分析作为探索基点,我们认识到英语的词重音既属于自由重音且并非无规律可循这一语言现象,从而对这一现象进行总结和分析,以求达到既能方便学习又能对所学语言深化理解的学习目的。 &英语音的长度&学英语的人都知道,英语单元音中,凡是音标有/:/的都是长音,凡是没有/:/的都是短音。乍一看来,只要把带/:/的元音读长点,不带/:/的读音读短点,音的长度问题就解决了。不少教语音的老师也正是这样再三嘱咐的,不少学语音的学生也是这样学的。但是,音的长度问题并不简单。首先,英语十二个单元音中,成双作对的长短音/i://i/,/?://?/,/u://u/,/?://?/占了八个,如果加上发音相近的/a:/)/,可以算上十个。这一对对姐妹音之间的差别是不是只在于长短的不同?常常听到有的人把/it/读作一个较短的/i:t/,把/fut/读作较短的/fu:t/,岂不知道,/i/和/i:/,/u/和/u:/等的差别不仅在于长短不一,而首先在于发音部位和发音方法的不同。/i:/的舌位高而靠前,口形扁平,开口度小,肌肉紧张;/i/则舌位比/i:/稍低而略靠后,下巴稍稍松开,口形中肌肉不那么紧张。/u:/的舌位高而紧靠后,圆唇紧收;/u/则舌位比/u:/稍低而前,口形稍开,肌肉较松。发音部位与方法的不同,是成对元音之间本质的区别。只注意长短而不注意发音部位与方法,还是不能准确发音。相反,发音部位与方法对了,即使把长音发短些,短音发长些,也还能区别出音的不同。为了表明各个元音之间的本质区别,有些语音书和英语词典,如《牛津现代高级英语词典》第三版,就不用/:/这个符号,而是给每个元音以不同的音标。这种注音方法看来是很有道理的。有的人因为不注意发音部位的差别而只在长度上下功夫,往往在发短元音时在嗓子眼儿里把音突然卡住。语音书上把这种现象叫做喉塞音。例如把/i/读作类似上海话的“噎”,把/u/读作类似上海话的“屋”。这样的发音方法是不对的。发短元音时同发长元音一样,也应当让气流顺畅地通过咽喉从嘴里发出,只是在长度上有所差别,而不应在嗓子眼儿里来个急刹车。这么说来,音的长短是无足轻重的了?当然不是。音的长短无论对区别不同音素和对整个语流的节奏都有非常重要的意义。值得注意的是一个无音的长度主要不取决于它本身是长元音和短元音,而是看它同什么音相组合,特别是它的后面接续什么音。首先,一个元音处于音节、单词或语句末尾时,要比它后面还有辅音或另一音节时发得长。例如,/a:/在car这个词里比在card,cart,carter这些词里要长些;而car这个词在This is a new car.这句话里又比在 This car is new.里长些。其次,元音后面跟浊辅音时要比跟清辅音时发得长。例如/a:/在card中比在cart中长,这个区别极为重要,因为尾辅音发音一般都较轻,不易听清,区别其清浊就主要靠前面元音的长度。清辅音前即使是长元音,也要发得短些,浊辅音前即使是短元音,也要发得长些,否则听起来就费解。元音长度的这种变化在英国音中表现得特别明显,是英语节奏的一大特点。英国人把以清辅音为结尾的音节总是读得特别干脆,而我们有些人读这类音时就显得拖泥带水。相反,对浊辅音前的元音,有些人又不敢拉长,使它与浊辅音融成一体,而给人以断续急促之感。元音在浊辅音前比在清辅音前较长,有一个重要的例外。那就是,浊辅音/m/,/n/,/η/,/l/前的元音读得并不长,而是接近在清辅音前或在另一个音节前时的长度。这是因为这几个辅音本身既响亮,又有一定长度,其长度相当于一个元音。例如在读 come/k)m/, man/m?n/, sing/siη/, tell/tel/这几个词时,应该把元音读得短些,而把尾辅音读得长些。这一点我们中国学生往往感到不习惯,因为汉语“满”man,“忙”mang这样的词中,an和ang是作为一个音发出的,而不是在发完a音后再发一个延长的n或ng音。元音长度取决于后续音的原理,不仅适用于单元音,也适用于双元音。一般说来,双元音也是一种长元音。但如果后续清辅音或另一音节,那么双元音同样要发得短些,干脆些。例如,/au/在 house/haus/中要比在 how/hau/中短,/ei/在lazy/'leizi/中要比在lay/lei/中短。说到双元音,附带再说一下双元音内部音的长度问题。构成双元音的两个单元音也有长短之分。在/ei/,/?u/,/ai/,/au/这四个音中,前半部都比后半部长而清楚,后半部则短而含混。有的人把英语的/ai/读成汉语的“爱”,把英语的/au/读成汉语的“奥”。老师指出不对后,总以为是自己嘴张得不够大。其实,英语/ai/和汉语ai,英语/au/和汉语ao的主要区别不在于口形大小,而在英语双元音是前长后短,前清后混,汉语双元音的前半部则很短,前后两音几乎是作为一个音发出的。英语还有三个双元音,即/i?/,/ε?/,/u?/的情况则相反,应该是前短后长。那么元音本身固有的长度,即长元音、双元音同短元音之间的差别,还有没有意义呢?还是有的。在后续音相同的情况下,长元音、双元音还是比短元音要长些。例如:/it/与/i:t/,/s?t/与/s?:t/,/fut/与/fu:t/,/m)k/与/ma:k/相比,长元音/i:/,/?:/,/u:/,/a:/还是比/i/,/?/,/u/,/)/要长一些。对音的长度,在开始学习语音时就应注意。不仅要注意音的固有长度,更要注意音的变化长度。例如在练习/?:/这个元音时,作为单音可以读得长点,连续读几次。也可与/?/对比着练习几次。