梦幻永动机三技能特殊梦幻永动机三技能特殊德车行百家号梦幻西游的宠物的价格不一，低的就不说了，高价的有几万或者十几万。这些能卖到十几万人民币的宠，要么就是全红要么就是翻页胚子。那么问题来了，你见过6技能胚子也能卖到9.2万的高价值吗？近日山东1区东岳泰山服务器诞生一只个性天兵，同时携带这样的技能的宠，全服仅此一只，独一无二。目前这只宝宝收藏量已经达到81人，看来9.2万元的价格并不是吹出来的本文由百家号作者上传并发布，百家号仅提供信息发布平台。文章仅代表作者个人观点，不代表百度立场。未经作者许可，不得转载。德车行百家号最近更新：简介:逝去的岁月 一去不复返作者最新文章相关文章查看: 43478|回复: 20
大量永动机技术
大量永动机技术
Bhaskara's Wheel 巴斯卡拉的车轮
Arabian Perpetuum Mobile 阿拉伯垂直移动
Typical asymmetric Wheel&&典型的非对称轮
Leupold's Rolling Ball Maschine&&Leupold的滚球机器
Ferguson's Anti Perpetuum Mobile& &弗格森的反垂直移动
Pierre de Maricourt& &皮埃尔德马里古
　　In ancient Greece we see no evidence of interest in perpetual motion.在古希腊，我们看到没有任何证据的兴趣永动机。 Greek knowledge of mechanisms was well developed, as evidenced by the Antykythera mechanism and by Heron's automata.希腊知识的机制已经十分发达，就证明了这Antykythera机制和苍鹭的自动机。 Natural sources of power like water wheels and the labor of slaves, were sufficient for the needs of Greek society. Mechanical ingenuity was channeled toward construction of mechanical toys and temple automata.天然来源的权力像水车轮和劳动的奴隶，有足够的需求希腊社会。力学的聪明才智是对建设输送机械玩具和寺庙机。 These often had the appearance of being self-moving, but were powered by hidden power sources such as falling water or sand.这些经常出现的自我运动，而是采用了隐藏的权力来源，如属于水或沙子。 Roman authors did not mention any attempt to construct a perpetual machine.罗马作者并没有提及任何企图建造一个永久的机器。 However, only a few texts about technology from 2000 years ago have survived.然而，只有少数几个有关技术法规从2000年前已经存活。
　　The idea of perpetual motion originated in the Orient.的想法永动机起源于东方。 The first description of a perpetual motion machine was found to be made by the Indian mathematician and astronomer Brahmagupta in 624.第一次描述永动机被发现了由印度数学家和天文学家婆罗摩笈多的624 。 In his Brahmasphutasiddhanta , he describes a perpetual motion device: &Make a wheel of light timber, with uniformly hollow spokes at equal intervals. Fill each spoke up to half with mercury and seal its opening situated in the rim. Set up the wheel so that its axle rests horizontally on two [upright] supports. Then the mercury runs upwards [in some] hollow spaces and downwards [in some others, as a result of which] the wheel rotates automatically forever.&在他的Brahmasphutasiddhanta ，他描述了一个永动机装置： “让一个车轮轻的木材，并均匀地在空心辐条平等的间隔。填写每个以高达50汞和印章开幕坐落在篮筐。设置让车轮它的轮轴在于横向两个[正派]支持。然后向上运行汞[一些]空地和向下[在另外一些，其结果是]车轮转动自动永远。 “ (transl. SR Sarma). 1) （ transl.简萨尔马） 。 1 ）
　　The Sisyadhivrddhida Tantra by the Indian astronomer Lalla, written in 748, is the next treatise, where a comparable perpetual motion machine is described. 谭崔的Sisyadhivrddhida由印度天文学家拉拉，写748 ，是下一代的论文，在可比的永动机是形容。 Lalla also refers to a wheel with hollow spokes partly filled with mercury. 2)拉拉还提到一个车轮辐条的空心部分填充汞。 2 ）
　　Around 1150, the Indian mathematician and astronomer Bhaskara described in his Siddhanta Siromani a wheel with containers of mercury around its circumference.大约1150 ，印度天文学家和数学家的巴斯卡拉中描述他的瓦希丹塔Siromani一个车轮与汞的容器周围围。 He says, &This machine rotates with great power because the mercury at one side of the axle is closer that at the other.& ( Klemm , S.7) 3) .他说， “这台机器转动的大国，因为汞在一方轴接近，在其他。 ” （ Klemm ，补7 ） 3 ） 。 Apparently he thought this would cause continual unbalance to sustain rotation.显然，他认为这将造成持续的不平衡，以维持旋转。 Supposedly he didn’t build and test the device, and many other authors did not make this final step as well.据称他没有建立和测试设备，以及其他许多作者并没有使这个最后一步的。
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　　Brahmagupta's Perpetuum 婆罗摩笈多的垂直
　　Mobile Principle 移动原理
　　Bhaskara's Perpetuum 巴斯卡拉的垂直
　　Mobile Principle 移动原理
　　Perpetuum Mobile 垂直移动
　　Principle from a 12th cty 原则上从第12 cty
　　Arabian manuscript 阿拉伯手稿
　　Since the 12th century, the principle of this machine was frequently incorporated into other perpetual motion proposals, and became part of the history of technology.自12世纪的原则，这台机器经常并入其他永动机的建议，并成为历史的一部分技术。 Even today inventors propose variants of this &overbalanced wheel&, often in complicated designs containing wheels with eccentric levers and masses attached to them.即使在今天发明者提出的变种这个“ overbalanced轮” ，往往是在复杂的设计载车轮偏心杠杆和群众重视他们。
　　We have reached the idea of the imitation of the PM naturae.我们已经达到了思想的模仿自然的PM 。 A wheel as a rotating device has similarity to cyclic events in nature, like years.一个车轮的旋转装置相似的循环事件的性质，如年。 Thus the wheel mechanism represents an esoteric and religious aspect that can be characterized by buzzwords like return, year's cycle, re-incarnation . Indian temples frequently display wheel symbols.因此，车轮机制是一个深奥和宗教方面的特点流行语想回报，一年的周期，再化身 。印度寺庙经常显示车轮的符号。 It seems as if the aspect of creating a machine that generates useful work was not the predominant aspect of the indian mathematicians, but to simulate an eternal cycle.好像方面创造一个机器，产生有益的工作，不是主要的方面，印度的数学家，但模拟一个永恒的循环。 The machine is to be regarded as a model for philosophical aspects, not for engineering tasks.该机器被视为是一种模式的哲学问题，而不是工程任务。
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　　A wheel symbol on the Indian Sanchi stupa. 一个车轮的象征印度桑奇佛塔。 From 自
　　Strzygowski Asiens bildende Kunst , 1930, fig. Strzygowski Asiens bildende艺术 ， 1930年，无花果。 272, p.285 272 ， p.285
　　Perpetual motion machines based on wheels with attached eccentric masses, shifting masses or containers filled with liquid are called indian , persian or arabian perpetual motion machines.永动机的基础上的机器附有车轮偏心群众，转移群众或容器装满液体被称为印度，波斯或阿拉伯永动机机器。
　　The middle ages' architect and master-builder Villard de Honnecourt (around 1235) seemed puzzled by the unsuccessful attempts of other perpetual motion machine inventors.在中世纪的建筑师和总建筑维拉德德Honnecourt （约1235 ）似乎感到不解的尝试失败的其他永动机发明者。 To close the discussion and end the ignorance of others, he drew a machine both simple as ingenious, whose operating principle is based on an odd number of moveable heavy hammers mounted to the rim of a wheel:要关闭的讨论，并结束对他人的无知，他提请一台机器既简单，巧妙，其工作原理是基于一个奇数动产沉重的铁锤安装到边的一个车轮：
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　　Villard de Honnecourt's famous unbalanced wheel. 维拉德德Honnecourt著名的不平衡的车轮。 The original comment reads &Maint ior se sunt maistre dispute de faire torner une ruee par li seul. Ves ent si con en puet faire par mailes non pers ou par vif argent& 原来的评论写着“维护采收率本身必须遵守梅斯特尔争端的自由放任torner新英格兰大学ruee杆立涩。新村入口州市途中puet控制杆mailes放任非属欧银杆因子”
　　Villard’s reasoning isn’t entirely clear, but apparently he assumed that at the wheel would always have four hammers on one side of the axle, and three on the other side, keeping it in continual unbalance.维拉德的推理并不完全清楚，但显然他认为在方向盘总是有四个锤一方的轴，三的另一边，保持它在不断的不平衡。 Villard did not realize that the whole system would reach static equilibrium with three masses at either side and one in the middle hanging straight down.维拉德没有认识到整个系统将达到静力平衡的三个群众一方和一个中直吊下来。 Even some of today's perpetual motion inventors fall into the same trap.即使是一些今天的永动机发明者落入同样的陷阱。 This is what I call persistence of limited vision: eight hundred years have passed, and these lessons have not been learned!这就是我坚持要求有限的远见：八百年过去了，这些经验教训没有得到教训！
