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offers 82 free pore products. About 1% of these are face mask. A wide variety of free pore options are available to you, such as anti-wrinkle, firming, and blemish clearing. You can also choose from herbal, mineral. There are 82 free pore suppliers, mainly located in Asia. The top supplying country is Japan, which supply 100% of free pore&respectively. Free pore&products are most popular in Oceania, North America, and Western Europe. You can ensure product safety by selecting from certified suppliers, including 16 with Other, 1 with ISO9001, and 1 with ISO14001 certification.
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Blackhead Steam Pore Pack (100g)
A purifying active-charcoal steaming mask that exfoliates, hydrates, and cleanses impurities (blackheads and whiteheads) to leave skin brighter, smoother and moisturized. Contains pure botanicals, herbs, and natural ingredients with antioxidant and nourishing properties for healthier skin.Ideal for all skin types.Size: 100g
Ingredients
Glycerin, Kaolin, Cetearyl Alcohol, Polysorbate 60, Stearic Acid, Charcoal Powder, Dimethicone, Polyethylene, Avena Sativa (oat) Kernel Flour, Betaine, Glyceryl Stearate, Peg-100 Stearate, Sorbitan Stearate, Phenoxyethanol, Trimethylpentanediol/adipic Acid Copolymer, Chlorphenesin, Carbomer Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate, Ginkgo Biloba Leaf Extract, Glycyrrhiza Glabra (licorice) Root Extract, Portulaca Oleracea Extract, Prunus Mume Fruit Extract, Rhus Semialata Gall Extract, Triethanolamine Vanillyl Butyl Ether, Disodium EdtaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Histomoniasis (or histomonosis), also known as blackhead disease, is a commercially important
of , particularly of
and , due to
of a , . The
is transmitted to the bird by the
parasite . H. meleagridis resides within the eggs of H. gallinarum, so birds
the parasites along with contaminated soil or food.
can also act as a
Histomonas meleagridis specifically infects the
include , reduced , poor growth, increased thirst, sulphur-yellow , , and dry, ruffled . The head may become
(bluish in colour), hence the common name of the disease, thus the name 'blackhead' is in all possibility a
for discoloration. The disease carries a high , and is particularly highly fatal in , and less in other birds. Currently, no
is available to treat this disease.
(especially ) and wild birds commonly harbor a number of
with only mild health problems from them. Turkeys are much more susceptible to getting blackhead than are chickens. Thus, chickens can be infected carriers for a long time because they are not removed or medicated by their owners, and they do not die or stop eating/defecating. H. gallinarum eggs can remain infective in soil for four years, a high risk of transmitting blackhead to turkeys remains if they graze areas with chicken
in this time frame.
A protozoan
is responsible for histomoniasis of
ranging from chickens, turkeys, , , , , , , and . The protozoan
is transmitted through the eggs of a , . The eggs are highly resistant to environmental conditions, and H. meleagridis is, in turn, highly viable inside the eggs, even for years. Birds are infected once they
the eggs of the nematode in soil, or sometimes through
the egg-contaminated soil.
can occur rapidly from the heavily infected bird in a
readily through normal contact between uninfected and infected birds and their
in the total absence of
. For this reason, infection can spread very quickly. Once inside the
of the host, the
is moved to the
along with the eggs of H. gallinarum.
The disease causing agent, Histomonas meliagridis, is transmitted in the eggs of the worm Heterakis gallinarum. Once in the environment, the eggs are carried by earthworms. When the worms are eaten and the eggs hatch in the ceca, the pathogen is released. Bird to bird transmission can also occur from cloacal drinking
Visible signs of this disease are cyanosis of the head (hence, “blackhead”) and sulfur-yellow diarrhea. The pathogen causes lesions on the ceca and the liver. The ceca experience ulcerations, enlargement, and caseous masses start to form inside of them. The liver develops round, haemorrhagic, 1-2 centimeter oci that have caseous cores.
Histomoniasis is characterized by blackhead in birds. H. meleagridis is released in the cecum where the eggs of the nematode undergo larval development. The parasite migrates to the
where they cause extensive and severe
of the tissue. Necrosis is initiated by
and gradual , causing thickening of the cecal wall. The
are sometimes exacerbated by other
and . Histomonads then gain entry into small
from the cecal lesions and migrate to the , causing focal necrosis. Turkeys are noted to be most susceptible to the symptoms in terms of , sometimes approaching 100% of a flock.
can be easily performed by
of the fresh or preserved carcass. Unusual lesions have been observed in other organs of turkey such as the , , and .
