Visiting the Colosseum: Highlights, Tips & Tours
The Colosseum in Rome
The Flavian Amphitheatre, better known to the world as the Colosseum, is the most universally recognized icon in . You can explore this popular tourist attraction on your own or take a guided tour for more information and the opportunity to ask questions as you go along. Despite damage by fire, earthquake, and neglect, as well as its conversion into a fortress of the Frangipani family, the pillaging of its stone for construction of palaces, and the constant pollution of modern traffic around it, the Colosseum still creates a powerful impression of its original form. The largest structure surviving from ancient Rome, the Colosseum was begun by Vespasian in AD 72 and eight years later enlarged by his son, Titus, adding the fourth story. The name of the Colosseum derived from the immense statue of Nero - called the colossus after the Colossus of Rhodes - the entire area was originally within Nero's Domus Aurea, his palace complex in the center of ancient Rome.
Colosseum Outer Wall
Colosseum Outer Wall
The Colosseum was 186 meters long by 156 meters wide, an oval shape, although it appears to be almost circular. The outer wall, 57 meters in height and built of travertine marble held together by iron clamps instead of mortar, was damaged by several earthquakes, and its entire south side collapsed in the quake of 1349. The fallen stone was used to construct buildings throughout Rome, but you can see the original layers of pilasters and arches in the remaining north side. Those on the ground floor are D the middle, I and the top, Corinthian. What appears to be the outer wall of the rest of the Colosseum is its original inner wall. Of the four main entrances, only fragments of their original reliefs of painted stucco remain.
Colosseum Interior
Colosseum Interior
The purpose of the Colosseum and the reason the Flavian emperors constructed it was to satisfy the public enthusiasm for games and spectacles. But the emperors and nobility also attended, each watching from a level determined by rank. The emperor and the Vestal Virgins had the best views from boxes at the north and south ends of the arena, and you can still see the names of senators carved in the stone of the area between these, which was reserved for them. Noble families sat on the second course, and the general public sat in the third and fourth levels. Rows of seating and internal passages and staircases were carefully arranged so the 50,000 spectators could get to their places or leave within a few minutes.
On the top level, there were originally 240 masts set around the walls that supported an awning over the audience. The entire interior was lavishly decorated, but only a few fragments survive to hint at what it must have looked like in the first centuries. A bronze cross at one end of the arena commemorates the Christian martyrs who were believed to have died here during the Roman Imperial period. In fact, there is little evidence that the arena was used for this, and the first mention of it as a place of Christian martyrdom was not until the 16th century.
The Hypogeum
The Hypogeum
The arena floor was 83 by 48 meters, built of wood, and covered with sand. It has long since been destroyed, so you can now see the walls of the hypogeum, a vast two-story underground labyrinth of tunnels connecting training rooms for gladiators, cages for exotic wild animals, and store-rooms that were hidden underneath the floor. Elaborate machines lifted scenery and caged animals to the arena, and according to accounts of the period, the arena was sometimes filled with water for mock sea battles.
Arch of Constantine
Arch of Constantine
Standing beside the Colosseum, the Arch of Constantine is a triumphal arch honoring the Emperor Constantine as "liberator of the city and bringer of peace" after his victory in the battle of the Milvian Bridge in 312. At 21 meters in height, it is the largest and best preserved Roman triumphal arch, despite being incorporated (along with the Colosseum) into the castle of the Frangipani family for centuries. The arch is decorated with reliefs taken from earlier structures, so some of the scenes have little to do with Constantine and victory, and include a boar hunt and a sacrifice to Apollo.
Tips & Tours: How to Make the Most of Your
Visit to the Colosseum
Visiting the Colosseum is one of the most popular things to do in Rome, so unless you arrive with a pre-booked tour, expect to wait in line. Guided tours can also get you into areas not open to the general public. The best times to arrive are early morning and around noon, when tour bus groups go to lunch.
Guided Tour of the Colosseum: The best way to avoid a wait is to take a, which has the added advantage of an expert guide to point out details you might otherwise miss. Skipping the long line means more time to appreciate the wonders of this remarkable structure and hear stories of its tumultuous past.