　　Renaissance Ideas文艺复兴时期的思想
　　Francisco di Georgio弗朗西斯科教堂Georgio
　　During the Renaissance interest in perpetual motion machines was widespread. For example, some drawings of perpetual motion machines by the architect and master-builder Francisco di Georgio have survived.在文艺复兴时期的兴趣永动机机器很普遍。例如，有些图纸永动机机器的主建筑师和建筑弗朗西斯科教堂Georgio已经存活。 A very fine example is this water-driven mill with an additional pump engine.一个非常很好的例子是水驱动轧机额外泵引擎。 (Ms. Ashburnham 361 fol. 36r, cf. Galluzi p. 136) （女士Ashburnham 361奥德耶克。 36r ，比照。 Galluzi第136页）
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　　Let's examine the details of this mechanism: This machine uses closed water circulation.让我们审查的细节，这一机制：此机采用封闭循环水。 Such machines are called recirculation mills or dry water mills .这种机器被称为再循环工厂或干水车 。 Since the water does not come from external sources, it was called aqua morta ie &dead water&.由于水不是来自外部来源，它被称为水morta即“死水” 。 In this example, falling water turns a water-wheel which drives the corn mill through a gear mechanism. To raise the water up again, a crankshaft and two levers drive a two-cylinder piston pump which lifts the water to the feeding canal of the water wheel.在这个例子中，属于水满水四轮驱动的玉米通过轧机齿轮机制。为了提高水了，曲轴和两个杠杆推动两缸柱塞泵的升降机水喂养管水车。
　　Di Georgio gave more than one example of these machines but we have to be careful.邸Georgio了一个以上的例子，这些机器，但我们必须要小心。 Some of the machines are impractical, but they may work.有些机器是不切实际的，但他们可能工作。 And of course, machine drawings like these also were made to impress the reader and to demonstrate the combination of many construction elements in a single device.当然，机器图纸喜欢这些还进行了读者留下深刻的印象，并表现出相结合的许多建筑元素在一个单一设备。
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　In 1618 the English physicist and mystic Robert Fludd (1574 - 8 Sep. 1637) described a recirculation mill, which raised the water with a chain pump powered by a water wheel, driven by the same water!在1618年英国物理学家和神秘的罗伯特Fludd （ 年9月8日）介绍了再循环工厂，从而提高水的链泵采用水车带动下，同样的水！ However, Fludd added his disclaimer, stating that this was the invention of a &certain italian& which was &being the unworkable repetition of an aged idea&.但是，他补充说Fludd声明，指出这是发明了“某些意大利” ，这是“是行不通的重复的老人的想法。 ” For details, cf.如需详细资料，比照。 the physics section.物理部分。
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　　In the middle of the eighteenth century the first systematic research on water powered machines was made in order to improve these devices.中十八世纪的第一个系统研究水动力的机器是为了提高这些装置。 250 years after Leonardo, machines driven by aqua morta were relegated to the scrapyard of technology. 250年后，莱昂纳多，机器驱动的水morta被降级到废料场的技术。 It wasn’t until the mid 1950s, until these were resurrected by Viktor Schauberger .但直到20世纪50年代中期之前，这些都是复活的维克托Schauberger 。 Under the name of &trout turbines& or &vortex turbines& they are still discussed today by Schauberger's followers.根据这项名为“鳟鱼涡轮机”或“涡轮涡”他们仍然今天讨论的Schauberger的追随者。 I've never heard of a working example…我从来没有听说过一个工作的例子...
　　Leonardo daVinci达芬奇
　　Apparently, di Georgio's machines were known to Leonardo da Vinci 4) who had a life-long interest in machines of all kinds, including perpetual motion machines.显然，二Georgio的机器据了解，达芬奇4 ）谁了终身的兴趣，机器的各种，包括永动机机器。 Some of his drawings of recirculation mills with archimedian screws have survived.他的一些绘画的再循环厂与archimedian螺丝钉都幸免于难。 He described a complex mechanism using a wheel with mercury-filled containers. The Deutsches Museum in Munich has a reconstructed model on display.他描述一个复杂的机制，用车轮与汞填充的容器。在德意志博物馆在慕尼黑有一个重建的模型展出。 Leonardo was an excellent observer and knew the theory of machines quite well.莱昂纳多是一个极好的观察和认识理论的机器相当不错的。 Although the principle of conservation of energy was unknown at his time, Leonardo had a clear concept which came very close to it: &Falling water lifts the same amount of water, if we take the force of the impact into account [...], but from the power of the machine we have to subtract the friction losses in the bearings.&虽然原则的节约能源是未知的时间，莱昂纳多有一个明确的概念，它非常接近于它： “水降升降机相同数量的水，如果我们采取的力量影响到[...] ，而是来自权力的机器，我们必须减去摩擦损失的轴承。 “ ( Michal p.17). （ 科瓦奇第17页） 。 Sketches by Leonardo's hand of pure mechanical perpetua mobilia, which use rolling balls, are also known.素描的达芬奇的手的纯机械佩尔佩mobilia ，使用滚动球，也是众所周知的。
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　　Leonardo's rolling ball machines (cf. Wallace, Leonardo da Vinci , p.168) 达芬奇的滚球机器（参见华莱士，达芬奇 ，临168 ）
　　Although Leonardo had a continuing interest in perpetual motion machines, he held a very skeptical opinion about the possibility of their practical implementation.虽然列奥纳多了继续关心永动机的机器，他举行了一次非常怀疑意见的可能性，其实际执行情况。 In one of Leonardo's sketchbooks we find a drawing illustrating Leonardo’s proof of the impossibility of an overbalanced wheel PM.在一个达芬奇的sketchbooks我们找到一个绘图说明达芬奇的证明是不可能的一个下午overbalanced轮。
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　　Leonardo's proof of the impossibility 达芬奇的证明不可能
　　of a mechanical PM with levers 机械与杠杆点
　　(cf. Cianchi p.83 / Cod. Madrid I, fol.145r.) （参见Cianchi临83 /鳕鱼。马德里我fol.145r 。 ）
　　This drawing shows excellent insight into forces, torques and levers.这表明优秀的绘图深入部队，扭矩和杠杆。 The analysis of forces can be regarded as almost modern.分析部队可视为近现代。 Leonardo closed his considerations with the words: &O you researchers of perpetual motion, how many harebrained ideas have you created in this search. You may as well join the alchemists.&列奥纳多收他考虑的话： “啊，你研究的永动机，有多少轻率想法中创建的搜索结果。您可能也加入炼金。 ” ( Michal , p.17) （ 科瓦奇 ，第17页）
　　A Machine not being built机器没有内置
　　Even today, Agostino Ramelli (1531[?]-1608[?]) is regarded as an important engineer.即使在今天，阿戈斯蒂诺拉梅利（ 1531 [ ？ ] -1608 [ ？ ] ）被看作是一个重要的工程师。 His great opus Le diverse et artificiose machine is a rich treasure for historians of technology. There we find many modern mechanisms which are attributed to later times. Eg Ramelli invented ventilators and a pump, which today is named after its &inventor& Gaede's capsule pump .他的伟大作品等多种乐artificiose机是一个丰富的宝藏历史学家的技术。我们发现有许多现代的机制，这是由于后来倍。阿米巴拉梅利发明的通风和一个泵，它今天的名字命名，它的“发明” 盖德囊泵 。 The end of the renaissance and the baroque period were the heyday of perpetual motion proposals.结束的复兴和巴洛克时期的鼎盛时期永动机的建议。 But Ramelli was too much a practical engineer to fall victim to the idea.但是拉梅利太多实际的工程师牺牲品的想法。 We find no mention of it in his works.我们认为，没有提到在他的作品。 Or to be more precise, almost no mention of it.或更准确地说， 几乎没有提到它。 In chapter 43 he describes a wheel for raising water, which contains a mechanism to improve the power of the device. 43章中，他描述了一个车轮，提高水，其中包含一个机制，以改善电源的装置。 This mechanism is the classic overbalanced wheel.这一机制是典型的overbalanced车轮。 After a short description of the machine, Ramelli adds this disclaimer: &You should know that the interior of this wheel was designed to please a gentleman who requested me to do it because he thought that since the current of the river was too slow it should be aided by a wheel. Thus anyone can make use of it if he judges it suitable.&经过简短说明机器，拉梅利本声明说： “你应该知道，这种内部轮的目的是要请一个绅士谁要求我这样做，因为他认为，因为目前的河流过于缓慢，它应被资助的一个车轮。因此，任何人都可以利用它，如果他有合适的法官。 “
