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手游新作《贵族：1896》体验美国经典战役
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贵族(Noble)，很广义的词。Noble有许多种，骑士、地主、大地主、主教、大主教、伯爵、公爵等等，这些也都是中世纪阶级金字塔上很重要的人物。今天，我们要说是一款新游《贵族：1896》(Noblemen: 1896)，融了策略玩法和第三人称射击的游戏。想象一下，贵族们举着各种枪械战斗的场面，还真是别有趣味。
故事背景设定在美国内战时期，涉及一场世界级的战争和个人的战役。游戏中，玩家将建立自己的军队，指挥他们在战场上作战，占领战略要地。如果只是在战略方面，你可以打开自动战斗，当你对自己的部队下达指令后，他们自己会主动开始运作，遇敌会自己做出反应，而你自己则可以全新投入到&突突突&的激战当中。除了可以从地面作战外，还可以利用空中武装进行打击。
不得不说，Foursaken Media的游戏经常包含一些很棒的想法。本作更像是《战龟》(War Tortoise)和《英雄城堡2》(Heroes and Castles 2)的趣味拓展版本。战时中那些真实可见的因素在本作中也一一俱全。如后勤保障系统、士兵招募、武器制造甚至从天气方面等方面考虑来制约敌人。
此外，游戏在新的引擎加持下，提供了顶级的光影效果，你还能体验到60fps画面的极致享受。在蒸汽朋克风格的加持下了，本作更加令人十分期待。不过游戏何时上架，开发商并没有具体表明。
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怎么玩？Noblemen1896有哪些难点？下面就让小编为大家带来，贵族1896新手必看攻略。
故事的背景设定在美国内战时期，该作将有一场世界级的战争以及一个第三人称的战役。在游戏内，你将建立自己的军队，指挥他们在战场上作战，占领战略要地。游戏内不仅可以从推进作战，还可以利用空中武装进行打击。
玩家在游戏中不仅是比拼前线作战的能力，在战时中那些真实可见的因素在本作中也一一俱全。如后勤保障系统、士兵招募、武器制造甚至从天气方面等方面考虑来制约敌人。
该作有着比较智能的设计，当你对自己的部队下达指令后，他们自己会主动开始运作，遇敌会自己做出反应，而你自己则可以全新投入到“突突突”的激战当中。此外，游戏在新的引擎加持下，提供了顶级的光影效果，在新一代的设备上，你还能体验到60fps画面的极致享受。
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] 楼取消回复US and Canadian Inventors and Inventions -
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Zoom Inventors and Inventions
US and Canadian Inventors and Inventions
ADHESIVE TAPERichard G. Drew () invented masking tape and clear adhesive tape (also called cellophane tape or Scotch tape).
Drew was an engineer for the 3M company (the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing).
Drew's first tape invention was a masking tape made for painters in 1923 (this tape was designed to help painters paint a straight border between two colors).
This early masking tape was a wide paper tape with adhesive on only the edges of the tape - not in the middle.
Drew made an
improved tape called Scotch (TM) Brand Cellulose Tape in 1930.
This tape was a clear, all-purpose adhesive tape that was soon adopted worldwide.
The first tape dispenser with a built-in cutting edge was invented in 1932 by John A. Borden, another 3M employee.
AEROSOL SPRAY CANThe forerunner of the aerosol can was invented by Erik Rotheim of Norway. On November 23, 1927, Rotheim patented a can with a valve and propellant systems - it could hold and dispense liquids.
The first aerosol can (a can than contains a propellant [a liquefied gas like flurocarbon] and has a spray nozzle) was invented in 1944 by Lyle David Goodloe and W.N. Sullivan. They were working for the U.S. Department of Agriculture and were trying to find a way to spray and kill malaria carrying mosquitos during World War II for the soldiers overseas. The "clog-free" spray valve was invented by Robert H. Abplanal in 1953.
The first spray paint was invented by Edward H. Seymour in 1949. Seymour's wife Bonnie had given him the idea of an aerosol applicator for paint. The first spray paint he developed was aluminum colored. Seymour formed the company, Seymour of Sycamore, Inc. of Chicago, USA, which is still in operation.
AIRPLANEThe first working airplane was invented by, designed, made, and flown by the Wright brothers, Wilbur Wright () and Orville Wright ().
Their "Wright Flyer" was a fabric-covered biplane with a wooden frame.
The power to the two propellers was supplied by a 12-horsepower water-cooled engine.
On December 17, 1903, the "Flyer" flew for 12 seconds and for a distance of 120 feet (37 m).
The flight took place at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, USA.
ANDERSON, MARYThe windshield wiper was invented by Mary Anderson in 1903 to help streetcars operate safely in the rain. In 1905 she patented her invention, which allowed the car operator to control the external, swinging arm wipers from within the car. Windshield wipers became standard equipment on cars a decade later. Anderson was from Alabama, USA.
APGAR SCALEThe Apgar scale is a standardized scale that is used to determine the physical status of an infant at birth.
This simple, easy-to-perform test was devised in 1953 by Dr. Virginia Apgar (), a professor of anesthesia at the New York Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center.
The Apgar scale is administered to a newborn at one minute after birth and five minutes after birth.
It scores the baby's heart rate, respiration, muscle tone, reflex response, and color.
This test quickly alerts medical personnel that the newborn needs assistance.
APGAR, VIRGINIADr. Virginia Apgar (), a professor of anesthesiology at the New York Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, devised the Apgar Scale in 1953.
The Apgar scale is a simple, easy-to-perform, standardized scale that is used to determine the physical status of an infant at birth.
The Apgar scale is administered to a newborn at one minute after birth and five minutes after birth.
It scores the baby's heart rate, respiration, muscle tone, reflex response, and color.
This test quickly alerts medical personnel that the newborn baby needs assistance.
ASSEMBLY LINEPrimitive assembly line production was first used in 1901 by Ransome Eli Olds (), an early car-maker (he manufactured the Oldsmobile, the first commercially successful American car).
() used the first conveyor belt-based assembly-line in his car factory in 1913-14 in Ford's Highland Park, Michigan plant.
This type of production greatly reduced the amount of time taken to put each car together (93 minutes for a Model T) from its parts, reducing production costs.
Assembly lines are now used in many manufacturing processes.
BAEKELAND, L.H.Leo Hendrik Baekeland (November 14, 1863 - February 23, 1944) was a Belgian-born American chemist who invented Velox photographic paper (1893) and Bakelite (1907), an inexpensive, nonflammable, versatile, and very popular plastic.
BAKELITEBakelite (also called catalin) is a plastic, a dense synthetic polymer (a phenolic resin) that was used to make jewelry, game pieces, engine parts, radio boxes, switches, and many, many other objects. Bakelite was the first industrial thermoset plastic (a material that does not change its shape after being mixed and heated). Bakelite plastic is made from carbolic acid (phenol) and formaldehyde, which are mixed, heated, and then either molded or extruded into the desired shape.
Bakelite was patented in 1907 by the Belgian-born American chemist Leo Hendrik Baekeland (November 14, 1863 - February 23, 1944). The Nobel Prize winning German chemist Adolf von Baeyer had experimented with this material in 1872, but did not complete its development or see its potential.
Baekeland operated the General Bakelite Company from 1911 to 1939 (in Perth Amboy, N.J., USA), and produced up to about 200,000 tons of Bakelite annually. Bakelite replaced the very flammable celluloid plastic that had been so popular. The bracelet above is made of "butterscotch" bakelite.