Symptoms appear within 7–12 days after infection and include depression, reduced appetite, poor growth, increased thirst, sulphur-yellow diarrhoea, listlessness, drooping wings, and unkempt feathers. Young birds have a more
disease and die within a few days after signs appear. Older birds may be sick for some time and become
before death. The symptoms are highly fatal to turkeys, but effect less damage in chickens. However, outbreaks in chickens may result in high , moderate mortality, and extensive , leading to overall poor flock performance. Concurrence of
typhmurium and
was found to cause high mortality in
Currently, no therapeutic
are prescribed for the disease. Therefore, prevention is the sole mode of treatment. This disease can only be prevented by quarantining sick birds and preventing migration of birds around the house, causing them to spread the disease.
of birds with
can reduce exposure to the cecal nematodes that carry the protozoan. Good management of the farm, including immediate
of infected birds and sanitation, is the main useful strategy for controlling the spread of the parasitic contamination. The only drug used for the control () in the United States is nitarsone at 0.01875% of feed until 5 days before marketing. Natustat and nitarsone were shown to be effective therapeutic drugs. , a compound with known
activity, was demonstrated to be significantly effective at 300–400 , and well tolerated by turkeys.
The disease was initially discovered in Rhode Island in the year 1893. Soon after, it was shown to have devastating effects on the turkey industry, especially in New England, dropping production from 11 million birds in 1890 to 6.6 million in 1900. However, improvements in turkey management have curbed the effects of this disease. It has since spread across the globe. It has been found in turkeys, chickens, guinea fowl, and other game birds. Bobwhite quail can also be infected.
Lund EE, Chute AM, Wilkins GC (1975). "The wild turkey as a host for Heterakis gallinarum and Histomonas meleagridis". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 11 (3): 376–381. :.  .
Brener B, Tortelly R, Menezes RC, Muniz-Pereira LC, Pinto RM (2006). "Prevalence and pathology of the nematode Heterakis gallinarum, the trematode Paratanaisia bragai, and the protozoan Histomonas meleagridis in the turkey, Meleagris gallopavo". Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 101 (6): 677–681. :.  .
McDougald, LR (1998). "Intestinal protozoa important to poultry". Poultry Science. 77 (8): 1156–8. :.  .
Davidson DR, Doster GL.
at the . NWTF Wilflife Bulletin No. 25, pp. 25(1-4).
Miles, Gary D. Butcher and Richard D. (19 June 2015). .
Hu, J McDougald, L. R. (2003). . Avian Diseases. 47 (2): 489–92. :.  .
McDougald, LR (2005). "Blackhead disease (histomoniasis) in poultry: A critical review". Avian Diseases. 49 (4): 462–76. :.  .
Dinev, Ivan. . The Poultry Site.
McDougald, Larry R, PhD. The Poultry Site: Histomonosis. Retrieved from
Sentíes-Cué, G Chin, R. P.; Shivaprasad, H. L. (2009). . Avian Diseases Digest. 4 (2): e25. :.
Ganapathy, K.; Salamat, M. H.; Lee, C. C.; Johara, M. Y. (2000). . Avian Pathology. 29 (6): 639. :.
McDougald, Larry R, PhD. The Poultry Site: Histomonosis. Retrieved from
Callait-Cardinal, M. P.; Gilot-Fromont, E.; Chossat, L.; Gonthier, A.; Chauve, C.; Zenner, L. (2009). "Flock management and histomoniasis in free-range turkeys in France: Description and search for potential risk factors". Epidemiology and Infection. 138 (3): 353–63. :.  .
Duffy, C. F.; Sims, M. D.; Power, R. F. (2005). . Avian Diseases. 49 (3): 423–5. :.  .
Hauck, Rü Fuller, A. L.; Greif, G McDougald, L. R. (2010). . Avian Diseases. 54 (1): 28–32. :.  .
McDougald, LR; Abraham, M; Beckstead, RB (December 2012). "An outbreak of blackhead disease (Histomonas meleagridis) in farm-reared bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus)". Avian diseases. 56 (4): 754–6. :.  .  .
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