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　　A machine for levering water with 阿机利弗林水
　　a perpetual energy amplifier 永久能源放大器
永动机的机器不需要纯粹机械。 Between the middle ages and the present time many devices have been proposed which make use of magnetic, hydraulic, electrical or other forces.之间的中间年龄和目前许多设备已提出了利用磁场，液压，电气或其他力量。 And of course, often several principles have been combined in attempts to construct a successful perpetual motion machine.当然，常常几个原则，已被合并，企图建构一个成功的永动机。
　　Magnetic Perpetua Mobilia磁佩尔佩Mobilia
　　The first known magnetic PM proposal dates back to 1269.第一个已知的磁点建议可以追溯到1269年。 Pierre de Maricourt (also named Petrus Peregrinus) described a rotating device which uses the attraction force of several magnets.皮埃尔德马里古（也称为翠官）描述一个旋转装置，使用武力的吸引力的几个磁铁。
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　　Pierre de Maricourt's magnetic concept 皮埃尔德马里古磁场的概念
　　As magnetic effects were poorly understood at this time, this idea seemed plausible.由于磁场影响了解甚少在这个时候，这个想法似乎有道理。 Maricourt explained that he wasn’t proposing a machine to produce useful work, but rather a model to help understand how the planets move in their orbits.马里古解释说，他没有提出一个机器产生有益的工作，而是一个模型，以帮助了解如何移动行星在其轨道。 Here, the PMM is to be interpreted as a pure model or analogy of a natural phenomena.在这里，产品市场管理是被解释为一个纯粹的模型或模拟的自然现象。 Pierre de Maricourt thought that the magnetic lodestone was the lapis for which the alchemists searched.皮埃尔德马里古认为，天然磁石的磁性是青金石该炼金搜查。
　　As often happens in the history of science, in the process of doing one thing, even doing something misguided, one discovers other things which are useful or important.正如经常发生在科学史的过程中，做一件事，甚至做一些误导，一发现其他的东西是有用的或重要的。 Pierre’s goal of explaining planetary motion did not prevent him from discovering that little iron wires put onto a magnetic ball arranged themselves in lines comparable to the imaginary longitude lines of the celestial sphere.皮埃尔的目标是解释行星运动并没有阻止他发现，小铁丝放到磁球安排自己的线路比较虚经度线的天体。 Pierre also observed that magnetic lodestones which were put on little swimming wooden pieces always aligned in north-south direction.皮埃尔还指出，磁lodestones是放在木制的小件游泳始终排列在南北方向。 Pierre de Maricourt coined the expressions of the magnetic &north& and &south poles& and he was the first who wrote that opposite poles attract each other and like poles repel.皮埃尔德马里古创造了表达的磁性“北”和“南部极点” ，他是第一个谁写道，对面的电线杆吸引对方像极击退。
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　　Frontispiece of the Frontispiece的
　　Mathematical Magick 数学Magick
　　Bishop John Wilkins () who was a co-founder of the Royal Society, described in his book Mathematical Magick or the wonders that may be performed by mechanical geometry a simple magnetic PM, which was suggested by Johannes Taisnierus. 主教约翰威尔金斯 （ 1614年至1672年）谁是创始人之一的英国皇家学会，描述在他的书中Magick或数学的奇迹，可能是由机械完成的几何形状简单的磁下午，该建议是由约翰内斯Taisnierus 。 At the upper end of a ramp a magnetic lodestone 1) is mounted.在高端坡道磁场天然磁石1 ）安装。 The r one which allows an iron ball to enter the upper ramp at the bottom and another hole at the top through which the ball can drop to a lower ramp which guides it back to the bottom of the upper ramp.坡道有两个开口，一个让铁球进入坡道上的底部和另一个洞上方通过该球会降到较低的坡道引导回底部的坡道上。
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　　Wilkins also provided an explanation, why this mechanism cannot work.威尔金斯还提供了一个解释，为什么这个机制不能工作。 Why should the ball drop through the upper opening instead of eventually flipping to the lodestone?为什么要辍学球上通过开放而不是最终翻转的天然磁石？ Why should the ball on the lower ramp roll down against the attraction of the magnet, if it does not on the upper ramp?为什么要球在较低的斜坡滚下来的吸引力磁铁，如果没有在上匝道？ How does the iron ball find out that it must change the direction of movement at the bottom end of the ramps?如何找到铁球，它必须改变方向的运动在底端的坡道？
　　These questions and the implied explanation can be found in many articles and apparently is the most natural approach to deflate Taisnierus' idea. If we do a careful analysis of the device in modern terms, we find out that things are not so simple as they seem.这些问题和隐含的解释中可以找到许多文章，显然是最自然的办法，压缩Taisnierus '的想法。如果我们仔细分析该装置在现代而言，我们发现，事情并不那么简单，他们似乎。 Look at the forces which act on the iron ball.看看部队采取行动的铁球。 Of course, the position of the magnet, the slope of the ramp and the location of the openings must be carefully adjusted.当然，位置的磁铁，坡度的坡道和位置的开口必须认真调整。 To our surprise, this device does not violate the law of energy conservation - but it does violate the second law of thermodynamics!我们的意外，这个装置并不违反法律的能量守恒-但它确实违反了热力学第二定律！
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检查了这一点，并解释其工作方式！ m 米 mass of the iron ball 大量的铁球 f 1 第 1 attracting magnetic force at the lower end of the ramp 磁力吸引了在低端的坡道 f 2 第 2 attracting magnetic force at the upper end of the ramp 磁力吸引在高端的坡道 f H f H down force of the ball, |f H | f g f 克 f g = mg weight force of the ball, |f g | can drop through the opening in the upper ramp 可以通过减少在开幕式上匝道　　我们应该牢记，威尔金斯是第一个科学家谁也向前迈出的一大步科学，因为他取代许多猜测实验。然而，这并不妨碍他作出非常witful思考（可能）众生的月球。 It should take some more years until an Isaac Newton stated Hypotheses non fingo .它应采取一些更多年，直到艾萨克牛顿指出假说非fingo 。 John Wilkins' scientific work also addressed educated common people - an aspect which shall not be underestimated if we regard the common scientific culture in Europe at his time, most scientists communicating in latin laguage.约翰威尔金斯的科学工作也给普通民众的教育-一个方面，不应低估，如果我们的共同方面的科学文化在欧洲的时间，大多数科学家在拉丁美洲沟通的语言。 Thus Wilkins can be named one of the fathers of modern science.因此，威尔金斯可以命名一个父亲的现代科学。 　　1922, a modern variant has been described by Prachar 2) . 1922年，一个现代化的变种已被描述的Prachar 2 ） 。 Here, an arrangement of magnets pulls a steel ball up.在这里，安排磁铁钢拉球了。 The ball is guided by a ramp or tube. Michal adds: &...where the problem of moving the ball back was not solved by the inventor.&球指导的坡道或管。 科瓦奇说： “ ...那里的问题，转移球后没有解决的发明者。 ” (p.139) （临139 ） 　　
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　　Prachar's solution with permanent magnets Prachar的解决方案与永磁体 　　in alternating arrangement 在交替安排 　　The existence of the modern SMOT shows, that bishop Wilkins' idea and the 1922 concept are attractive for todays inventors as well.存在的现代SMOT表明，主教威尔金斯'的想法和1922年有吸引力的概念为今天的发明者以及。 　　