BAND-AID®Bandages for wounds had been around since ancient times, but an easy-to-use dressing with an adhesive was invented by Earle Dickson (a cotton buyer at the Johnson & Johnson company). Dickson perfected the BAND-AID® in 1920, making a small, sterile adhesive bandage for home use.
Dickson invented the BAND-AID® for his wife, who had many kitchen accidents and needed an easy-to-use wound dressing.
Dickson was rewarded by the Johnson & Johnson company by being made a vice-president of the company.
BAR CODEBar codes (also called Universal Product Codes or UPC's) are small, coded labels that contain information about the item
the information is contained in a numerical code, usually containing 12 digits.
UPC's are easily scanned by laser beams.
UPC's are used on many things, including most items for sale in stores, library books, inventory items, many packages and pieces of luggage being shipped, railroad cars, etc.
The UPC may contain coded information about the item, its manufacturer, place of origin, destination, the owner, or other data.
The first "bullseye code" was invented by Norman Joseph Woodland and Bernard Silver, from work which they began in 1948.
On October 20, 1949, they patented their bullseye code (a series of concentric circles that were scannable from all directions, using regular light).
Woodland and Silver patented a new UPC in October 1952; the UPC was also improved and adapted by David J. Collins in the late 1950's (to track railroad cars).
UPC's were first used in grocery stores in the early 1970's.
BASKETBALLThe game of basketball was invented by
Naismith was a Canadian physical education instructor who invented the game in 1891 so that his students could participate in sports during the winter.
In his original game, which he developed while at the Springfield, Massachusetts YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association), Naismith used a soccer ball which was thrown into peach baskets (with the basket bottoms intact).
The first public basketball game was in Springfield, MA, USA, on March 11, 1892.
Basketball was first played at the Olympics in Berlin Germany in 1936 (America won the gold medal, and Naismith was there).
BATHYSPHEREA bathysphere is a pressurized metal sphere that allows people to go deep in the ocean, to depths at which diving unaided is impossible.
This hollow cast iron sphere with very thick walls is lowered and raised from a ship using a steel cable.
The bathysphere was invented by William Beebe and Otis Barton (around 1930).
William Beebe (1877 - 1962), an American naturalist and undersea explorer, tested the bathysphere in 1930, going down to 1426 feet in a 4'9" (1.45 m) diameter bathysphere.
Beebe and Otis Barton descended about 3,000 ft (914 m) feet in a larger bathysphere in 1934.
They descended off the coast of Nonsuch Island, Bermuda in the Atlantic Ocean.
During the dive, they communicated with the surface via telephone.
BELL, ALEXANDER GRAHAMAlexander Graham Bell (March 3, 1847, Edinburgh, Scotland - August 2, 1922, Baddek, Nova Scotia) invented the
(with Thomas Watson) in 1876. Bell also improved Thomas Edison's phonograph. Bell invented the multiple telegraph (1875), the hydroairplane, the photo-sensitive selenium cell (the photophone, a wireless phone, developed with Sumner Tainter), and new techniques for teaching the deaf to speak. In 1882, Bell and his father-in-law, Gardiner Hubbard, bought and re-organized the journal "Science." Bell, Hubbard and others founded the National Geographic Society in 1888; Bell was the President of the National Geographic Society from 1898 to 1903.
BERSON, SOLOMON A.Dr. Solomon A. Berson () and Dr. Rosalyn Sussman Yalow (1921- ) co-invented the radioimmunoassay (RIA) in 1959.
The radioimmunoassay is a method of chemically analyzing human blood and tissue and is used diagnose illness (like diabetes).
RIA revolutionized diagnoses because it uses only a tiny sample of blood or tissue and is a relatively inexpensive and simple test to perform.
Blood banks use RIA RIA is used to detect drug use, high blood pressure, infertility, and many other conditions and diseases.
For inventing RIA, Yalow won the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1977 (Yalow accepted for Berson, who died in 1972).
Yalow and Berson did not patent the RIA; instead they allowed the common use of RIA to benefit human health.
BLODGETT, KATHERINEKathering J. Blodgett () was an American physicist and inventor who invented a micro-thin barium stearate film that makes glass completely nonreflective and "invisible" (patent #2,220,660, March 16, 1938).
Blodgett's invention has been used in eyeglasses, camera lenses, telescopes, microscopes, periscopes, and projector lenses.
Blodgett also invented a gauge that measured the thickness of this type of coating (which can be only a few molecules thick), called a "color gauge."
BLOOD BANKThe idea of a blood bank was pioneered by Dr.
Dr. Drew was an American medical doctor and surgeon who started the idea of a blood bank and a system for the long term preservation of blood plasma (he found that plasma kept longer than whole blood).
His ideas revolutionized the medical profession and saved many, many lives.
Dr. Drew set up and operated the blood plasma bank at the Presbyterian Hospital in New York City, NY.
Drew's project was the model for the Red Cross' system of blood banks, of which he became the first director.
BLUE JEANSLevi Strauss () was an entrepreneur who invented and marketed blue jeans.
Trained as a tailor in Buttenheim, Bavaria, Germany, Strauss went to San Francisco, USA from New York in 1853.
Strauss sold dry goods, including tents and linens to the 49ers (the people who came to the California gold rush, which began in 1849).
In 1873, Strauss and Jacob Davis, a Nevada tailor, patented the idea (devised by Davis) of using copper rivets at the stress points of sturdy work pants.
Early levis, called "waist overalls," came in a brown canvas duck fabric and a heavy blue denim fabric.
The duck fabric pants were not very successful, so were dropped early on. His business became extremely successful (and still is), revolutionizing the apparel industry.
BRAILLE TYPEWRITERThe Hall Braille typewriter (also called a Braillewriter or Brailler) was invented in 1892 by Frank Haven Hall.
Hall was the Superintendent of the Illinois Institution for the Blind.
The Hall Braille typewriter was manufactured by the Harrison & Seifried company in Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Hall introduced his invention on May 27, 1892, at Jacksonville, Illinois.
It types raised
dots onto paper.
BREAD SLICERThe automatic commercial bread slicer was invented in 1927 by Otto Frederick Rohwedder from Iowa, USA (Rohwedder had worked on his machine since 1912). His machine both sliced and wrapped a loaf of bread. In 1928, the bread slicer was improved by Gustav Papendick, a baker from St. Louis, Missouri.
BUBBLE GUMBubblegum was invented by Frank Henry Fleer in 1906, bu the formulation of Fleer's "Blibber-Blubber," was too sticky. In 1928, Walter E. Diemer invented a superior formulation for bubble gum, which he called " Double Bubble."
BURBANK, LUTHERLuther Burbank () was an American plant breeder who developed over 800 new strains of plants, including many popular varieties of potato, plums, prunes, berries, trees, and flowers.
One of his greatest inventions was the Russet Burbank potato (also called the Idaho potato), which he developed in 1871.
This blight-resistant potato helped Ireland recover from its devastating potato famine of 1840-60.
Burbank also developed the Flaming Gold nectarine, the Santa Rosa plum, and the Shasta daisy.
Burbank was raised on a farm and only went
he was self-educated.
Burbank applied the works of Charles Darwin to plants.
Of Darwin's The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication, Burbank said, "It opened up a new world to me."