Tour of the Hypogeum and Upper Tiers: For an even more in-depth experience and access to areas of the Colosseum most visitors don't see, join the. You'll actually stand where gladiators fought, walk through the underground tunnels, see the enclosures where lions were kept, and enjoy the panoramic view from the top tier. After fully experiencing the Colosseum, these tours also visit the Roman Forum and Palatine Hill for a more complete Ancient Rome experience.
Visiting the Colosseum on Your Own: The Colosseum is grouped with the Forum and Palatine Hill under one inclusive two-day ticket. You can avoid the inevitable lines at the Colosseum by getting your ticket at the entrance to Palatine Hill, where lines are rare.
Comfort: Wear good walking shoes, so you can walk easily on the uneven stones and climb for better views of the vast interior. Large bags, backpacks, or suitcases are not allowed inside and there is no place to check them.
Getting to the Colosseum
Take Linea B, the Blue Line, of the Rome Metro to the Colosseum station, two stops from Termini train station.
Piazza del Colosseo, Rome
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/ Lego Colosseum
Exhibitions
The Colosseum
The largest ever LEGO model of Rome's famous Colosseum was on exhibition at the Nicholson Museum from July 2012 until June 2013. A quarter of a million bricks were used in construction put together by 10,000 slaves working for architect and LEGO Certified Professional Ryan 'Vitruvius' McNaught.The LEGO model is the centrepiece of this exhibition and tells the story of Rome's largest surviving building from the great days of its Empire. Sculptural works, gladiatorial armour, coins of the emperors and artefacts of ordinary Romans, appear alongside the model and capture Roman life during the 100 days of holiday and games when the original Colosseum opened in 80 AD.
Bathurst Regional Art Gallery 13 Dec 2013 - 26 Jan 2014Newcastle Museum 12 Apr 2014 - 29 Jun 2014Albury Art Gallery 20 Dec 2014 - 15 Feb 2015
If you would like more information about the exhibition tour contact the Nicholson Museum via email nicholson.museum[at]sydney.edu.au or call
Lego Colosseum featured on Channel 7's SunriseThe Colosseum restored by Tod&s
Tod’s Group is proud to support the restoration of the Colosseum, the renowned symbol of Italian history.
THE INTERVENTION PLAN
The “intervention plan” for the restoration of the Flavian amphitheatre is a project requested by the government commissioner for Rome’s archaeological areas and Ancient Ostia in collaboration with the Special Superintendent for the Colosseum and the Rome’s Archaeological Heritage and supported by Tod's.
The first part of the intervention plan is completed with the restoration of the northern and southern prospectus (approximately 13,300 square meters), and the replacement of the actual locking system of arches with new gates.
The plan foresees the restoration of the ambulatory and basements of the Colosseum, the retrofit compliance and implementation of standard equipment and the creation and repositioning from internal to an external visitors’ service and reception area.
BEFORE AND AFTER THE RESTORATION: PHOTOS
Result of the first phase of the restoration project: the Colosseum has been restored to its original splendor.
BEFORE AND AFTER THE RESTORATION: PHOTOS
Result of the first phase of the restoration project: the Colosseum has been restored to its original splendor.
BEFORE AND AFTER THE RESTORATION: PHOTOS
Result of the first phase of the restoration project: the Colosseum has been restored to its original splendor.
THE PHASES OF RESTORATION
Photo mapping and surface detection for the restoration.
Washing with atomized water: the alternating action of the water mist and brushing with sorghum brushes, gradually removes the deposits of dirt, reveals the cracks in the monument and safeguards the patina of time.
Rebonding of travertine chips using lime mortar and by injection of liquid hydraulic mortar.
Mortar preparation: sieving of black pozzolana. Application of mortar with a pointing trowel. Pointing treatment blends mimetically with the travertine surfaces.
Mechanical removal of cements using micro-chisels.
Removal of deposits not pertinent to the original surface by localized precision micro-sandblasting.
Replacing the existing closure systems with iron gate closures.