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　　William Gilbert (24 May 1544-30 Nov. 1603) was Elizabeth I's royal physician. Moreover, Gilbert was the first to systematically study phenomena caused by the earth' he was the one who proved that the compass needle always points to the magnetic north pole of the earth.威廉吉尔伯特（ 5月24日03年11月）是伊丽莎白一世的王室医生。此外，吉尔伯特是第一个系统研究的现象所造成的地球磁场，他是一个谁证明，磁针总是指向磁北极的地球。 At Gilbert's time the reasearch of magnetic phenomena was thoroughly performed, as scholars expected many new ideas and findings.在吉尔伯特的时间reasearch磁现象被彻底执行，作为学者预期许多新的想法和调查结果。 But the theory of magnetic fields was not developed and the hope to invent the PMM by using magnets was fed by dreadful tales like those about the fate rock or magnet mountain which ruined every ship coming too close by pulling out all nails due to its terrible magnetic power.但是，理论的磁场并不是发达国家和希望发明产品市场管理使用磁铁是助长了可怕的故事一样的命运岩石或山区的磁铁毁今后每艘船舶太接近了退出所有钉子由于其可怕的磁场力量。 　　Gilbert's book De Magnete 3) (1600) was widely read and extremely influential.吉尔伯特的书德Magnete 3 ） （ 1600 ）被广泛阅读和极具影响力。 Gilbert was no follower of pepetual motion concepts.吉尔伯特没有追随者pepetual运动的概念。 Actually, in chapter XXXV, he cites some names and explicitly denies the possibility of these devices.其实，章三十五，他列举一些名称，并明确否认的可能性，这些设备。 　　Here's a machine which embodies the fallacies of the magnetic PMM.这是一台机器，它体现的谬论磁产品市场管理。 Occasionally in cartoons or recreational physics we find drawings like this, which illustrates how a magnet can be used to propel a ship or car.偶尔在漫画或娱乐物理学我们找到这样的图纸，这说明磁铁可用于推进船舶或汽车。 I don't know when this idea originated nor if the concept ever was seriously suggested.我不知道什么时候这个想法源于也不如以往的概念是认真建议。 　　
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　　H.-P. H.-P. Gramatke's version of the magnetic car Gramatke版的磁性汽车 　　The Jesuits耶稣会 　　Some Jesuits, amongst them some of the most outstanding scholars of the seventeenth century, Athanasius Kircher (2 May 1601-30 Oct.1680) and his pupil Caspar Schott (5 Feb. 1608-22 May 1666) studied the creation of perpetual motion on earth by man's hands.一些耶稣会士，其中包括一些最杰出的学者在十七世纪，亚他那修斯珂（ 5月2日1601年至1630年Oct.1680 ）和他的学生卡斯帕肖特（ 2月5日一六○八年至年5月）研究建立对永动机地球人的手中。 　　
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　　Athanasius Kircher explored the effects of the magnetic lodestone, as William Gilbert did before him. 亚他那修斯珂探讨了影响天然磁石的磁性，因为威廉吉尔伯特没有在他面前。 The universal scholar Kircher seemed to have an ambivalent opinion about perpetual motion devices, which did not prevent him from inventing several PM machines. One of his constructions is a wheel with radial iron points rotating in the field of four magnets.学者的普遍斯珂似乎有一种矛盾的看法永动机装置，但没有阻止他发明了永磁机。之一，他的建筑是一个车轮的径向旋转铁分领域中的四个磁铁。 Technically speaking, this was a further development of Pierre de Maricourt's idea.从技术上讲，这是一个进一步发展的皮埃尔德马里古的想法。 But the genius Kircher also did not succeed in inventing an operable PM device.但天才斯珂也没有成功地发明了一种可操作性下午装置。 　　In Schott's 1664 magnum opus Technica Curiosa we find not only descriptions of the sensational experiments performed by Otto von Guericke, but also numerous images and descriptions of the most recent perpetua mobilia of mid-seventeenth century.在肖特的1664年大作品Technica的Curiosa我们发现不仅说明了耸人听闻的实验所完成的奥托冯格瑞克，而且还大量的图片和说明最近佩尔佩mobilia中17世纪。 Not all of these devices were regarded as operable.并非所有的这些设备被视为可操作性。 Schott gives the example of a stunningly complex mechanism being invented by Johann Joachim Becher ( Technica Curiosa , p.732).肖特给出了例子，令人震惊复杂的机制正在发明的约翰约阿希姆彻（ 铁三角Curiosa ， p.732 ） 。 The elector of Mainz, Hans Philipp von Schönborn, even erected a tower to house the whole machine and set it into operation.选民因茨，汉斯冯Schönborn菲利普，甚至搭起了一个塔，房子整个机器和设置投入使用。 The gigantic effort was performed to keep a clockwork running!巨大的努力是为了保持发条运行！ 　　
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　　The machine's inventor closed his project after many unsuccessful years of work with the words: &Ten years I've pursued this foolishness, and have wasted much time, money and reputation, but I can announce without fame [sic] that the motus perpetuus is impossible.& 4) (cf. Michal , p.30).这台机器的发明者关闭了许多项目失败后，多年的工作的话： “ 10年我已经奉行这一愚蠢，而且浪费大量时间，金钱和声誉，但我可以宣布没有名利[原文]该是motus perpetuus不可能的。 “ 4 ） （参见科瓦奇 ，临30 ） 。 　　Besides the best known members of the Jesuit order were others who fell addict to the search of perpetual motion:除了最有名的成员是耶稣为了别人谁下跌成瘾的搜索永动机： 　　Christoph Scheiner, who discovered sunspots (independently from Galilei and at the same time) invented a primitve &Gnomon Scheineriani&, for which he earned derisive laughter and malicious comments.克里斯托弗沙伊纳，谁发现了太阳黑子（独立于伽利略和在同一时间）发明了一种primitve “ Scheineriani教程” ，为此他赢得嘲笑笑声和恶意的评论。 　　Stanislaus Solski, who described around 1610 a complicated oscillating machine to lift water with ropes, levers and buckets.斯坦尼斯Solski ，谁在1610年描述一个复杂的振荡机，升降机水绳索，杠杆和水桶。 　　Christoph Grünberger(us), who was A. Kircher's predecessor mathematian of the Jesuit order at the Collegio Romano gave the theory of a PM based on spiral shapes which were calculated in a tedious way.克里斯托弗Grünberger （我们的） ，谁是字母a.斯珂的前任mathematian的耶稣秩序学院普罗迪了理论的基础上下午螺旋形状的计算在乏味的方式。 　　The already abovementioned Johannes Tainierus.已经上述约翰内斯Tainierus 。 　　Schotts Technica Curiosa contains so many references to Jesuits that one can easily get the impression that in the seventeenth century the whole Societas Jesu was infected by the perpetual virus. Schotts Technica的Curiosa含有如此多的提及耶稣，人们可以很容易得到的印象是，在17世纪整个学会耶稣是感染了永久的病毒。 　　Hydraulic Perpetua Mobilia液压佩尔佩Mobilia 　　A very simple PMM consists of a tubular ring filled with two liquids of different density.一个非常简单的产品市场管理由环管状充满液体的两个不同的密度。 The difference of the levels is expected to provide an asymmetric force, thus causing the wheel to rotate.差异水平预计将提供一个不对称武力，从而使车轮转动。 Unfortunately, the two liquids are always in balance, whatever the densities of the liquids are.不幸的是，两个液体总是平衡的，无论密度的液体。 This principle can be traced back to the year 1150 to Bhaskara's Siddhanta Siromani . 5)这一原则可以追溯到1150年，以巴斯卡拉的瓦希丹塔Siromani 。 5 ） 　　
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　　A two-liquid perpetum mobile 两液体perpetum移动 　　Even simpler is the next device.即使简单的是下一个装置。 A wooden wheel is at one side only partially immersed in a water tank.木车轮是一方只有部分浸在水箱中。 The asymmetric buoyancy force was supposed to keep the wheel rotating.不对称浮力是要保持车轮转动。 The inventor of this machine did not take in account that pressure in liquids always acts from all sides and exerts forces perpendicularily on the surface of the submerged object.发明这种机器没有考虑到，在液体中的压力始终行为从四面八方和发挥部队perpendicularily表面上的水下物体。 This is a common misunderstanding about the way upward buoyant forces are generated.这是一种常见的误解蓬勃向上的方式产生的力量。 The wooden wheel proved to be a perpetuum stabile , which is not surprising at all.木轮证明是一个垂直稳定 ，这并不奇怪了。 　　
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　　Buoyancy perpetuum mobile 浮力垂直移动 　　Denis Papin (22 Aug. 1647 - 23 Jan. 1712) was a French physicist who made the first reasonable designs for steam engines.丹尼斯帕潘（ 日-1 712年1月2 3号）是法国物理学家谁制造了第一合理设计的蒸汽火车头。 He also invented the steam cooker (pressure cooker).他还发明了蒸汽炊具（压力锅） 。 Papin suggested the simplest hydraulic PM one can imagine.帕潘建议最简单的液压下午可以想见。 It had no moveable mechanical parts and its function should be based on the pressure excess in the large container that forces the liquid column in the thin tube upwards.它没有可移动的机械部件及其功能的基础应该是多余的压力，在大型容器，部队的液柱在细管向上。 　　A similar suggestion was made by Robert Boyle (25 Jan. 1627 - 30 Dec 1691), who thought that a very narrow bore tube would allow a liquid to rise continually by capillary effects.类似的建议是由罗伯特波义耳（ 日-1 691年1 2月3 0日） ，谁想到一个非常狭窄的口径钢管将允许液体不断上升的毛细管作用。 Although both concepts frequently are illustrated by the same schematic image, their intended principle of operation is completely different.虽然这两个概念经常是说明了同样的原理形象，其用意原则运作是完全不同的。 Nevertheless, none of these ideas worked.然而，所有这些设想的工作。 　　