BUTTS, ALFREDThe word game Scrabble® was developed by Alfred Mosher Butts in 1948. James Brunot did some rearranging of the squares and simplified the rules. A copyright was granted on December 1, 1948. Alfred Butts had been an architect, but lost his job in 1931 (during the depression). He then began developing games, including Lexico, Criss-Crosswords, and them Scrabble®. After about 4 years of paltry sales, Scrabble&#174 became a hit.
CARLSON, CHESTER F.Chester Floyd Carlson () invented
(which means "dry writing" in Greek) in 1938.
Xerography makes paper copies without using ink (hence its name).
In this process, static electricity cha a plastic powder (called toner) is applied to the areas of the page to remain white.
Chester F. Carlson was born in Seattle, Washington, USA.
As a teenager, Carlson supported his invalid parents by publishing a chemical journal.
After attending Cal Tech in physics, Carlson worked at an electronics firm.
Carlson later experimented at home to find an efficient way of copying pages.
He succeeded in 1938, and
marketed his revolutionary device to about 20 companies before he could interest any.
The Haloid Company (later called the Xerox Corporation) marketed it, and photocopying eventually became common and inexpensive.
CARVER, GEORGE WASHINGTONGeorge Washington Carver () was an American scientist, educator, humanitarian, and former slave.
Carver developed hundreds of products from , sweet potatoes, pecans, his discoveries greatly improved the agricultural output and the health of Southern farmers.
Before this, the only main crop in the South was cotton.
The products that Carver invented included a rubber substitute, adhesives, foodstuffs, dyes, pigments, and many other products.
CASH REGISTERThe mechanical cash register was invented (and patented) in 1879 by James Ritty (). Ritty was an American tavern keeper in Dayton, Ohio. He nicknamed his cash register the "Incorruptible Cashier," and started the National Manufacturing Company to sell them. When a transaction was completed, a bell rang on the cash register and the amount was noted on a large dial on the front of the machine. During each sale, a paper tape was punched with holes so that the merchant could keep track of sales (at the end of the day, the merchant could add up the holes).
John H. Patterson () bought Ritty's patent and his cash register company in 1884. Patterson renamed the Dayton, Ohio, company the National Cash Register Company. Patterson improved Ritty's cash register by adding a paper tape that kept a printed record of all transactions.
In 1906, Charles F. Kettering (and employee of NCR) developed an electric cash register (Kettering later worked for General Motors and invented the electric car ignition).
The National Cash Register Company was later called NCR, until the company was bought by ATT in 1991; it was given back the name NCR in 1996, when it was split off from ATT.
CELLULAR PHONEThe first automatic analog cellular phone was made in the 1960's.
Commercial models were introduced in Japan by NTT on December 3, 1979.
They were introduced in Scandinavia in 1981, in Chicago, USA, on October 13, 1983 (by Motorola), and in Europe in the late 1980's.
Early mobile FM (frequency modulation radio was invented by Edwin H. Armstrong in 1935) radio telephones had been in use in the USA since 1946, but since the number of radio frequencies are very limited in any area, the number of phone calls was also very limited.
Only a dozen or two calls could be made at the same time in an area.
To solve this problem, there could be many small areas (called cells) which share the same frequencies.
But when users moved from one area to another while calling, the call would have to be switched over automatically without losing the call.
In this system, a small number of radio frequencies could accommodate a huge number of calls. This cellular phone concept was devised by a team of researchers at Bell Labs in 1947, but there were no computers available to do the switching.
As small inexpensive computers were developed, cell phones could be produced.
Motorola holds the US patents for the cell phone.
Henry Taylor Sampson and George H. Miley
hold a 1968 patent (US patent #3,591,860) on a "gamma electric cell,"
which is not a component of cellular phones.
CELLULOIDCelluloid is a plastic made from cellulose (it is derived from plants).
This very flammable material
was invented in 1869 by the American inventor John Wesley Hyatt (it was invented to be a substitute for the elephant ivory used for billiard balls).
Celluloid was one the fir it can be damaged by moisture.
CHOCOLATE CHIPSRuth Wakefield invented chocolate chips (and chocolate chip cookies) in 1930.
Wakefield ran the Toll House Inn in Whitman, Massachusetts.
Her new cookie invention was called the &Toll House Cookie.&
Her original cookies used broken-up bars of semi-sweet chocolate.
COCA-COLADr. John Stith Pemberton () was an American pharmacist, soldier, and inventor.
He invented Coca-Cola on May 8th, 1886 in Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
He had invented many syrups, medicines, and elixirs before, including a very popular drink called French Wine of Coca, which contained French Bordeaux wine, coca leaves, and caffeine (from the kola nut).
When Atlanta banned alcohol consumption in 1885, Pemberton had to change the formula of his French Wine of Coca, omitting the French wine. He added sugar, citric acid and essential oils of many fruits to the drink, and the original Coca-Cola was created.
It was named for its main ingredients, coca leaves and the kola nut.
Coca-Cola quickly became a very popular soda fountain drink.
Pemberton became partners with Frank Robinson and David Roe, but the partners soon began to quarrel and Pemberton soon sold his interest in Coca-Cola.
The formula for Coca-Cola is a closely-guarded secret.
COCHRAN, JOSEPHINEThe first dishwasher was patented in 1850 by Joel H his machine was a hand-turned wheel that splashed water on dishes - unfortunately, it wasn't very effective at washing dishes. The first working automatic dishwasher was invented by Mrs. Josephine Garis (W. A.) Cochran, of Shelbyville, Illinois, in 1889.
Her dishwasher was a wooden tub with a wire basket in it - the dishes went in the basket, and rollers rotated the dishes.
As a handle on the tub was turned, hot, soapy water was sprayed into the tub, cleaning the dishes.
Cochran's machine was first shown at the 1893 World's Fair in Chicago, Illinois.
At first, her machine was only bought by some restaurants and hotels.
Cochran's small company was eventually associated with the KitchenAid company.
The dishwasher didn't become widespread as a labor-saving machine until the 1960s.
COTTON CANDYCotton candy is a soft confection made from sugar that is heated and spun into slim threads that look like a mass of cotton.
It was invented in 1897 by William Morrison and John C. Wharton, candymakers from Nashville, Tennessee.
COTTON GINThe cotton gin is a machine that cleans cotton, removing its many seeds.
This device revolutionized the cotton industry. Previously, this tedious job had been done by hand, using two combs.
() was an American inventor and engineer who inv he patented the cotton gin on March 14, 1794. The cotton gin made much of the southern United States very rich, but cotton plantation owners rarely paid Whitney for the use of his invention, and Whitney went out of business.
CRAYONSCrayons were invented by Edwin Binney and Harold Smith, who owned a paint company in New York City, NY, USA.
Binney and Smith invented the modern-day crayon by combining paraffin wax with pigments (colorants).
These inexpensive art supplies were an instant success since they were first marketed as Crayola crayons in 1903.
CRUM, GEORGEThe potato chip was invented in 1853 by George Crum.
Crum was a Native American/African American chef at the Moon Lake Lodge resort in Saratoga Springs, New York, USA.
French fries were popular at the restaurant and one day a diner complained that the fries were too thick.
Although Crum made a thinner batch, the customer was still unsatisfied.
Crum finally made fries that were too thin to eat with a fork, hoping to annoy the extremely fussy customer.
The customer, surprisingly enough, was happy - and potato chips were invented!