一旦进入例词,就应注意区别长度了。可以先读bird,serve,word,urge等以浊辅音结尾的词,再读shirt,first,work,purse,nurse等以清辅音结尾的词,再读learm,worm,world,dirty,thirsty等以/m/,/n/,/l/,/η/或另一个音节结尾的词。这样可以从一开始就培养对音的长度的敏感。 &英语音的长度&学英语的人都知道,英语单元音中,凡是音标有/:/的都是长音,凡是没有/:/的都是短音。乍一看来,只要把带/:/的元音读长点,不带/:/的读音读短点,音的长度问题就解决了。不少教语音的老师也正是这样再三嘱咐的,不少学语音的学生也是这样学的。但是,音的长度问题并不简单。首先,英语十二个单元音中,成双作对的长短音/i://i/,/?://?/,/u://u/,/?://?/占了八个,如果加上发音相近的/a:/)/,可以算上十个。这一对对姐妹音之间的差别是不是只在于长短的不同?常常听到有的人把/it/读作一个较短的/i:t/,把/fut/读作较短的/fu:t/,岂不知道,/i/和/i:/,/u/和/u:/等的差别不仅在于长短不一,而首先在于发音部位和发音方法的不同。/i:/的舌位高而靠前,口形扁平,开口度小,肌肉紧张;/i/则舌位比/i:/稍低而略靠后,下巴稍稍松开,口形中肌肉不那么紧张。/u:/的舌位高而紧靠后,圆唇紧收;/u/则舌位比/u:/稍低而前,口形稍开,肌肉较松。发音部位与方法的不同,是成对元音之间本质的区别。只注意长短而不注意发音部位与方法,还是不能准确发音。相反,发音部位与方法对了,即使把长音发短些,短音发长些,也还能区别出音的不同。为了表明各个元音之间的本质区别,有些语音书和英语词典,如《牛津现代高级英语词典》第三版,就不用/:/这个符号,而是给每个元音以不同的音标。这种注音方法看来是很有道理的。有的人因为不注意发音部位的差别而只在长度上下功夫,往往在发短元音时在嗓子眼儿里把音突然卡住。语音书上把这种现象叫做喉塞音。例如把/i/读作类似上海话的“噎”,把/u/读作类似上海话的“屋”。这样的发音方法是不对的。发短元音时同发长元音一样,也应当让气流顺畅地通过咽喉从嘴里发出,只是在长度上有所差别,而不应在嗓子眼儿里来个急刹车。这么说来,音的长短是无足轻重的了?当然不是。音的长短无论对区别不同音素和对整个语流的节奏都有非常重要的意义。值得注意的是一个无音的长度主要不取决于它本身是长元音和短元音,而是看它同什么音相组合,特别是它的后面接续什么音。首先,一个元音处于音节、单词或语句末尾时,要比它后面还有辅音或另一音节时发得长。例如,/a:/在car这个词里比在card,cart,carter这些词里要长些;而car这个词在This is a new car.这句话里又比在 This car is new.里长些。其次,元音后面跟浊辅音时要比跟清辅音时发得长。例如/a:/在card中比在cart中长,这个区别极为重要,因为尾辅音发音一般都较轻,不易听清,区别其清浊就主要靠前面元音的长度。清辅音前即使是长元音,也要发得短些,浊辅音前即使是短元音,也要发得长些,否则听起来就费解。元音长度的这种变化在英国音中表现得特别明显,是英语节奏的一大特点。英国人把以清辅音为结尾的音节总是读得特别干脆,而我们有些人读这类音时就显得拖泥带水。相反,对浊辅音前的元音,有些人又不敢拉长,使它与浊辅音融成一体,而给人以断续急促之感。元音在浊辅音前比在清辅音前较长,有一个重要的例外。那就是,浊辅音/m/,/n/,/η/,/l/前的元音读得并不长,而是接近在清辅音前或在另一个音节前时的长度。这是因为这几个辅音本身既响亮,又有一定长度,其长度相当于一个元音。例如在读 come/k)m/, man/m?n/, sing/siη/, tell/tel/这几个词时,应该把元音读得短些,而把尾辅音读得长些。这一点我们中国学生往往感到不习惯,因为汉语“满”man,“忙”mang这样的词中,an和ang是作为一个音发出的,而不是在发完a音后再发一个延长的n或ng音。元音长度取决于后续音的原理,不仅适用于单元音,也适用于双元音。一般说来,双元音也是一种长元音。但如果后续清辅音或另一音节,那么双元音同样要发得短些,干脆些。例如,/au/在 house/haus/中要比在 how/hau/中短,/ei/在lazy/'leizi/中要比在lay/lei/中短。说到双元音,附带再说一下双元音内部音的长度问题。构成双元音的两个单元音也有长短之分。在/ei/,/?u/,/ai/,/au/这四个音中,前半部都比后半部长而清楚,后半部则短而含混。有的人把英语的/ai/读成汉语的“爱”,把英语的/au/读成汉语的“奥”。老师指出不对后,总以为是自己嘴张得不够大。其实,英语/ai/和汉语ai,英语/au/和汉语ao的主要区别不在于口形大小,而在英语双元音是前长后短,前清后混,汉语双元音的前半部则很短,前后两音几乎是作为一个音发出的。英语还有三个双元音,即/i?/,/ε?/,/u?/的情况则相反,应该是前短后长。那么元音本身固有的长度,即长元音、双元音同短元音之间的差别,还有没有意义呢?还是有的。在后续音相同的情况下,长元音、双元音还是比短元音要长些。例如:/it/与/i:t/,/s?t/与/s?:t/,/fut/与/fu:t/,/m)k/与/ma:k/相比,长元音/i:/,/?:/,/u:/,/a:/还是比/i/,/?/,/u/,/)/要长一些。