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　　Violation of the hydrostatic equilibrum 违反流体静力学平衡 　　Papin should have known better. 帕潘应该知道更好。 Years earlier, the french philosopher, physicist and mathematician Blaise Pascal () invented a device to measure the hydrostatic pressure. 几年前，法国哲学家，物理学家和数学家布莱斯帕斯卡尔（ 1623年至1662年）发明了一种装置来衡量的静水压力。 This device even today is named after its inventor Pascal's apparatus (?). 这个装置即使在今天的名字命名，它的发明者帕斯卡器具（ ？ ） 。 But long before both, Simon Stevin made first experiments of this type. 但是，双方很久以前， 西蒙斯蒂文首次试验了这种类型的。 Cf. Recknagel, Experimentalphysik p.68. 比照。 Recknagel ， Experimentalphysik临68 。 　　Later engineers tried their luck with buoyancy PMMs based on other principles. In the apparatus shown here, the inventor understood that the liquids in the two tubes of different length were in hydrostatic equilibrum in the two tubes.后来工程师们试图与他们的运气PMMs浮力的基础上其他的原则。在这里显示装置的发明者了解，液体在两管的不同长度是在流体静力学平衡的两个管。 But he thought he could still exploit the unequal heights to maintain motion of something else.但是，他认为他仍然可以利用不平等的高度，以保持运动的其他东西。 Let's examine the intended operation of this machine! The U-tube contains two liquids of different density (say water and mercury), which are in static equilibrum.让我们审查打算运作的这台机器！的U型管包含两个不同的液体密度（比如水和汞） ，这是在静力平衡。 The balls are light enough to rise in both liquids.该球是轻足够的上升在液体。 A single ball rises in the left part of the tube, pops out and falls down.一个球上升的剩余部分管，持久性有机污染物和瀑布下降。 With this, it drives a wheel which can provide useful work.由于这一点，四轮驱动可以提供有益的工作。 Then the ball drops onto the top of the pile of balls in the right hand part of the tube.然后滴上球顶部的桩球在右手部分管。 The pile is heavy enough to force the lowest ball under the deepest point of the U-tube.桩十分繁忙，不足以迫使球的最低下的最深点的U型管。 Thus, the lowest ball will be free to rise in the left tube.因此，最低的球将是免费的上升在左管。 It's not easy to explain in simple terms why this cyclic process cannot work.这并不容易解释简单来说，为什么这个循环过程不能工作。 　　
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　　An almost workable hydraulic- 几乎是可行的液压 　　mechanic perpetuum mobile 机械垂直移动 　　William Congreve (20 May 1772 - 16 May 1828), an English officer who introduced rockets onto the battlefield, made a drawing of a PMM working by capillary effects in sponges.威廉康格里夫（ 号-1 828年五月1 6号） ，军官的英语介绍了火箭谁的战场上，提出了制定一个产品市场管理工作的毛细管效应的海绵。 The principle of operation is simple: the sponges on the left hand side fill with water and get heavier.的原则，操作简单：海绵左侧填补水和得到加重。 In this way a downward force arises which keeps the chain moving in counterclockwise direction. The sponges which rise at the right hand side are squeezed by the pressure of the heavy chain-plates (therefore they weigh less).这样的下降产生的力使链朝着逆时针的方向发展。其中的海绵市场上的右边是挤压的压力重链板（因此他们体重不足） 。 Congreve calculated the considerable power his machine could generate.康格里夫计算了相当大的权力他的机器可以产生。 But alas!但是，唉！ Although this is a clever design, it does not work.虽然这是一个聪明的设计，它不工作。 　　
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　　Congreves sponge perpetuum mobile Congreves海绵垂直移动 　　Based on ideas of Giovanni Battista della Porta (), the italian renaissance engineer Vittorio Zonca (1568? - 15 Nov 1602) invented a PM that used the effect of the siphon.基于思想的乔瓦尼巴蒂斯塔教堂门（ 1535年至1615年） ，意大利文艺复兴时期的工程师维托里奥宗卡（ 1568年-1 602年一十一月1 5日）下午发明了一种使用的效果虹吸式。 Siphons only work when the outlet opening is lower than the inlet.虹吸管只有工作时开幕的出口低于进口。 At Zonca's time this fact was not correctly known which made the construction seem to be a realistic option to obtain a perpetual energy source.在宗卡的时间这一事实是不能正确地知道其中的建设似乎是一种现实的选择，以获得永久的能源。 Look at the strange belly shape of the siphon!看肚子形状奇怪的虹吸！ It is not caused by poor skills of the draftsman, but by the idea, that a larger cross-section at the outlet will compensate the lack of height.这不是穷人造成的技能，制图，但这一想法，认为较大的横截面的出口将弥补缺乏高度。 The whole idea seemed plausible, as the siphon effect was not explained by air pressure but by the aristotelian horror vacui . Ie nature &abhors a vacuum&, meaning &nature cannot produce a vacuum.&整个构思似乎合理的，因为虹吸效应并不说明空气压力，而是由亚里士多德 恐怖vacui 。伊江性质“厌恶真空” ，意思是“性质不能产生一个真空。 ” 　　
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　　Syphon perpetuum mobile 战士垂直移动 　　Electric Perpetua Mobilia电气佩尔佩Mobilia 　　Besides the famous radium clock many other electric PM devices were invented.除了著名的镭时钟许多其他电气设备时发明的。 One of the earliest examples is based on the electric charge generated by two Zamboni elements (a type of dry battery).最早的一个例子是基于电荷所产生的两个要素赞博尼（一种干电池） 。 As the mechanism needs only little power, it ran very long. Ord-Hume reports from a device that was set into motion around the 1840s and lasted for 150 years.由于机制只需要小功率，它跑很长时间。条例，休姆的报告从一个装置，是把周围的议案1840年，历时150年。 　　
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　　Electrostatic perpetuum mobile 静电垂直移动 　　The galvanic batteries are 该电池电 　　concealed inside the columns 藏列 　　A different device based on the same principle. 另一种不同的设备基于同样的原则。 It was not intended to be a PM at all! 它并不打算成为一个时，在所有！ This sensitve instrument was used in the laboratory to check electric charges. 这sensitve仪器被用来在实验室检查电费。 As there was already pre-charge applied to the electroscope, an additional little charge caused reaction. 由于已经有预充电适用于验电器，额外收取很少引起的反应。 Only the adjustment had to be set correctly beforehand to prevent the electroscope from oscillations. Cf. Recknagel, Experimentalphysik p.489. 只有调整，必须事先设定正确，以防止验电器由振荡。参阅。 Recknagel ， Experimentalphysik p.489 。 　　Machine inventions which use electric motors mechanically coupled with generators and some electric trickery are abundant.机的发明使用电动马达机械再加上一些发电机和电动弄虚作假丰富。 As electric and mechanic power can be converted into each other, these machines worked as well as their mechanical equivalents, the recirculation mills.作为电力和机械力量可以转化成对方，这些机器的工作以及相应的机械，工厂的回流。 In mechanical mills there are friction losses which can't be avoided - in these electromacnetic machines we find resistance losses.在机械厂有摩擦损失无法避免的-在这些e lectromacnetic机器我们发现阻力损失。 So this also proved to be the wrong way to get a PMM running. But this knowledge is not so widely spread as one may expect, as is demonstrated by Don Martin's corner-ring generator .因此，这也被证明是错误的方式获得产品市场管理运行。但是这方面的知识并非如此广为传播作为一个可期待，这证明了唐马丁开出的角球环发生器。 　　