DAVENPORT, THOMASThomas Davenport (July 9, 1802 -July 6, 1851) was an American blacksmith and inventor who established the first commercially successful electric streetcar. Davenport, from , invented an electric motor in 1834 and began a small electric railway in 1835. He patented a device for "Improvements in propelling machinery by magnetism and electromagnetism" in 1837 (his electric railway). Davenport later started a workshop in New York City, , and published a journal on electromagnetism (it was printed on a press that was powered by motors which he devised).
DICKSON, EARLEBandages for wounds had been around since ancient times, but an easy-to-use dressing with an adhesive was invented by Earle Dickson (a cotton buyer at the Johnson & Johnson company). Dickson perfected the BAND-AID® in 1920, making a small, sterile adhesive bandage for home use.
Dickson invented the BAND-AID® for his wife, who had many kitchen accidents and needed an easy-to-use wound dressing.
Dickson was rewarded by the Johnson & Johnson company by being made a vice-president of the company.
DISHWASHERThe first dishwasher was patented in 1850 by Joel H his machine was a hand-turned wheel that splashed water on dishes - unfortunately, it wasn't very effective at washing dishes. The first working automatic dishwasher was invented by Mrs. Josephine Garis (W. A.) Cochran, of Shelbyville, Illinois, in 1889.
Her dishwasher was a wooden tub with a wire basket in it - the dishes went in the basket, and rollers rotated the dishes.
As a handle on the tub was turned, hot, soapy water was sprayed into the tub, cleaning the dishes.
Cochran's machine was first shown at the 1893 World's Fair in Chicago, Illinois.
At first, her machine was only bought by some restaurants and hotels.
Cochran's small company was eventually associated with the KitchenAid company.
The dishwasher didn't become widespread as a labor-saving machine until the 1960s.
DISPOSABLE DIAPERThe disposable diaper was invented in 1950 by Marion Donovan. Her first leak-proof diaper was a plastic-lined cloth diaper. Donovan then developed a disposable diaper. She was unsuccessful at selling her invention to established manufacturers, so she started her own company.
DONOVAN, MARIONMarion Donovan () was an American mother, inventor, and architect who invented the disposable diaper in 1950. Her first leak-proof diaper were fast-selling "Boaters," plastic-lined cloth diapers (diapers lined with pieces cut from a shower curtain, and later with surplus parachute nylon). Donovan then developed a completely disposable diaper. She was unsuccessful at selling this invention to established manufacturers, so she started her own company, which she later sold. Donovan produced many other consumer-based inventions and held more than a dozen patents
DORTICUS, CLATONIA JOAQUINClatonia Joaquin Dorticus was an African-American inventor who received many patents.
He invented an apparatus for applying dyes to the sides of the soles and
heels of shoes (patent # 535,820, March 19, 1895), a machine for embossing (contouring the paper of) photographs (patent # 537,442, April 16, 1895), a device that helped develop photographs (patent # 537,968, April 23, 1895), and a leak stopper for hoses (patent # 629,315, July 18, 1899).
DREW, CHARLES RICHARDDr. Charles Richard Drew () was an American medical doctor and surgeon who started the idea of a
and a system for the long-term preservation of blood plasma (he found that plasma kept longer than whole blood). His ideas revolutionized the medical profession and have saved many, many lives.
DREW, RICHARDRichard G. Drew () invented masking tape and clear adhesive tape (also called cellophane tape or Scotch tape).
Drew was an engineer for the 3M company (the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing).
Drew's first tape invention was a masking tape made for painters in 1923 (this tape was designed to help painters paint a straight border between two colors).
This early masking tape was a wide paper tape with adhesive on only the edges of the tape - not in the middle.
Drew made an
improved tape called Scotch (TM) Brand Cellulose Tape in 1930.
This tape was a clear, all-purpose adhesive tape that was soon adopted worldwide.
The first tape dispenser with a built-in cutting edge was invented in 1932 by John A. Borden, another 3M employee.
EASTMAN, GEORGEGeorge Eastman () was an American inventor who made many improvements in photography. Eastman invented the dry plate method in 1879; this was an improvement in the wet plate process photographic process). He founded the Eastman Dry Plate company in 1881, located in Rochester, New York. Eastman and William Walker invented flexible roll film in 1882, eliminating the necessity of using cumbersome glass plates for photography. Eastman produced the first simple, all-purpose, fixed-focus camera in 1888, which sold for $25.00; this was the first KODAK Camera . By 1900, Eastman Kodak was producing a camera that cost only one dollar. Early cameras took round pictures. To get the film developed, the photographer had to send the entire camera to the Rochester factory. The company name was changed to Eastman Kodak Company in 1892, and is still one of the largest photographic companies in the world.
ECKERT, JOHN PRESPERENIAC stands for "Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer." It was one of the first all-purpose, all-electronic digital computers.
This room-sized computer was built by the physicist John William Mauchly (Aug. 30, 1907 - Jan. 8, 1980) and the electrical engineer John Presper Eckert, Jr. (April 9, 1919 - June 3, 1995) at the University of Pennsylvania.
They completed the machine in November, 1945.
EDISON, THOMAS ALVA
Thomas Alva Edison () was an American inventor (also known as the Wizard of Menlo Park) whose many inventions revolutionized the world.
His work includes improving the incandescent
and inventing the phonograph, the , the carbon telephone transmitter, and the motion-picture projector.
Edison's first job was as a telegraph operator, and in the course of his duties, he redesigned the stock-ticker machine.
The Edison Universal Stock Printer gave him the capital ($40,000) to set up a laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey, to invent full-time (with many employees).
Edison experimented with thousands of different
filaments to find just the right materials to glow well, be long-lasting, and be inexpensive.
In 1879, Edison discovered that a carbon filament in an oxygen-free bulb glowed but did not burn up for quite a while.
This incandescent bulb revolutionized the world.
ELECTRIC IRONThe electric iron was invented in 1882 by Henry W. Seeley, a New York inventor Seeley patented his "electric flatiron" on June 6, 1882 (patent no. 259,054). His iron weighed almost 15 pounds and took a long time to warm up.
Other electric irons had also been invented, including one from France (1882), but it used a carbon arc to heat the iron, a method which was dangerous.
ELEVATOR BRAKE () invented the elevator brake, which greatly improved the safety of elevators. He used a ratchet on a spring to catch the elevator in the event of an accident (like a broken cable).
In 1854, at the Crystal Palace Exposition in New York, Otis demonstrated how safe his elevator was by cutting the elevator's cable with an ax, and the elevator car stayed where it was in the shaft. Otis' invention spurred the development of skyscrapers, changing the look of cities around the world forever.
ELION, GERTRUDEGertrude Belle Elion (January 23, 1918 - February 21, 1999) was a Nobel Prize winning biochemist who invented many life-saving drugs, including 6-mercaptopurine (Purinethol) and 6-thioguanine (which fight leukemia), Imuran, Zovirax, and many others. Elion worked at Burroughs-Wellcome (now called Glaxo Wellcome) for decades (beginning in 1944) with George Hitchings and Sir James Black, with whom she shared the Nobel Prize. She is named on 45 patents for drugs and her work has saved the lives of thousands of people.
ENIACENIAC stands for "Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer." It was one of the first all-purpose, all-electronic digital computers.