对音的长度,在开始学习语音时就应注意。不仅要注意音的固有长度,更要注意音的变化长度。例如在练习/?:/这个元音时,作为单音可以读得长点,连续读几次。也可与/?/对比着练习几次。一旦进入例词,就应注意区别长度了。可以先读bird,serve,word,urge等以浊辅音结尾的词,再读shirt,first,work,purse,nurse等以清辅音结尾的词,再读learm,worm,world,dirty,thirsty等以/m/,/n/,/l/,/η/或另一个音节结尾的词。这样可以从一开始就培养对音的长度的敏感。 &双音节词和多音节词的读音规则&一、双音节词一般地说,一个单词中有几个发音的元音字母,就有几个音节。如habit,politics,no等。但要注意:(1)单词末尾不发音的e不构成音节。如bike,take等;(2)两个元音字母在一起,一般为字母组合,发一个元音,构成一个音节。如book,rain等;(3)词尾的-le可以和其前边的辅音组成一个音节。如a-ble,peo-ple等。双音节词的重音一般在第一个音节上。如 basic,even, window,open,stu-dent等。重读音节中的元音字母的读法和单音节词一样,也是开音节读字母音,闭音节读短元音。怎么知道它是开音节还是闭音节呢?(1)两元音字母之间如有两个辅音字母,则中间分开,一边一个。如mat-ter,mem-ber,win-dow,doc-tor,sup-per,lit-tle等。这样一分,第一个音节是以辅音字母结尾的,它就是重读闭音节,元音字母读短元音。(2)两元音字母中间有一辅音字母,该辅音字母划归后一音节。如basic,region,open,human等。这样一分,头一个音节是以元音字母结尾的,它是重读开音节,元音字母读其字母音。但是,双音节词中,重读开音节中的元音字母有不少仍读短元音。如second,present,ever,hover,modern,proper等。第二音节中有/i/时,第一音节中的a,e,i,o大多读短元音。如spanish,habit,mes-sage,city,system, profit等。(3)第一音节如是r音节或其他元音字母组合,其读音方法和单音节词基本一样,如army,merit,circle,order,purple,awful,autumn等。但也有读短元音的,如knowledge,nourish等。(4)非重读音节中的元音字母a,e,o,u,及字母组合ar,er,or,ure等一般读为/?/,如about,silent,atom,supply,radar,supper,doctor等。i,y及字母组合ay,ey一般读作/i/,如acid,thirty,Sunday,valley。a,e也可读作人/i/,如comrade,before等。o在词尾时仍读字母音。如hero,Negro等。二、多音节词有三个或三个以上音节的词称为多音节词,音节的划分方法和单音词相同。多音节词的重音一般落在倒数第三个音节上,倒数第五个音节是次重音。多音节词的读音如下:(1)在多音节词中,重读闭音节中的元音字母读短元音。如density,intensity,opposite,advertise等。(2)在多音节词中,应将中间的辅音字母划归前一音节,形成重读闭音节。如capital,medical,ability,property,democracy等。但u一般读其字母音。如student,human,funeral,university等。在单音节词中,闭音节词为多,例外很少,开音节词少,例外较多。在双音节词中,开音节中的元音字母读短元音的更多,而在多音节词中,则有三分之二左右。(3)重读音节前的闭音节中,其元音字母常读短元音。如active,mentality,improbable,prosperity.frustration等。其他非重读音节中的元音字母一般读/?/或/i/,如aluminium,Saturday,nursery,microphone,grammatical,essntial,di-minish,theory,telegram等。u有时读/u/,如instrument,influence等。有的元音消失。如every,business,interest,medicine等。三、词缀和读音有人会说,有的双音节词的重音不在第一个音节,多音节词的重音不在倒数第三个音节上。这种情况确实存在,它是多方面的因素造成的,比如语言本身的发展、外来语的影响等。但主要的是英语构词法造成的,即大量派生词所至。所以这里再简单介绍词缀和单词读音的关系。在派生词中,一般说来,词根是主要成分,要重读,词缀是次要成分,不重读。如speaker,doing,faster,unwise等。这就是为什么许多双音节词的重音不在前边而在后边的一个原因。如admit,arrive,behind,contain, prepare,un-hold等。这是因为它们都是前缀加上词根构成的派生词。有的多音节词重音不在倒数第三而在倒数第四,如wonderfulness,questioningly,investigated等。其原因也是它们是词根加了多个后缀构成的派生词。但是,也有一些词缀需要重读。如rebuild,anti-body等。有一些词缀可使词根发生变化,如examine→examination,econom→economic等。