COLOSSEUM MAPPING
COLOSSEUM MAPPING
A unique classification, for the benefit of future studies and restorations.The revised restitution of the monument relief allowed the transfer of all the information stored in the construction site records into digital format, creating four different mappings: state of conservation, constitutive elements, preservative interventions and execution technique.
STATE OF CONSERVATION
Preliminary documentation which locates the different types of alteration and/or degradation found on the monuments surfaces before the preservative intervention.
CONSTITUTIVE ELEMENTS
Identification of every construction element
and its material.
CONSERVATIVE INTERVENTIONS
Identification and location of the conservative interventions done during the present restoring intervention.
EXECUTION TECHNIQUE
Punctual studies and surveys of the work have provided us with further useful indications to increase the knowledge of the monument's construction technique, and to locate the remakes starting from the most ancient.
STATE OF CONSERVATION
Widespread occurrence of micro-organisms
(algae and lichens) caused by the travertine's morphological properties as well as by the micro-climatic conditions. This phenomenon caused a superficial blackening which seemed particularly focused on the mapped areas.
These thick coats give the monument a pleasant chromatic aspect and their colour extends from golden yellow to pink, orange-red, brown and finally dark grey.
Build-up of different extraneous materials with a minimum thickness (atmospheric particles, dust, soil, guano) which lead to foresee the underlying coats of oxalate.
Solid and uniform deposit which characterized the areas which were not directly exposed to the placer mining. The build-up made by atmospheric particles, dust, soil and guano prevented the interpretation of the underlying coats of oxalate.
Solid crust made mostly by atmospheric particles with a variable thickness (up to 1cm). In some areas the deposit spontaneously detached from the substrate which usually was more uneven.
Fallen or lost parts which acquire specific shapes according to the structural features or the weaving.
Mappings have been made of the areas where the phenomenon was more evident.
Different kinds of weeds have been found, which are caused by the exposure and by the micro climatic changes. Among them, caper bushes were found, which caused instability inside the masonry, due to their substantial root structure.
Degradation caused by the total or partial detachment of pieces, often in corrispondence of the original material's discontinuity.
Material removal from the surface caused by this phenomenon was particularly clear down the stone facing at the 3rd order of the southern prospect.
Degradation caused by the development of cavities of different shape and size.
This phenomenon is often observed lengthwise the areas that are more exposed to pouring rain.
Iron elements are characterized by a dusty coat of the corrosion products. Stains were found locally, caused by the absorption of the iron oxides inside the porosity of the
Degradation caused by the
development of the solutions of discontinuity of the material which can imply the repositioning of both parts. This phenomenon is produced mainly by mechanic causes: structural movements, expansion of the iron pivots, natural causes in the structure.
CONSTITUTIVE ELEMENTS
Beside the travertine stone facing,
there are portions in brick work, groutings and topgroutings in cement conglomerate, clamps, gratings, railings and iron structures.
Down the stone facing, beside some traces of ancient mortars, many grountings from previous conservative restorations can be noticed.
Consolidation work from the '50-'60, years in which hundreds of iron and bronze pivots were inserted. A greater concentration was found lengthwise on the northern prospect's four orders.
CONSERVATIVE INTERVENTIONS
In order to remove the micro organisms, the entire surface has been treated wi in order to dry the weeds an anti fouling product has been used, applying it directly on the leaves.
Mechanic cleaning of the iron elements and conservative treatment with a rust converter which is able to turn the oxide into a stable product.
This method of cleaning has been used only on the top of the monument and on the mortar groutings in order to remove the deposits and the micro organisms.
Cleaning of the surfaces in order to remove the superficial deposits of extraneous matter with the action of sprinkled water, by means of an hydraulic system especially designed and assembled to meet the monument's necessities.
In order to remove less soluble organic deposits,
localized cellulose wraps soaked in detergent products were used which are efficient for cleaning, but not aggressive on the underlying stone.
In order to consolidate the gaps found on the masonry, injections of highly adhesive and filling hydraulic mortars were fulfilled. The bonding of small detached fragments has been obtained with epoxy resins charged with marble dust.
Basalt, steel and/or fibreglass pivots were inserted
in order to
improve the adhesion and to guarantee the sealing power for bigger fragments.