This room-sized computer was built by the physicist John William Mauchly (Aug. 30, 1907 - Jan. 8, 1980) and the electrical engineer John Presper Eckert, Jr. (April 9, 1919 - June 3, 1995) at the University of Pennsylvania.
They completed the machine in November, 1945.
EPPERSON, FRANKThe popsicle was invented by 11-years-old Frank Epperson in 1905. Epperson (1894-?) lived in San Francisco, California. Epperson had left a fruit drink out overnight (with a stirrer in it), and it froze, making a new treat. His frozen treat was originally called the Epsicle. Epperson got a patent on his "frozen ice on a stick" many years later, in 1923. The Epsicle was later renamed the popsicle. Epperson also invented the twin popsicle (with two sticks so it could be shared by two children), Fudgsicle, Creamsicle and Dreamsicle.
ESCALATORAn escalator is a moving stairway that helps people move easily from floor to floor in building. The escalator was invented by the American inventor Jesse W. Reno in 1891. On his "inclined elevator," passengers rode on an wedge-shaped supports attached to a conveyor belt at an incline of about 25 degrees. The original elevator had a stationary handrail (which was soon replaced with a moving handrail).
Horizontal steps were added to the escalator by Georg A. Wheeler and Charles D. Seeberger (who bought Wheeler's patent) in the late 1890's. The Otis company later bought the patents for the escalator and marketed it worldwide. The word escalator was first used at the Paris Exposition of 1900, when the Otis Company exhibited the moving stairway.
FARNSWORTH, PHILO T.Philo Taylor Farnsworth () was an American inventor. Farnsworth invented many important components of the television, including power, focusing systems, synchronizing the signal, contrast, controls, and scanning. He also invented a radar system, a cold cathode ray tube, a new type of baby incubator, and the first electronic microscope. Farnsworth held over 300 patents.
FERRIS WHEELThe Ferris Wheel is a large amusement-park ride that is made of a giant, vertical, metal wheel that slowly turns around. The wheel is equipped with hanging compartments for people, who ride around in a circle, going far above the ground. The Ferris Wheel was invented by the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania bridge-builder George Washington Gale Ferris Jr. () . The first Ferris wheel was opened on June 21, 1893 at the Chicago World's Fair. This Ferris wheel was 250 feet tall (the diameter of the wheel) - this is about the height of a 25 story building! It had 36 wooden cars that could each seat 40 people, and hold another 20 standing people plus a conductor. Each car was 27 feet long, 13 feet wide, and 9 feet tall. A total of 2000 people could ride the wheel at one time. The wheel was powered by two 1,000 horsepower engines and weighed over 4,000 tons. It cost 50 cents per ride. This same Ferris wheel was later used at the St. Louis exposition in 1904, but was scrapped in 1906. Ferris wheels are now common at amusement parks around the world - most are much smaller than the original.
FORD, HENRYHenry Ford () was an American engineer and industrialist who used the first conveyor belt-based
in his car factory, revolutionizing factory production.
Ford manufactured affordable cars and paid high wages to his factory workers, allowing workers to buy the cars they made.
After early work as a machinist, Ford built a gasoline engine in 1893.
In 1896, Ford built a &horseless carriage,& which he called the &Quadricycle,& which means &four wheels& (others, including Charles Edgar and J. Frank Duryea, Elwood Haynes, Hiram Percy Maxim, and Charles Brady King had built earlier &horseless carriage&).
In 1899, Ford formed the Detroit Automobile Company (which was later called the Henry Ford Company and then the Cadillac Motor Car Company).
Ford introduced the Model T in October 1908; it was a great success (every Model T was painted black).
Ford introduced conveyor belt-based assembly-line factory production and a $5 daily wage in 1913-14 in Ford's Highland Park, Michigan plant (primitive assembly line production had been started in 1901 by Ransome Eli. Olds, another early car-maker).
This type of production greatly reduced the amount of time taken to put each car together (93 minutes for a Model T) from its parts, reducing production costs.
FOUNTAIN PENLewis E. Waterman was an American inventor and insurance salesman who developed a relatively leak- he patented his new invention in 1884 and revolutionized writing.
Before his fountain pen, pen tips had to be tipped into ink after every few words.
Waterman put an ink reservoir in the pen above the pen's metal nib (point).
This reservoir would hold enough ink for a few pages of writing.
There were many problems in developing the fountain pen, especially the difficulty of controlling the flow of the ink. Putting a sealed reservoir above the nib wouldn't let the ink flow, but if it wasn't sealed, all the ink would flow at once.
Waterman used capillary action to replace the ink in the rubber sac with air so that the ink flowed smoothly but did not flow all at once.
Also, the metals in the ink dissolved the steel pen nib, so Waterman used an iridium-plated gold nib.
Waterman was also the first person to place a clip on the cap of the pen.
FRANKLIN, BENJAMINBenjamin Franklin (January 17, 1706-April 17, 1790) was an American statesman, writer, printer, and inventor.
Franklin experimented extensively with electricity.
In 1752, his experiments with a kite in a thunderstorm (never do this, many people have died trying it!) led to the development of the lightning rod.
Franklin started the first circulating library in the colonies in 1731.
He also invented bifocal glasses and the Franklin stove. The idea of daylight savings time was first proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1784.
GABE, FRANCESFrances Gabe (actually, Frances G. Bateson) (1915-) invented and patented the self-cleaning house.
Gabe, who lives in Newberg, Oregon, USA, disliked housework intensely.
She designed and lives in a house in which each room has a 10-inch square, "Cleaning/ Drying/ Heating/ Cooling" device on the ceiling.
To clean a room, all you have to do is push a button in a room, and the cleaning unit sends a powerful spray of soapy water around the room.
It then rinses and blow-dries the room. Each room has a slightly-sloping floor, so the water would drain well.
Frances stored valuable objects (and things that should not get wet) under glass.
The house also has self-cleaning sinks, bathtubs and toilets.
Her cupbord doubles as a dishwasher and her clothes are cleaned, dried and stored while hanging in the closet.
Gabe holds 68 patents.
Frances said, "Housework is a thankless, unending job, a nerve-tangling bore. Who wants it? Nobody! With my jaw set hard I was determined there had to be a better way!"
GANT, ALLENPantyhose was invented in 1959 by Allen Gant of North Carolina, USA, in 1959. This new undergarment became popular as miniskirts were the fashion and soon came to replace nylon stockings held up with a garter belt (short skirts were not long enough to hide the bottom of the garter belt). Gant was associated with the Glen Raven Mills textile mill (he was a descendant of the founder of the mill, John Gant), the company that first manufactured pantyhose.
GAS MASKThe gas mask was invented by Garrett Morgan, an African-American inventor.
Morgan used his gas mask
(patent No. 1,090,936, 1914) to rescue miners who were trapped underground in a noxious mine. Soon after, Morgan was asked to produce gas masks for the US Army. For .
GAYETTY, JOSEPHJoseph Gayetty invented toilet paper in 1857. His new toilet paper was composed of flat sheets. Before Gayetty's invention, people tore pages out of mail order catalogs - before catalogs were common, leaves were used. Unfortunately, Gayetty's invention failed. Walter Alcock (of Great Britain) later developed toilet paper on a roll ( instead of in flat sheets). Again, the invention failed.
In 1867, Thomas, Edward and Clarence Scott (brothers from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA) were successful at marketing toilet paper that consisted of a small roll of perforated paper . They sold their new toilet paper from a push cart - this was the beginning of the Scott Paper Company.