请注意,以下列后缀结尾的单词,其重音都在最后一个音节上:-ee addressee,refugee,licensee-eer auctioneer,career,volunteer-esque picturesque,grotesque-ique technique,oblique,antique-oon balloon,cartoon,monsoon以下列后缀结尾的单词重音都落在倒数第二个音节上:-ic atomic,academic,economic,chaotic-ics mathematics,statics-id acid,valid,invalid-ish abolish,accomplish,perish-it deposit,solicit,explicit-ial colloquial,editorial,industrial-ious notorious,vicious-ion devotion,explosion,opinion-sive decisive,progressive,defensive-ual casual,effectual,habitual,perpetual以上这些规则基本上可以解决双音节词和多音节词的读音问题。最后请大家记住下面这首拼读规则歌,它提纲挈领地记述了拼读规则的主要内容。英语拼读有捷径,发音特点记分明。一是元音有长短,二是音节分重轻。单音节词知开闭,r音节不同re。还有组合十几个,无声字母莫忘记。双音节词重在前,轻读元音更容易。a,e,o,u多是/?/,i,y通常读作/i/。多音词重倒三,重读元音多为短。若遇不合规则处,构词法里找答案。 &英语的节奏和重读&学英语的人应当了解英语的节奏和重读,这对读好英语、掌握英语朗读中的语音语调是很有帮助的;中国学生在学习英语时由于种种客观条件的限制难以学到正确的发音方法,语调也不正确,这大大破坏了英语学习本身,英语是一种听来悦耳动听的语言,它有像汉语一样的节奏,许多英诗也像中国古代的诗歌一样读来韵味十足,因此学习英语过程中如若能了解英语中的节奏和重读现象,无论对语调的把握,还是对韵律的体会都是大有裨益的。现就此作一简单介绍。首先让我们理解英语中的一些自然节奏。我们知道,汉语中的一些词汇在口语中是轻读的而不是重读的,轻重是有分别的,如“我们的同学”中的“的”字是不会重读的;同样英语的口语中的节奏通常是与音节的发音方式相关联的。音节可以是重读的音节,也可以是轻读音节,以下例证可说明英语中存在一些自然节奏。例 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&节奏 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&重读规则1.catch it.&&&&_____. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&强/弱2.He came. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&._____ &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&弱/强3 catch the ball. &&&&&&&&&&_____._____&&&强/弱/强4.θ think so. &&&&&&&&&&&&&._____. &&&&&&&&&&&&弱/强/弱一些词在日常口语中通常会缩短,轻读而不重读,如is,are,will,would等。缩短这些词使它们符合英语语言的节奏,如:._____1.θt is new→θt's new .______2.θ am old→θ'm old.______3.You are strong→You're strong ..______4.θt is a book→θt's a book._______例4中的“θt's a”发音时应作为一个单位而不是两个不同的单词来进行,发成/its?/,这样便与book构成弱/强的轻重规则。同样 There is a dog→..____..____There's a dog in the car中“there's a”应该发成/J?z?/一个音节的形式。在前面例证中可以发现英语词汇中有些重读,有些非重读,通常情况下英语当中重读的是名词、动词、形容词和副词,如:_____..____._____.____1.This is a car,and that's a bus(名词)____.. ____.2.Tell them.θ told them(动词).____ .____ ..____ ____3.The house is big.θt's a big house.(形容词).____.____ ____.4.He's slow.He walks slowly(副词)。例4中副词slowly有两个音节,第二音节“ly”则弱读。判断哪些单词是重读可以借助英语报纸的标题或英文电报,英文报纸标题或电报通常保留一句中真正重要的单词:如:句子&&&&&&&标题/电报1.The bridge was burnt.B?θDGE BU?NT2.The boys were lost.BOYS LOST3.The thief was caught.THθEF CAUGHT4.Six schools were closed.SCHOOLS CLOSED既然英语句子有些单词需要重读,那么就有一些单词需要轻读,以上提到一个句子中的名词、形容词、动词和副词要重读,那么与这些词相关联的词则只需轻读,发音相对就要弱化,这些词的元音则发生变化,例如of/?v/→/?v/,例如:.