The sealing with new groutings has represented an important action of preservation and safeguarding of the monument as it reduced water infiltration inside the masonry.
In order to improve the visual impact, some pre-existing cement groutings have been coloured.
EXECUTION TECHNIQUE
Every block is identified with a consecutive number which identifies it uniquely.
Partition of the unitary elements as classified by the architectonical orders: protruding decoration parts, arches, columns, bases, architraves, pilasters, etc.
The study of the blocks weaving and the orientation of the sedimentation plan is indicative for the interpretation of the monument's building sequences.
For each travertine block, the signs left by finishing tools on the surfaces have been observed.
The mapping shows the modern travertine integrations.
PROJECT NUMBERS
10.150 m²
square meters of travertine surfacesrestored
of different colour and graininesslime and inerts
photos taken to documentthe Colosseum Restoration
1.200 m²
of gates, frames and iron parapets
identified elements in the northernand southern prospect
INTERVIEWS WITH PEOPLE WHO WORKED ON THE PROJECT
Watch the videos showing first-rate experts working with passion and dedication to restore the ultimate symbol of Italy.&nbsp
found memories
A bas-relief about 60 cm in height d the work is attributable to the original Flavian construction.
The bas-reliefs depicting the Christ on the altar, flanked by two burning candlesticks belonging to the Santissimo Salvatore ad Sancta Sanctorum Confraternity, date back to the late 1300s.
In the northern prospect of the Colosseum, down the lower frame of the attic, the notches alternate the washers. Each washer is different from the other.
On the Keystone and on the two adjacent blocks of the arch 65, traces of three plaques painted in 1386 were found: the restoration revealed the Roman Senate emblem and the colours of a Christ's fresco on the altar between two burning candelabra which belonged to the Santissimo Salvatore ad Sancta Sanctorum Confraternity.
During the restoration many iron nails were found which position and shape are attributable to the operations of architectonic relief made during the 1800's.
Discover more
AN ARENA OF LIGHTS AND COLORS
AN ARENA OF LIGHTS AND COLORS
The restored Colosseum shows to the public its night lights and colors show.
Tod’s, in collaboration with the Special Superintendent for the Colosseum and the Rome’s Archaeological Heritage, celebrated the Colosseum restoration by offering to the city of Rome and to its guests the opportunity of enjoying from the arena an expressly created lights and colors show. #TODSFORCOLOSSEUM
"An arena of lights and colors” is part of Tod’s projectssupporting Italian artistic and cultural heritage.
The show will take place from the August 3rd to October 16th, twice a week (on Wednesday and Sunday), from 9:00 pm 'till 11:30 pm, with the last entrance estimated
around 11 pm. Free access to the arena will be applied, for every
entrance slot, to three groups of guests, each formed of
25-30 people. The duration of every round is approximately 20 minutes. The show can be booked by calling the number 06/, or by coming directly to the ticket office located outside the Monument entrance.
THE CONCERT
THE CONCERT
A unique event dedicated to the restoration of the Colosseum and the Italian culture.
The Scala Theatre Academy directed by Zubin Metha and Tod's celebrate the restoration of the Colosseum.A tribute to Italy, its culture, its beauty and its talents.
Dal 2 Luglio al 31 Agostodalle ore 20.00 alle ore 24.00
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THE HISTORY OF THE COLOSSEUM
The construction of the Colosseum, originally the Flavian Amphitheater, was commissioned by Emperor Vespasian.
Titus, the son of Emperor Flavius, completed the construction work. Inaugural games and festivals lasted for 100 days.
‘400 - ‘500
The Colosseum was ruined because of damage caused by a number of earthquakes and, in the same years, it underwent several cycles of restoration (which continued even after the fall of the Empire).
Another earthquake caused the outer south side to collapse. Due to the destruction caused by many earthquakes, the Colosseum was used as source of building material for several years: its travertine blocks can be found in recent buildings such as Palazzo Barberini and the Port of Ripetta.
During the Jubilee, the Colosseum was consecrated in memory of the Christian martyrs who lost their lives there.
The Colosseum was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site.
The restoration works that will bring the Colosseum back to its former glory officially begin.
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