GERSTENZANG, LEOThe Q-tip was invented in the 1920's Leo Gerstenzang (a Polish-born American). His wife had used a toothpick with cotton stuck on the end to clean their baby's ears, and Leo invented Q-tips to replace her jury-rigged invention.
Gerstenzang's original Q-tips consisted of a wooden stick swathed in much later, the wood was replaced by white cardboard.
Gerstenzang started the Infant Novelty Company to sell Q-tips (which he then called Baby Gays); in 1926, he changed the name of his product to
Q-Tips® Baby Gays.
The Q stood for "quality".
Eventually, the name changed to Q-tips.
Doctors today advise that you should not use Q-tips to clean inside your ears.
Q-tips, however, have many other uses, including cleaning small areas (like jewelry or the space between computer keys), applying glue, spreading paint, etc.
GODDARD, ROBERTRobert Hutchings Goddard (October 5, 1882-August 10, 1945) was an American physicist and inventor who is known as the father of modern rocketry.
In 1907, Goddard proved that a rocket's thrust can propel it in a vacuum. In 1914, Goddard received two U.S. patents: for liquid-fueled rockets and for two- to three-stage rockets that use solid fuel.
In 1919, Goddard wrote a scientific article, "A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes," describing a high- it was published in a Smithsonian report.
Goddard's many inventions were the basis upon which modern rocketry is based.
After many years of failed attempts and public ridicule, Goddard's first successful rocket was launched on March 16, 1926 from a relative's farm in Auburn, Massachusetts.
It was a liquid-fueled 10-ft. rocket that he called Nell.
The flight lasted 2 1/2 the rocket flew a distance of 184 feet and achieved an altitude of 41 feet.
Goddard soon moved to Roswell, New Mexico, where he developed more sophisticated multi-stage rockets, rockets with fins (vanes) to steer them (1932), a gyro control device to control the rocket (1932), and supersonic rockets (1935).
In 1937, Goddard launched the first rocket with a pivotable motor on gimbals using his gyro control device.
Altogether, Robert Goddard had 214 patents.
GOODE, SARAH S.Sarah E. Goode was a businesswoman and inventor.
Goode invented the folding cabinet bed, a space-saver that folded up against the wall into a cabinet.
When folded up, it could be used as a desk, complete with compartments for stationery and writing supplies.
Goode owned a furniture store in Chicago, Illinois, and invented the bed for people living in small apartments.
Goode's patent was the first one obtained by an African-American woman inventor (patent #322,177, approved on July 14, 1885).
HOPPER, GRACE M.Rear Admiral Grace Murray Hopper (1906 - 1992) was a US naval officer and mathematician who invented the computer compiler (called the A-O) in 1952.
Her compiler revolutionized computer programming, automatically translating high-level instructions (easier to understand by
people) into machine code (the cryptic, native language of the central processing unit).
Hopper and a team developed the first user-friendly business programming language, COBOL (COmmon Business-Oriented Language).
There is an unconfirmed story that Hopper determined than an error in the early Mark II computer was caused by a moth th she then coined the term &computer bug.&
HOT DOGSHot dogs began as sausages sold in buns.
They were first sold from carts by German immigrants on the streets of New York City in the 1860s.
The bun replaced a plate and made the hot dog easier to carry and eat.
Sauerkraut was provided as a relish on the hot dog.
HOUGHTON, JOELThe first dishwasher was patented in 1850 by Joel H his machine was a hand-turned wheel that splashed water on dishes - unfortunately, it wasn't very effective at washing dishes. The first working automatic dishwasher was invented by Mrs. Josephine Garis (W. A.) Cochran, of Shelbyville, Illinois, in 1889.
Her dishwasher was a wooden tub with a wire basket in it - the dishes went in the basket, and rollers rotated the dishes.
As a handle on the tub was turned, hot, soapy water was sprayed into the tub, cleaning the dishes.
Cochran's machine was first shown at the 1893 World's Fair in Chicago, Illinois.
At first, her machine was only bought by some restaurants and hotels.
Cochran's small company was eventually associated with the KitchenAid company.
The dishwasher didn't become widespread as a labor-saving machine until the 1960s.
HOWE, ELIASElias Howe () was American inventor who patented an improved
His revolutionary machine used two separate threads, one threaded through the needle,
it was powered by a hand crank.
A sideways-moving needle with its eye at one end would pierce the fabric, creating a loop of thre a shuttle would then push thread through the loop, creating a tight lock stitch. Earlier sewing machines used only one thread and a chain stitch that could unravel.
Howe's business did not thrive.
Others, like Isaac Singer made slight modifications in the machine and built successful businesses.
Howe sued those who had infringed on his patent and won royalties on all machines sold (he was paid $5.00 for each sewing machine sold). Howe died the year his patent expired.
HYATT, JOHN WESLEYCelluloid is a plastic made from cellulose (it is derived from plants).
This very flammable material
was invented in 1869 by the American inventor John Wesley Hyatt (it was invented to be a substitute for the elephant ivory used for billiard balls).
Celluloid was one the fir it can be damaged by moisture.
HYDE, IDA HENRIETTAIda Henrietta Hyde () was an American physiologist who invented the
in the 1930's. The microelectrode is a small device that electrically (or chemically) stimulates a living cell and records the electrical activity within that cell. Hyde was the first woman to graduate from the University of Heidelberg, to do research at the Harvard Medical School and to be elected to the American Physiological Society.
INCANDESCENT LIGHT BULBThe first incandescent electric light was made in 1800 by Humphry Davy, an English scientist.
He experimented with electricity and invented an electric battery.
When he connected wires to his battery and a piece of carbon, the carbon glowed, producing light.
This is called an electric arc.
Much later, in 1860, the English physicist Sir Joseph Wilson Swan () was determined to devise a practical, long-lasting electric light.
He found that a carbon paper filament worked well, but burned up quickly.
In 1878, he demonstrated his new electric lamps in Newcastle, England.
The inventor Thomas Alva Edison (in the USA) experimented with thousands of different filaments to find just the right materials to glow well and be long-lasting.
In 1879, Edison discovered that a carbon filament in an oxygen-free bulb glowed but did not burn up for 40 hours.
Edison eventually produced a bulb that could glow for over 1500 hours. The incandescent bulb revolutionized the world.
INTEGRATED CIRCUITAn integrated circuit (IC) or chip is a wafer of material to which impurities have been added (in just the right patterns) so that the entire chip is a circuit composed of many transistors.
The chip (usually made of silicon or germanium)
makes computational devices, like computers, very small and very inexpensive.
IC's were invented independently in 1959 by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce.
INTERCHANGEABLE PARTSClock makers used the idea of interchangeable parts since the early 1700's.
In 1790, the French gunsmith Honor& Blanc demonstrated his muskets entirely made from i the French government didn't like the process (since with this process, anyone could manufacture items, and the government lost control), so it was stopped. The idea of interchangeable parts was introduced to American gun manufacturing by Eli Whitney () in 1798.
The concept of interchangeable manufacturing parts helped modernize the musket industry (and mass production in general).
Whitney made templates for each separate part of the musket (an early gun).
The workers then used the template when chiseling the part.
Whitney was an American inventor and engineer who also invented the cotton gin.
INVISALIGNInvisalign is a new type of transparent, removable, molded braces that snap over the teeth. They were invented by Zia Chishti and developed with the help of a team of engineers.