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　　Electric motor & generator perpetuum mobile 电动机及发电机垂直移动 M&&electric motor 电动马达&&G G&&generator, mechanically driven by M 发电机，机械驱动用M&&LS 最小二乘&&charge and control electronics 收费和控制电子产品&&A 字母a&&accumulator 蓄电池
　化学佩尔佩Mobilia 　　The previous chapters have concentrated on concepts of physical perpetual motion devices.以前的章节都集中在物理概念的永动机装置。 This chapter gives a brief overview on alchemistic and chemical perpetua mobilia.本章概述了对炼金术和化学佩尔佩mobilia 。 A perpetual motion device needs not neccessarily a rotating wheel or an electric circuit.阿永动机设备的需求不一定是旋转方向盘或电路。 Occasionaly, we find legends and reports of objects which fulfil the typical property of perpetual motion machines: they generate energy out of nothing. Occasionaly ，我们发现传说和报告的物体履行典型的财产永动机机：它们产生能量无中生有。 The oldest reports are those of eternal lamps. Some alchemistic recipes and concepts also are close akin to perpetual motion.最早的报告是永恒的灯。一些炼金术的食谱和概念也已接近类似于永动机。 　　The alchemy is, according to today's knowledge, considerably older than the first known plans and ideas for perpetual motion machines.是的炼丹术，根据今天的知识，大大超过了第一个已知的计划和设想永动机机器。 　　Magnet Stones and Eternal Lamps永磁石块和永恒的灯 　　Pliny the Elder (23 or 24-79A.D.) described in his natural encyclopaedia Historia Naturalis the magnet stone and his effects.老普林尼（ 23或24 79A.D 。 ）描述在他的自然百科全书历史自然磁铁石和他的影响。 For us, a remark considering a temple is interesting.对于我们来说，一句话考虑寺庙很有意思。 There, a iron statue should be kept freely floating in a niche by the forces of magnet stones.因此，一个铁的雕像应该保持自由浮动在一个特殊的部队磁铁石头。 Although this is no perpetual motion machine, it was regarded to be physically impossible until recent times when the floating magnetic gyroscope was inventend.虽然这是没有永动机，它被认为是实际上不可能，直到最近的时候，浮磁陀螺仪是inventend 。 cf. the magnet section of this site.比照。 磁铁节本网站。 　　&Magnete lapide architectus Timochares Alexandriae Arsinoes templum concamarare incohaverat, ut in eo simulacrum e ferro pendere in aëre videretur. intercessit ipsius mors et Ptolemaei regis, qui id sorori suae iusserat fieri.& “ Magnete lapide architectus Timochares Alexandriae Arsinoes templum concamarare incohaverat ， UT斯达康在13224拟像é铁合金pendere在艾利videretur 。 intercessit ipsius mors等Ptolemaei吉斯，归仁编号sorori爱iusserat扣押。 ” Lib.库。 XXXIV.148 Pliny Internet editon XXXIV.148 普利尼互联网版 　　&The architect Timochares had begun to use lodestone for constructing the vaulting in the Temple of Arsinoe at Alexandria, so that the iron statue contained in it might have the appearance of being
but the project was interrupted by his own death and that of King Ptolemy who had ordered the work to be done in honour of his sister.& “建筑师Timochares已经开始使用天然磁石建设中的跳马庙阿尔西诺伊在亚历山德里亚，使铁中所载的雕像它可能出现被暂停半空中;但该项目被打断了他自己的死亡和这国王托勒密谁下令工作要做有幸他的妹妹。 “ (transl. by Rackham) 1) （ transl.的拉克姆） 1 ） 　　More interesting are Pliny's considerations on the 'adamas' (ie most probably diamond 2) which can amplify or diminuish the force of magnets.更有趣的是普利尼的思考' adamas ' （即最有可能的钻石2 ）可以放大或diminuish武力的磁铁。 Unwillingly, he laid the foundation for some physical-alchemistic perpetual motion concepts.不情愿，他奠定了基础，对一些物理炼金术永动机的概念。 　　&adamas dissidet cum magnete in tantum, ut iuxta positus ferrum non patiatur abstrahi aut, si admotus magnes adprehenderit, rapiat atque auferat. adamas et venena vincit atque inrita facit et lymphationes abigit metusque vanos expellit a mente.& “ adamas dissidet暨magnete在tantum ， UT斯达康iuxta positus铁非patiatur abstrahi引渡，市admotus马格内斯adprehenderit ， rapiat atque auferat 。 adamas等venena vincit atque inrita facit等lymphationes abigit metusque vanos expellit一门。 ” Lib.库。 XXXVII.61 Pliny Internet edition XXXVII.61 普利尼网络版 　　&The 'adamas' has so strong an aversion to the magnet that when it is placed close to the iron it prevents the iron from being attracted away from itself. Or again, if the magnet is moved towards the iron and seizes it, the 'adamas' snatches the iron and takes it away.&他说： “ adamas '有如此强烈的反感磁铁，当把它放在靠近它妨碍铁的铁被吸引了远离自己。又或者，如果磁铁是走向铁和抓住它， ' adamas '片段的铁并带走。 “ (transl. by Rackham) 1) （ transl.的拉克姆） 1 ） 　　Pliny busily collected knowledge and compiled it in his books, but not everything that was reported by him, proved to be correct.普利尼忙着收集汇编的知识和在他的书，但不是一切，他的报告，证明是正确的。 Some of his remarks are surprising, as they could have easily been proved or disproved by simple experiments.他的一些言论是令人感到意外，因为他们可以轻易地被证明或反驳通过简单的实验。 Those who are interested in details, should have a closer look into the internet edition of Pliny's natural encyclopaedia . 1) .这些谁感兴趣的细节，应该有一个更密切的调查网络版的普林尼的自然百科全书。 1 ） 。 　　Trithemius (1.2..1516), who is also important for the history of cryptology, described several eternal lamps. Trithemius （ 1.2..1516 ） ，谁同样重要的是，历史上的密码，介绍了永恒的灯。 The legend of the opening of Cicero's daughter Tullia's grave is known.据传说，开放的西塞罗的女儿Tullia的严重是众所周知的。 It is said that a lamp has been found which seemed to be burning since Tullia's burial.有人说，一盏灯已发现这似乎是自Tullia燃烧的葬礼。 When the tomb was openend, the lamp ceased to work and could not be lit again.当古墓被openend ，灯停止工作，不能再次点燃。 　　A good overview about ever-burning lamps is given by the internet web site& .一个很好的概括约以往任何时候都燃烧的灯是由互联网网站 。 　　John Wilkins dedicated a large chapter of his Mathematical Magick on eternal lamps and explanations how they might have worked.约翰威尔金斯专用大章，他的数学Magick对永恒的灯和解释它们如何工作。 Centuries after these pages have been written, they are still relevant for this topic.百年后，这些网页已经写，但它们仍然适用于这一议题。 　　F. Ozanam, a 19th century theologist, (not to be confused with the Récréationes mathematiques ' author), wrote eight pages about ever-burning lamps. Ozanam楼，一座19世纪的theologist ， （不能混为一谈数学Récréationes作者） ，写8页的以往任何时候都燃烧的灯。 　　The major question which arises is, how much of these reports is legend and how much is in the range of the possible.主要问题产生的，有多少这些报告的传奇人物，又有多少是在一系列可能的。 The follow-up question should be: what allows the assumption that the found lamps were lit since their supposed start of use?后续问题应该是：什么可以假设，即发现灯被点亮，因为它们理应开始使用？ Was there any opprtunity for fraud?没有任何回报的欺诈行为？ 　　A few theories might reasonably explain why these lamps could have worked for a long period of time.有几个理论可以合理解释为什么这些灯可以工作了很长一段时间。 The idea is that lamps of this type were mounted at a fixed location and made use of a natural reservoir of oil or gas.这种想法是灯这种类型的是安装在一个固定的位置，并利用自然水库的石油或天然气。 The fueling by a combustible medium plausibly explains the long-lasting operation. After being removed, these lamps of course could not be lit again.该燃料的燃烧中振振有辞解释了长久运作。拆除后，这些灯，当然不能再次点燃。 In contrast to a perpetual motion device, this type of invention is feasible and works almost eternally - for human time.与此相反的永动机装置，这种类型的发明是可行的，并且几乎永远工程-为人类的时间。 However, this is no generation of energy out of nothing.然而，这是任何一代人的能量无中生有。 　　The lack of evidence for these lamps imposes a problem, as (as far as I know) none of the found lamps have been passed into our times.由于缺乏证据，这些灯实行一个问题，因为（据我所知）没有发现灯已通过进入我们的时代。 So finally, the eternal lamp legends are the only thing which is eternally repeated.所以最后，永恒的灯传说是唯一的事情是永远重复。 　　Paracelsus帕拉塞 　　