____.____ &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&.____.____1.a pair of shoes &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&2.a pack of cards/?//?v/ &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&/?/ &&&&&&&&&&&&&/?v/____.____ &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&____. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&.3.Sing a song &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&4.Eat an egg/?/ &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&/?n/弱读或轻读的通常是冠词、介词、连词、代词以及一些辅助词如be动词,助动词和情态动词。如:.____ &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&.____.____.____1. a book(冠词) &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&2.They went from place to place.(介词).____.. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&____ &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&____.(代词)3.θ know that he's right.(连词)&&&&4.Send them/J?m/..____5.He was glad____..____Why has she come?(辅助词)____..____When does she come?非重读现象还出现在名词复数,动词人称数变化,时态变化,名词后缀等情况中,如作为名词复数特征的-es,动词第三人称单数的-es,动词过去式,过去分词形式的-ed和-en,动词进行式的后缀-ing,动词转化为名词的后缀-ment,形容词转化成名词的后缀-ness,这些后缀均增加了原有单词的音节,它们都要轻读,例如:___ &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&____.&&&&&&&____&&&&&&&____.1.judge→judges/iz/或/?z/,match→matches(同上),____. &&&&&&&&&&&&&____..circus→circuses,(名词).____.____.____..____2.θ miss the train.→He misses the train./?z/或/iz/.____. .____..(动词第三人称单数)θ promise→He promises...____.____..____..____3.θ suggest a plan.→θ suggested a plan./id/或/?d/(动词过去式)..____.____ &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&..____..____θ divide the apple.→θ divided the apple./id/或/?d/.____..____ &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&.____4.θ've broken the glass→The glass is broken./?n/动词.____..&&&&&&&____..___.____.(过去分词)θ've writen the letter.→the letter is written/?n/.____. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&.____.____.5.She's painting. Her job is cooking.(-ing为后缀)____. &&&&&&&&&&&&&____. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&.&&&.____&&&&.____.6.punish→punishment amuse→amusement-ment为后缀.____.____.____.7.He's kind→θ like his kindness/n?s/-ness为后缀从上面的介绍中,读者不难发现英语单词的节奏取决于读音时轻重规则,而轻重规则又取决于单词中的音节情况,这一点对有两个或两个以上音节的单词来说更是关键,有些英语自学者常常不能准确掌握有多个音节单词的发音方法,重音与非重音区分不出。