A person's teeth are scanned using a computer.
A series of each set is designed to shift the teeth a small amount.
The patient wears a series o the process takes from 6 months to 2 years.
Only adults are fitted with these braces because the process only works with permanent teeth.
Chishti and Kelsey Wirth founded Align Technology in 1997 to develop the braces.
Invisalign braces were first available to the public in May, 2000.
IRON, ELECTRICThe electric iron was invented in 1882 by Henry W. Seeley, a New York inventor Seeley patented his "electric flatiron" on June 6, 1882 (patent no. 259,054). His iron weighed almost 15 pounds and took a long time to warm up.
Other electric irons had also been invented, including one from France (1882), but it used a carbon arc to heat the iron, a method which was dangerous.
JAMES, RICHARDThe engineer Richard James () invented the Slinky TM in 1943.
This spring-toy came about by accident as James was developing springs to support sensitive equipment on ships.
James invented a manufacturing machine that could make a Slinky TM from 80 feet of steel wire in 10 seconds.
His wife Betty James (1918- ) named the Slinky TM and runs the company that produces it.
JANSKY, KARLKarl Gothe Jansky () was an American
who pioneered and developed .
In 1932, he detected the first radio waves from a cosmic source - in the central region of the .
JEANSLevi Strauss () was an entrepreneur who invented and marketed blue jeans.
Trained as a tailor in Buttenheim, Bavaria, Germany, Strauss went to San Francisco, USA from New York in 1853.
Strauss sold dry goods, including tents and linens to the 49ers (the people who came to the California gold rush, which began in 1849).
In 1873, Strauss and Jacob Davis, a Nevada tailor, patented the idea (devised by Davis) of using copper rivets at the stress points of sturdy work pants.
Early levis, called "waist overalls," came in a brown canvas duck fabric and a heavy blue denim fabric.
The duck fabric pants were not very successful, so were dropped early on. His business became extremely successful (and still is), revolutionizing the apparel industry.
JUDSON, WHITCOMB L.Whitcomb L. Judson was an American
engineer from Chicago, Illinois, who invented the a metal zipper device with locking teeth in 1890.
Judson patented his "clasp-locker'' on Aug. 29, 1893; later in 1893, he exhibited this new invention at
the Chicago World's Fair.
He never succeeded in marketing his new device.
The zipper was improved by the Swedish-American engineer, Gideon Sundbach, and was named by the B.F. Goodrich company in 1923.
Judson died in 1909, before his device became commonly used and well known.
KAMEN, DEANDean Kamen is an American inventor who has invented many revolutionary devices and holds over 35 U.S. patents.
He developed the portable medical infusion pump, which allows patients to receive medication, like insulin, away from the hospital, and has allowed diabetic women to carry and deliver babies much more safely. Kamen designed the iBot, a revolutionary wheelchair (that uses gyroscopes and computers) that the user "wears" - it allows increased mobility (it can even climb stairs) and improved social interaction (the user can "stand").
He also invented intravascular stents (devices that hold blocked arteries open) and the portable kidney dialysis machine, which has enabled kidney dialysis patients to avoid long hospital visits - they can do the dialysis themselves while they sleep.
The Segway is a rechargable electric, single-person vehicle he invented.
Kamen founded an educational learning center for children called Science Enrichment Encounters
(or "SEE"), and
("For the Inspiration and Recognition of Science
and Technology") which has a yearly robot competition for high school students.
KARLE, ISABELLA L.Isabella Helen Lugoski Karle (1921- ) is a American physical chemist who invented new methods of X-ray Crystallography.
She used electron diffraction and then x-ray diffraction to study the structure of molecules.
Karle developed a three-dimensional modeling process, enabling her to identify and show the structures of hundreds of complex and important molecules (including alkaloids, ionophores, steroids, toxins, and peptides [amino acid compounds]).
Because of Karle's process, the number of published molecular analyses has jumped from about 150 to over 10,000 per year.
Karle received the National Medal of Science in 1995.
Karle is a senior scientist and head of the Naval Research Laboratory's (NRL) x-ray diffraction section in the Laboratory for the Structure of Matter.
Karle's husband, Jerome Karle, is a Nobel Prize winner in chemistry.
KEVLARKevlar (poly[p-phenyleneterephtalamide]) is a polymer fiber that is five times stronger than the same weight of steel.
Kevlar is used in bullet-proof vests, helmets, trampolines, tennis rackets, and many other commonly-used objects.
Kevlar was invented by
and was first marketed by DuPont in 1971.
K'NEXThe toy construction set called K'NEX was invented in 1990 by Joel Glickman. Joel had been playing with straws while at a wedding and realized that with some simple connectors, they would make a great building set. His plastic rod and connector construction set soon became popular worldwide. K'NEX are made by K'NEX Industries, Inc., a privately held company, and are distributed by the toy company Hasbro.
KOOL AIDThe powdered drink Kool-Aid was invented in 1927 by the chemist Edwin Perkins of
Nebraska Omaha.
Perkins started a company in 1914 that sold perfu it was called the Perkins Products Company.
Originally located in Hendley, Nebraska, they moved to Hastings, Nebraska (about 90 miles west of Lincoln) in 1920, and expanded their product line to include spices, medicines, more toilet preparations, and other household items.
Kool-Aid was originally a liquid called "Fruit Smack," and was sold in a 4-ounce bottles.
It was later renamed Kool-Ade (and later, Kool-Aid), and sold in powdered form in packets. The seven original Kool-Aid flavors were: Cherry, Lemon-Lime, Grape, Orange, Root Beer, Strawberry, and Raspberry. The Kool-Aid factory later moved to Chicago, Illinois, and was bought by General Foods Corporation in 1953.
KWOLEK, STEPHANIE LOUISEStephanie Louise Kwolek (1923- ) is an American chemist who discovered kevlar and many other para-aramid fibers.
Kevlar (poly[p-phenyleneterephtalamide]) is a polymer fiber that is five times stronger than the same weight of steel.
Kevlar is used in bullet-proof vests, helmets, trampolines, tennis rackets, and many other commonly-used objects.
LAND, E. H.Edwin Herbert Land () was an American physicist and inventor who developed the first modern light polarizers (which eliminate glare) and other optical devices, investigated the mechanisms of color perception, and developed the instant photography process (the ). Land established the Polaroid Corp. in 1937.
LATIMER, LEWIS H.Lewis Howard Latimer () was an African-American inventor who was a member of
research team, which was called "Edison's Pioneers."
Latimer improved the newly-invented
by inventing a carbon filament (which he patented in 1881).
For more information on .
LIFE SAVERSThe candy called "Life Savers" was invented in 1912 by Clarence Crane, a chocolate maker from Cleveland, Ohio. His original Life Saver was a life-preserver-shaped peppermint candy called "Pep-O-Mint." Crane designed it as a summer candy - one that would not melt in the summer heat. He bought a pill-making machine to make the candies, and then punched a hole in the middle. Since they looked like little life preservers, he called them Life Savers. In 1913, he sold the rights to his candy to Edward Noble for only $2,900. Noble then sold Life Savers in many flavors, including the original peppermint. There are now 24 they are manufactured in Holland, Michigan.
LIGHT BULB, INCANDESCENTThe first incandescent electric light was made in 1800 by Humphry Davy, an English scientist.
He experimented with electricity and invented an electric battery.