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　　Philipp Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim (10.Nov.1493-24.Sep.1541), better known as Paracelsus , caused quite an uproar in conventional medicine at his time, as he openly opposed many old quackeries and introduced chemical methods into the therapy of deseases. To acertain extent, he can be regarded as father of modern pharmaceutical methods.菲利普Aureolus泰奥弗拉斯托斯Bombastus冯霍恩海姆（ 10.Nov.1493 - 24.Sep.1541 ） ，更好地称为巴拉赛尔苏斯 ，造成很大的骚动在传统医学在他的时间，因为他公开反对许多老quackeries并介绍了化学方法的治疗的疾病。要acertain程度，他可被视为父亲的现代制药方法。 However, Paracelsus was not only the modernist as his today's followers want to see him.然而，巴拉赛尔苏斯不仅是现代派他今天的信徒要见他。 In fact, he has grown up in the enviroment of alchemy and was closely tied to alchemistic tradition. Cf. Latz: Die Alchemie pp.984-992.事实上，他也长大了，在环境中的炼丹术，并紧密联系在一起的炼金术传统。参阅。 Latz ： 模具Alchemie pp.984 - 992 。 John Wilkins () reproduces in his book Mathematical Magick p.228 an alchemistic receipe, which is attributed to Paracelsus.约翰威尔金斯（ 1614年至1672年）抄录在他的书中数学Magick p.228一个炼金术receipe ，这是由于巴拉赛尔苏斯。 Cf.比照。 also Ichak, Das Perpetuum Mobile , p.40.还伊， 达斯垂直移动，临40 。 　　& Mix five ounces of “ 混合的五盎司 　　
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　　(Mercury) with an equal weight of （水星）有同等重量 　　
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　　(Tin); grind them together with ten dissolve them in a Cellar upon some marble for the space of four dayes, till they become like oyl- distil this with fire of chaff, or driving fire, and it will sublime into a dry substance: and so, by repeating of these dissolvings and distillings, there will be at length produced divers small atomes which, being put into a glass well luted and kept dry, will have a perpetual motion.& （天） ;磨他们一起一十○盎司的升华;解散他们在一个地下室里的一些大理石的空间四个dayes ，直到他们成为像奥维尔，橄榄油;蒸馏这与火的箔条，或驾驶火灾，它将壮美成干的实质内容：，因此，重复这些dissolvings和distillings ，将在长度潜水员生产的小原子，被放到一个玻璃以及luted和保持干燥，将有一个永动机。 “ 　　Wilkins immediately adds his disclaimer: &I cannot say any thing from exp but methinks it does not seem very probable, because these things that are forced up to such a vigorousness and activity, as these ingredients seem to be by their frequent sublimatings and distillings, are not likely t the more any thing is stretched beyond its usual nature, the less does it last, violence and perpetuity being no companions.&威尔金斯说他立即声明： “我不能说任何东西从经验中对这一问题;但methinks似乎并不很可能，因为这些东西，被迫到这样一个vigorousness和活动，因为这些成分似乎是他们经常sublimatings和distillings ，可能不会有任何时间的任何东西更是超出其通常的性质，更不上，暴力和没有永远的同伴。 “ (Mathematical Magick, pp.228-229) （数学Magick ， pp.228 - 229 ） 　　According to Ichak and other authors, this recipe cannot be found in Paracelsus' treatises.据伊和其他作者，本食谱中找不到巴拉赛尔苏斯'论文。 Many texts, which are said to be written by him, have other authors. A request to the Swiss Paracelsus-Project gave the same result.许多文本，这是说，他写的，还有其他作者。请求瑞士巴拉赛尔苏斯项目给予同样的结果。 　　The Alchimistic Tradition传统的Alchimistic 　　It is a good idea to have a glance at the alchemistic tradition and its methods. What was the aim of alchemistic work?这是一个好主意，有一眼在炼金术的传统和方法。是什么，目的是炼金术的工作？ What did they search?他们怎么搜索？ The classical answer might be: the philosophers' stone , also being called lapis philosophorum .经典的答案可能是： 哲学家'石头，也被称为天青石philosophorum 。 But weren't those alchemists simply fraudulent gold makers? The whole story is not that simple.但不只是那些炼金黄金生产商欺诈？整个故事并不那么简单。 　　Let's exclude all fraudulent guys who claimed, either because of profile neurosis or of greed for fame, to be able to produce gold out of non-precious metals.让我们排除了所有的欺诈球员谁声称，这是因为剖面症或贪婪的名声，才能生产出黄金的非贵重金属。 Often enough they found out too late that they ventured a very dangerous business, which frequently ended in the laboratory of a noble man, his dungeon or his gallows.往往不够，才发现为时已晚，他们大胆一个非常危险的企业，往往结束在实验室中的一个崇高的人，他的地牢或其绞刑。 　　Let's also exclude the cranks and dreamers who believed to be able by buying alchemistic recipes to find the lapis and being rid of all monetary problems. They became easy victims of smart adepts who used the direct method to get gold out of their business.我们也排除了曲柄和梦想家谁相信能够通过购买炼金术配方找到天青石，并消除所有的货币问题。他们很容易成为受害者的智能adepts谁使用直接的方法获得金牌的业务。 Today, it is not easy to decide which portion of the remaining alchemists were crackpots and dreamers as well, but on higher level.今天，它是不容易的决定哪一部分剩余的炼金人crackpots和梦想，以及，但在更高的水平。 And there were a few, who seriously contributed to the progress of chemical science.也有少数人，谁的贡献认真的进展化学科学。 　　
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　　Sebastin Brant () comments in his Narrenschiff (ship of fools) the alchemists' work: Sebastin布兰特（ 1457年至1521年）在他的评论Narrenschiff （愚人船）的炼金的工作： 　　Damit ich nicht vergessen hibey, Damit我是否vergessen hibey ， 　　Den grossen Bschiss der Alchemey, 邓grossen Bschiss之Alchemey ， 　　Die macht das Sylber, Golt uffgahn, 模具权力之Sylber ， Golt uffgahn ， 　　Das vor ist in das Säcklin gtan. 达斯在现场什么东西Säcklin gtan 。 　　I shall not forget here-by 我将不会忘记在这里通过 　　the big cheat of alchemey 大骗子的alchemey 　　It makes silver, gold upcome 它使银，金upcome 　　that previously into the purse was done 3) 以前的钱包做 3 ） 　　Let's concentrate on those, who worked in the alchemistic tradition in order to find out of nature and its secrets.让我们集中于那些，谁工作中的炼金术传统，以便找出大自然的秘密。 It is inherent to alchemistic work, that all texts and recipes are cryptic and given in an allegoric way, obviously to keep ignorant persons off the secrects.这是固有的炼金术的工作，所有文本和食谱是隐蔽，并在寓言的方式，显然是无知的人保持了secrects 。 The style and language in which the alchemistic texts are written, gives room for many different interpretations about the way how methods and chemical reactions are to be performed.的风格和语言的炼金术的书面文本，使房间的许多不同解释的方式方法和如何化学反应是要履行。 The important point is that results of alchemistic work are not caused by the method alone, but also depend from the circumstances at which they were performed, especially astronomical or astrological conditions and the adept's mind set.重要的一点是，结果炼金术的工作不是所造成的方法，而且还取决于从的情况下，它们表现，尤其是天文或占星术的条件和熟练的心态。 According to the ambition of the goal, an appropriate purity of mind had to be achieved.据雄心的目标，适当纯度的心态已经实现。 Thus the generation of the lapis only was the obvious result, as with the ongoing alchemistic process, not only the material had to be purified, but primarily the adept's mind.因此，新一代的天青石不仅是显而易见的结果，作为正在进行的炼金术的过程中，不仅材料要净化，但主要是熟练的头脑。 Those who were not of honest mind, would hardly achieve the magnum opus .这些谁没有诚实一点，就很难实现大作品 。 And those who had a pure mind, could withstand all seductions the lapis could provide, as the adept did not need them any more.和那些谁了一个纯粹的考虑，可以承受所有的天青石诱惑可提供，因为善于并不需要他们了。 Here we definitely see a magic tradition.在这里，我们确实看到一个神奇的传统。 Besides the material world and its substances, a spiritual world has to be in close harmony with them to achieve the goal.除了物质世界和物质世界的精神，必须紧密和谐与他们实现这一目标。 The magic ritual is inherent part of the method.神奇的仪式是固有的一部分的方法。 　　How Alchemy Works如何炼金术工程 　　Salomon Trismosins book Splendor Solis which is famous for its illustrations gives a first impression how the alchemistical process is intended to work.所罗门Trismosins书辉煌索利斯这是著名的插图给出了第一印象如何炼金术进程的目的是工作。 　　