通常两个音节的名词第一音节需重读而第二个音节则是非重读,如:____.____.____.____._____.paper,mother,sailor,courage,message三个音节的名词通常重读第一个音节,如:____..____..____..____..monument,photo graph,hospital, minister,但也有特殊情况出现,有些名词的后缀会影响重读位置,如后缀-ion,ity等,如:.____.____ ..____.____.confess→confession,suggest→suggestion,→____...____..commodity,security.重读与语法之间也有联系,英语中有许多词既可作名词也可作动词,词性的不同体现在重读规则的差异上,如:____. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&.____Look at this object(名词),→We don't object to your plan.(动词)这样的单词在英语中相当常见,需要在学习过程中留心注意。以上所提的双音节、三音节或更多音节的单词的动词,形容词上都能体现出来。由于单音节的名词、动词、形容词或是副词在句中重读是不言自明的,多音节词的重读需要准确掌握重读的音节。多音节动词可以通过找出动词的词根,一般情况下词根是需要重读而词缀则只需轻读,如:____.____..____.____.____.____..cover,punish,prepare,perform,mislead industrialize,多音节形容词情形与动词基本相近,如:____..____.____.____..____.pleasant,complete,correct,malicious,sufficient &英语词重音的规律&双音节或多音节的词都有一个音节读得重些、其他的音节读得轻些,这样就形成了重读音节和非重读音节。词的这种轻重音节对立的现象就叫做词重音。英语的每一个词都有一个确定的重音位置。重音或者是在最后音节上;或者是在倒数第二音节上;或者是在倒数第三音节上。影响英语词重音定位的因素有三个:(1)是简单词还是复杂词。前者是指不带词缀的词,如little;后者指带有词缀的派生词,如joyous。(2)最后三个音节中的元音是紧音还是松音。“紧”与“松”是语音的一对区别性特征。“紧音”表示语音持续不断的时间较长;“松音”表示语音持续不断的时间较短。就英语元音来说,长元音/! : /,/?:/,/u:/,/a:/,/?/和双元音是紧音;短元音人/i/,/e/,/?/,/?/,/u/,/)/,/?/是松音;(3)是什么词类。1.简单动词的重音定位规则:(1)如果最后音节和倒数第二音节的元音都是松音,那么重音就落在倒数第二音节上。例如:as'tonish,'cancel,con'sider,e'licit,em'barrass(2)如果最后音节的元音是紧音,那么重音就落在这个紧元音上即落在最后音节上。例如:ca'jole,ca'rouse,de'vote,e'rase,main'tain(3)如果最后音节的元音是松音,其后又跟着两个辅音,那么重音就落在最后这个音节上。例如:a'dapt,co'llapse,e'lect,de'fend,la'ment2.简单名词的重音定位规则:将上述简单动词重音定位表中的重音向左移动一个音节就得到简单名词重音的定位规则。(1)如果最后三个音节的元音都是松音,那么重音就落在倒数第三音节上。例如:A'merica,as'paragus,'asterisk,'labyrinth,'venison(2)如果最后音节的元音是松音,倒数第二音节的元音是紧音,那么重音就落在这个紧音上即落在倒数第二音节上。例如:an'ginza,a'roma,bala'laika,ho'rizon,throm'bosis(3)如果最后音节的元音是松音,倒数第二音节元音后跟有两个辅音,那么重音就落在倒数第二音节的松元音上。例如:a'genda,as'bestos,pla'centa, sy'nopsis,ve'randa.3.简单形容词的重音定位规则与简单动词的重音定位规则完全相同。例如:(1)'common,'frantic,'handsome,'solid,'vulgar;(2)ex'treme,i'nane,obs'cure,re'mote,sin'cere;(3)au'gust, co'rrupt, di'rect, i'mmense, suc'cinct.4.英语中有许多词的词类是可以转换的。名词可以转为动词,动词可以转为名词。上述规则(第1,2两项)也适用于这种转换现象。(1)动词转换成名词是将其重音向左移动一个音节,例如:ab'stract→'abstract,di'gest→'digest,tor'ment→'torment.(2)名词转换成动词是将其重音向右移动一个音节。例如:'compress→com'press,'conduct→con'duct,'progress→pro'gress.英语中有些形容词与动词也能相互转换,但是重音的位置也要起变化,也就是说上述规则(第3项)在这里就不起作用了。