When he connected wires to his battery and a piece of carbon, the carbon glowed, producing light.
This is called an electric arc.
Much later, in 1860, the English physicist Sir Joseph Wilson Swan () was determined to devise a practical, long-lasting electric light.
He found that a carbon paper filament worked well, but burned up quickly.
In 1878, he demonstrated his new electric lamps in Newcastle, England.
The inventor Thomas Alva Edison (in the USA) experimented with thousands of different filaments to find just the right materials to glow well and be long-lasting.
In 1879, Edison discovered that a carbon filament in an oxygen-free bulb glowed but did not burn up for 40 hours.
Edison eventually produced a bulb that could glow for over 1500 hours. The incandescent bulb revolutionized the world.
LINCOLN LOGSLincoln Logs are a popular children's toy building set that consists of interlocking notched logs.
Children can easily make log cabins and other structures from the tiny wooden logs.
Lincoln Logs were invented in 1916 by John Lloyd Wright (), an architect and one of the five children of the world-famous architect Frank Lloyd Wright.
John patented his toy in 1920, and sold the logs through his toy company, the Red Square Toy Company.
Playskool bought the rights to Lincoln Logs in 1943.
LIQUID PAPERLiquid Paper is a quick-drying, paper-colored (white) liquid that is painted onto paper to correct printed material. Liquid Paper was invented in 1951 by Bessie Nesmith (). It was based on white tempera paint (Nesmith was also an artist). Nesmith was a secretary in Texas, USA, before the time of word processors. She began selling her vastly popular invention, and soon ran the very successful Liquid Paper company. Her son, Michael Nesmith, was a member of the rock group called the Monkees.
MAGEE, CARLThe parking meter is a device for generating money from a parking spot. When you put money in the meter, you are allowed to park for a given amount of time - after that, you can be given a parking ticket.
The parking meter was invented by Carl C. Magee of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA. The first parking meter was installed in Oklahoma City. Magee holds a patent (#2,118,318) for a "coin controlled parking meter," filed on May 13, 1935 and issued on May 24, 1938.
MAILBOXThe street letter drop mailbox with a hinged door that closed to protect the mail was invented by Philip B. Downing.
Downing, an African-American inventor, patented his new device on October 27, 1891 (US Patent # 462,093).
MASKING TAPERichard G. Drew () invented masking tape and clear adhesive tape (also called cellophane tape or Scotch tape).
Drew was an engineer for the 3M company (the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing).
Drew's first tape invention was a masking tape made for painters in 1923 (this tape was designed to help painters paint a straight border between two colors).
This early masking tape was a wide paper tape with adhesive on only the edges of the tape - not in the middle.
Drew made an
improved tape called Scotch (TM) Brand Cellulose Tape in 1930.
This tape was a clear, all-purpose adhesive tape that was soon adopted worldwide.
The first tape dispenser with a built-in cutting edge was invented in 1932 by John A. Borden, another 3M employee.
MAUCHLEY, JOHN WILLIAMENIAC stands for "Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer." It was one of the first all-purpose, all-electronic digital computers.
This room-sized computer was built by the physicist John William Mauchly (Aug. 30, 1907 - Jan. 8, 1980) and the electrical engineer John Presper Eckert, Jr. (April 9, 1919 - June 3, 1995) at the University of Pennsylvania.
They completed the machine in November, 1945.
McCORMICK, CYRUS HALLCyrus Hall McCormick (February 15, 1809 - May 13, 1884) was an American inventor (of Irish descent) who developed the mechanical reaper. His new machine combined many of the steps involved in harvesting crops, greatly increased crop yields, decreased the number of field hands needed for the harvest, lowered costs, and revolutionized farming.
McCOY, ELIJAHElijah McCoy (1843 or ) was a mechanical engineer and inventor.
McCoy's high-quality industrial inventions (especially his steam engine lubricator) were the basis for the expression
"the real McCoy," meaning the real, authentic, or high-quality thing.
McVICKER, NOAH and JOSEPHPlay-Doh, a popular children's modeling clay, was invented by Noah W. McVicker and Joseph S. McVicker. They patented Play-Doh in 1956 (patent # 3,167,440). The original Play-Doh was sold in only one color, off- white. Eventually, many colors were marketed. Over 700 million pounds of Play-Doh have been sold, but the formula is still a secret.
MECHANICAL REAPERCyrus Hall McCormick (February 15, 1809 - May 13, 1884) was an American inventor (of Irish descent) who developed the mechanical reaper. His new machine combined many of the steps involved in harvesting crops, greatly increased crop yields, decreased the number of field hands needed for the harvest, lowered costs, and revolutionized farming.
MEDICINE BALLThe medicine ball is a weighed ball used
medicine balls range from 2 to 60 pounds in weight. The medicine ball was invented by William "Iron Duke" Muldoon, a nineteenth-century wrestling champion and boxing trainer.
MICROELECTRODEIda Henrietta Hyde () was an American physiologist who invented the
in the 1930's. The microelectrode is a small device that electrically (or chemically) stimulates a living cell and records the electrical activity within that cell. Hyde was the first woman to graduate from the University of Heidelberg, to do research at the Harvard Medical School and to be elected to the American Physiological Society.
MICROWAVE OVENThe microwave oven was invented as an accidental by-product of war-time (World War 2) radar research using magnetrons (vacuum tubes that produce microwave radiation). In 1946, the engineer Dr. Percy LeBaron Spencer, who worked for the Raytheon Corporation, was working on magnetrons. One day at work, he had a candy bar in his pocket, and found that it had melted. He realized that the microwaves he was working with had caused it to melt. After experimenting, he realized that microwaves would cook foods quickly - even faster than conventional ovens that cook with heat. The Raytheon Corporation produced the first commercial microwave oven in 1954; it was called the 1161 Radarange.
MOBILEMobiles are airy, hanging sculptures that move with the wind.
Alexander Calder (), an American sculptor, invented the mobile in the early 20th century.
His mobiles eventually became famous worldwide.
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MOORE, EDWINThe
("a thumbtack with an elongated handle that makes it easier to put in and remove") was invented by the
inventor Edwin Moore in 1900.
Moore started a company producing these useful pins in 1900.
After years of growing, his company incorporated on July 19, 1904, and was called the "Moore Push-Pin Company." The company
1912 through 1977, the Company was located in Germantown, .
MORGAN, GARRETTGarrett Augustus Morgan (March 4, 1877 - August 27, 1963), was an African-American inventor and businessman. He was the first person to patent a traffic signal. He also developed the gas mask (and many other inventions).
Morgan used his gas mask (patent No. 1,090,936, 1914) to rescue miners who were trapped underground in a noxious mine. Soon after, Morgan was asked to produce gas masks for the US Army.
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MORSE, SAMUEL F. B.Samuel Finley Breese Morse () was an American inventor and painter.
After a successful career painting in oils (first painting historical scenes and then portraits), Morse built the first American telegraph around 1835 (the telegraph was also being developed independently in Europe).
A telegraph sends electrical signals over a long distance, through wires.
In 1830, Joseph Henry () made the first long-distance telegraphic device - he sent an electric current for over a mile on wire that activated an electromagnet, causing a bell to ring.
Morse patented a working telegraph machine in 1837, with help from his business partners Leonard Gale and Alfred Vail.
Morse used a dots-and-spaces code for the letters of the alphabet and the numbe}