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　　One of the Magnum Opus' steps: 一个万能主业'的步骤： 　　The Phase of multiplication - Multiplicatio 该阶段的乘法-M ultiplicatio 　　Splendor Solis, ca. 辉煌索利斯，钙。
　　In Splendor Solis the process is shown as a linear sequence of steps. But methods and steps like destillation or purification ( putrefactio ) are not to be understood as single stages, but as repetitive and iterative steps to remove all undesired remains in the substance. 索利斯在辉煌的过程表现为一种线性的一系列步骤。但是，方法和步骤类似或destillation净化（ putrefactio ）不能被理解为单一的阶段，但随着重复和重复的步骤，消除一切不必要的仍然是在实质内容。 Along with this technical aspect, by patience, observation, meditation and the use of prayers, but also by magical formulae, the purification of the adept's mind shall take place.随着这一技术方面，通过耐心，观察，思考和使用的祈祷，而且还有神奇的公式，净化擅长的头脑应。 External circumstances like time of day or night, the constellation of planets and stars also have influence.外部环境时，就像白天或夜晚，星座行星和恒星也有影响。 This connects the alchemy to the astrological tradition which states analogies between the celestial sphere and the fate of men and the world.这种连接炼金术的占星术传统国家之间的类比天球的命运的男人和世界。 　　
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　　The Circulatorium: repetition as method, allegory as technology 该Circulatorium ：重复的方法，随着技术的寓言 　　Remarkable is the repeated usage of process steps which also found its representation in specialized laboratory apparatus, eg the circulatorium .引人注目的是反复使用过程中的步骤，还发现其代表性的专门实验室仪器，例如circulatorium 。 Besides the pure technology, also mythical analogies were reason for the shape of devices.除了纯粹的技术，也有神话般的类比理由的形状装置。 Even at 1607, Giovanni Battista della Porta presented in his book De Destillationibus / Magia Naturalis an overview of destillation apparatus and their correspondence to the world of living creatures. 4)即使在1607年，乔瓦尼巴蒂斯塔教堂门提出在他的著作德Destillationibus / Magia自然概况destillation仪器和信件向世界的生物。 4 ） 　　
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　　Analogies between alchemistic apparatus and creatures from Magia Naturalis . 类比与炼金术的仪器和生物从Magia自然 。 　　The characteristics of the animal correspond to the similar device. 的特点动物对应于类似的装置。 　　In his Magnes sive De Arte Magnetica Athanasius Kircher () wrote a lot on magnetic phenomena.在他的马格内斯性艺术感应亚他那修斯珂（一六〇一年至1680年）写了许多关于磁现象。 He describes experiments and pastime toys, but he was not immune against magnetic perpetua mobilia.他介绍了实验和消遣的玩具，但他也不能幸免对磁佩尔佩mobilia 。 Suddenly the alchemy shows up, when he writes that the power of the magnet can be increased by the leaves of the isatis sylvatica . Similar remarks on diamonds which are said to decrease the magnet's force, are denied by della Porta, as he experimentally disproved them.突然间，炼金术显示，当时他写道，权力的磁铁可提高叶片的蓝草 。类似的言论对钻石说，这是减少磁铁的力量，被剥夺了门广场，他反驳他们的实验。 When talking about Kircher, we shall not forget to mention his learned pupil Caspar Schott (5.Feb.1608-22.May 1666).在谈到斯珂，我们不应忘记提及他的经验教训学生卡斯帕肖特（ 5.Feb.1608 - 22.May 1666年） 。 Schott may not have had Kircher's creativity, but he was a brave compilator of Kircher's writings and sometimes a somwhat less critical chronist of progress in physics.肖特可能还没有斯珂的创造力，但他是一个勇敢的斯珂compilator的著作和somwhat有时不那么重要chronist进展物理学。 In Schott's book Ioco-serium naturae et artis, sive magiae naturalis centuriae tres (1666) I discovered this receipe to make an alchemistic perpetuum mobile (p. 139):在肖特的书Ioco - serium自然与艺术，性magiae自然centuriae特雷斯 （ 1666年）我发现这receipe作出炼金术的垂直移动（第139页） ： 　　PROPOSITIO XXXII. PROPOSITIO三十二。 　　Mobile perpetuum Alchymisticum 移动垂直Alchymisticum 　　A C cipe amalgamatis讲习班的C amalgamatis 　　
　　(aeris) drachmas v. aut vi. （ aeris ）德拉克马诉引渡六。 & amal- ＆阿迈勒- 　　gamatis 　　
　　(stanni) tantundem. （ stanni ） tantundem 。 Tereomnia cum Tereomnia暨 　
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　　(Mer- （ Mer的， 　　curij) sublimati drachmis x. curij ） sublimati drachmis十 aut xii.引渡十二。 & pone supra marmor in ＆ pone前马莫尔在 　　cella.室。 Intra spatium quatuor horarum fiet instar olei oliva-内spatium四重奏horarum fiet龄olei奥利瓦- 　　rum.朗姆酒。 Hoc distilla, & in fine daignem fortissimum: tunc sub-特设distilla ，与精细daignem fortissimum ： tunc分 　　limatur substantia sicca. limatur质干燥。 Aqua distillata vicissim reaffunda-水distillata vicissim reaffunda - 　　tur in terrae in fundo alembici residuae: & sol图尔在terrae在丰alembici residuae ： ＆解决狱吏 　　solutum filtra, deinde distilla: & apparebunt S solutum过滤，戴恩德distilla ： ＆ apparebunt Subliffimi原子; 　　qui in vitro benè clauso in sicco asserventur: Et ecce mirabilia归仁体外贝clauso在sicco asserventur ：乙基幼儿保育和教育mirabilia 　　videbis. videbis 。 　　Ex Secretis Kircherianis , uiappellatur mobile perpetuum. 惠Secretis Kircherianis ， uiappellatur垂直移动。 　　quod hactenus neque per aquam, neque perignem, aut instru-狱吏hactenus neque每aquam ， neque perignem ，引渡仪器 　　menta invenieri potuit.心理invenieri potuit 。 Habeturetiam apud Schvventerum in Habeturetiam在羧Schvventerum 　　delicijs par. delicijs标准杆。 16. 16 。 quaest. quaest 。 3. 3 。 ut tradidimus Mechanica UT斯达康tradidimus力学 　　Hydro-pneumatica par.水利pneumatica标准杆。 2. 2 。 Classe 2.类2 。 　　Machina 14.机械14 。 　　Here we read a purley chemical description.在这里，我们宣读了purley化学说明。 The concluding sentence is interesting, as it refers to Athanasius Kircher, of whose &secrets& it was taken.总结一句很有意思，因为它是指他那修斯珂，其“秘密”这是采取的。 But slow down!但是，减慢！ Haven't you seen a similar receipe before?没有你见过类似的receipe吗？ If not, compare this with the apocryph Paracelsus receipe , wich is discussed in one of the earlier chapters.如果不是这样，比较与apocryph巴拉赛尔苏斯receipe ，这是讨论的一个较早的章节。 This probably was so widespread that it seems like part of the &scientific folklore& of its time, and nobody asked any more from where it originated or if it was operable at all.这可能是非常普遍，似乎是“民间文学艺术的科学”的时间，没有人问任何从那里起源，或者是在所有操作。 But in this case, it is exactly the same phemomen as can be stated with all theoretical mechanic PMM constructions of unproven workability.但在这种情况下，这是完全一样的phemomen可以说与所有机械产品市场管理的理论建设的未经加工。 　　How close akin alchemy and the search for perpetual motion are, can be seen in Pierre de Maricourt's remark who thought the magnet stone and the lapis of the alchemists were the same thing.如何密切类似于炼金术和寻找永动机是，可以看出皮埃尔德马里古的话谁想到磁铁石和青金石的炼金了同样的事情。 Other authors followed this idea and in 1625 P. Mögling wrote in his treatise Perpetuum Mobile, Das ist: Immerwehrende Bewegung ( Perpetuum Mobile, that is: Everlasting Movement , p. 10):其他作者遵循了这一想法，并在1625年体育Mögling在文中写道：论文垂直移动，达斯月29日： Immerwehrende运动 （ 垂直移动，即：永恒的运动 ，第10页） }