例如:形容词 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&动词'absent &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&ab'sent'frequent &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&fre 'quent'perfect &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&per 'fect5.带词缀-ism的名词的重音定位规则是应用简单名词重音定位规则于词干部分(即除词缀-ism外的部分)。例如:(1) 'cannibal-ism, 'demagog-ism, 'hooligan-ism;(2)be 'havior-ism,con 'sumer-ism,?i 'cawber-ism.“-”表示规则只适用于左边部分而不适用于右边部分。适用于这条规则的词缀还有-age,-er,-ist,-ive,-ize,-less,-ness,-ship等。6.带词缀-ette的词的重音总是落在该词缀的第一音节上:- 'ette。例如:(1)catarac 'tette,paraso 'lette;(2)pursu 'rette,sailo 'rette;(3)conducto 'rette,suffra 'gette.适用于这条规则的词缀还有-ation,-ee,-ese,-es,-que和-itis等。7.带词缀-al的形容词重音定位规则是应用简单名词定位规则于整个词。例如:(1)o 'rigin+al, 'person+al,re 'sidu+al;(2)adjec'tiv?al,anec 'dot?al,patri 'cid?al;(3)bap 'tism+al, pa 'rent+al,tri 'umph+al.“+”表示规则适用于整个词。适用于这条规则的词缀还有-ian,-ify,-ity,-ous和-y等。8.带词缀-ic的词重音总是落在该词缀前一个音节上。例如:(1)eco 'nomic,hyp 'notic,para 'sitic;(2)geo 'thermic,metazoic,mono 'hydric;(3)do 'mestic,exo 'toxic,fo 'rensic.9.两类以紧元音结尾的词的重音定位:(1)有些以紧元音结尾的名词重音落在词尾的紧元音上。例如:ba 'zaar,ca'reer,chimpan 'zee,kanga 'roo ,ma 'chine(2)有些尾音节是紧元音的名词或形容词,重音不落在元音上,而是落在倒数第三音节上。例如:anecdote, 'candidate, 'comatose, 'erudite, 'pedigree以上这两类词的数量有限,可以看作是上述各条规则的例外。 &判别句子重音的四原则&判别句子重音是正确朗读英语句子的关键之一。应遵循的基本原则如下:一、一般性原则在通常情况下,实义词即表达明确概念的词通常重读。根据这一原则,应该重读的词为:名词代词——指示代词、反身代词、不定代词、名词性物主代词形容词副词数词介词——多音节介词动词——实义动词、be在句首、助动词或情态动词在句首、或与not构成缩写形式——Who did you go to the cinema with?——θ went there with my younger brother.A.went,with &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&B.θ,thereC.with,brother &&&&&&&&&&&&&D.you nger,brother答案是D。因为A、B、C中均有不属于重读范围的词。二、新信息原则在答语或语段中,再次出现的不含有新信息的实义词,通常不重读。表示新信息的词要重读。——How many students are there in the classroom?——There are fifty students in the classroom.三、强化性原则有时,为了强调某词,无论是实词还是虚词,均须重读。——What does he like best?——He likes to play basket-ball best, like her.四、对比性原则有些词,虽不属重读范围,但是讲话者在答话时却特别强调,想与问句中的某中心词形成强烈的比照,这些词亦应重读。——θs he in the classroom?——No,he is outside the classroom. &词性与读音的关系&有一些单词当词性不同时,虽然拼写相同,但读音不相同,归纳起来有如下几种情况:1.音节完全相同,仅重音不同。一般说动词重音在第二个音节,名词或形容词重音在第一个音节。abstract &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&/?b'str?kt/ &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&v.摘录,提取,使抽象(化)&&&}

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