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为什麼找不到英语的所有质料呢?我想要英语的语法、句型转换、还有一些外国的礼仪等等?
省略与替代(Ellipsis and Substitution)省略与替代二者有着紧密的联系,都是为了精简词语和避免重复,常常交替使用,从而使语言简洁明了,上下文联系更加紧密. &O
某一句子成分的省略 (I) Beg your pardon? (There) Must be somebody waiting for you. We’ll do the best we can (do). Only one of us was injured, and he (was injured) just slightly. Which of them is the better choice? ——Well, it’s hard to tell (it). Let’s do the dishes. I’ll wash (dishes) and you dry (dishes). Is this your bike? ——Yes, it is (mine). He’s a real man. ——Who is (a real man)? If you need any of that firewood, I can give you plenty (of that firewood). That letter was the last (I ever received from her). II.
多个句子成分的省略 (I’ll say) A word about your composition. (It is) Interesting, isn’t it? (Is there) Anybody in? (Have you) Got a light? How could you (say so)? Why (do you) not go by bus? Which is the best? ——The red one (is the best). Have you finished the work? ——Yes, I have (finished it). III.
从句或整句省略 He paused as if (he were) expecting Jenny to speak. When (she was) asked about it, she only smiled without giving any answer. It is easier to make a plan than (it is) to carry it out. Do you like the film? ——Oh, (I like it) very much. Shall I make a fair copy of it? ——Yes, (you can make a fair copy of it) if time permits. You would do the same (if you were in my position). I asked her when she would leave, and she said she didn’t know (when she would leave). &O
名词性替代 名词性替代是指用替代词代替名词或名词词组.常见的名词替代词有代词,one/ones, the same, the kind, the sort等.如： The child doesn’t like this book. Show him a more interesting one. (one =book) Today’s libraries are quite different from those of the past. (those =the libraries) I’ll have two boiled eggs, please. ——I’d like the same. (the same =two boiled eggs) II.
动词性替代 动词性替代是指用替代词代替动词或动词短语.常见的动词替代词有do, do so等.如： John speaks French as fluently as he does German. (does =speaks) He said he would tell me the news, but he didn’t do so. (do so =tell me the news) I like playing football. ——So do I. (So do I = I like playing football too.) Mary will enter the competition. ——So will Joan. (so =enter the competition) III.
句子替代 句子替代是指用替代词代替整个从句.主要替代词有so和not.如： ——Do you think he’ll come tomorrow? ——Yes, I think so. (so =that he’ll come tomorrow)
No, I think not. (not =that he’ll not come tomorrow) 倒装（Inversion） 倒装是语言中的一种强调手段,通常将正常语序中较晚出现的成分移至句首.倒装主要分为全部倒装和部分倒装. 全部倒装 全部倒装又称主谓倒装,把整个谓语置于主语之前.这类倒装主要出现在如下句型中： 状语+谓语+主语或表语+谓语+主语 比如： Here comes the bus. Away went the car. There, in the distance, stands a big tree. First came the president and then his wife. Equally inexplicable（难以理解的）was his behavior towards his son. Sitting around her were her children. 需要注意,在状语+谓语+主语句型中,如果主语为代词,主语和动词部分不倒装.如 Away they went. There he comes. 部分倒装 部分倒装常出现在以下几种情况中： 一、句首为否定副词或带有否定意义的词组时 常见词(组)有never, nowhere, no sooner (…than), not until, infrequently, little, rarely, seldom, hardly, neither, nor, not only, in no way, by no means, in/under no circumstances等. Neither do we know how the universe began, or how it will end---if, indeed, it ends at all. Never will anybody move without a force strong enough to overcome the resistance. Never has my brother been abroad before. Hardly had I sat down when I heard someone knocking at the door. No sooner had he returned than he bought a fine house and went to live there. 二、only置于句首,修饰状语(从句)时 Only in this way can we accomplish it on time. Only as the air bubbles out（排出）does the water fill the container. 三、句首为表示方式及频度的副词时 Often does he warn us not to touch the poisonous chemical. Well do I remember the day when it happened. Often had I intended to speak of it. 四、以so (…that)开头的句子 So great was the destruction that the south took decades to recover. So quickly did the workmen finish their work that they were given more pay. 五、as引导的让步状语从句中,表示状态、情形的形容词置于句首 Prominent (卓越的) as he is in his field, he remains easy-going. Wealthy as he is, I don't envy him. 六、在省略了if的虚拟条件句中 Were I you, I wouldn't feel sorry. Had the captain been more careful, his ship would not have been sunk. Shoul独立结构(The Absolute Construction)独立结构是带有自己逻辑主语的结构,又称独立主格结构.作为句子的一个语言单位,其行文简单明了,功能多样. &O
独立结构的形式 I.
名词（或主格结构）＋动词的非谓语动词形式 Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next week. The plan having been made, what is important is to put it into practice. The duty completed, he had three months’ leave. II.
名词（或主格代词）＋形容词 He entered the room, his nose red with cold. She looked at him expectantly, her eyes full of excitement and curiosity. III.
名词（或主格代词）＋介词短语 I stood at his left, my finger on the button, waiting for the order. The teacher entered the classroom, chalk in one hand, (a) textbook in the other. IV.
名词（或主格代词）＋副词 Class over, all the students went out from the classroom. He put on his socks, wrong side out. V.
名词（或主格代词）＋名词 His first shot failed, he fired again. She sat alone in the room, her only company a dying fire. 注意：以上独立结构都可以看成是带being的分词复合结构的省略形式.加入being就变成了分词的复合结构.如： Here are the first two volumes, the third one (being) to come out next week. He entered the room, his nose (being) red with cold. I stood at his left, my finger (being) on the button, waiting for the order. VI.
介词with或without引导的独立结构 这种独立结构的一般构成为：with/without+名/代词＋(分词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词短语),如： With the old man leading, the two started towards the mountains. She felt nervous, with all eyes fixed on her. Never sleep with the window open in the winter. With John away, we’ve got more room. With five minutes to go before the last train left, we arrived at the station. His wife came down the stairs, with her two-year-old son in her arms. VII. “There being +名词” 结构 There being no money left, we have to change our plan. There being no spare parts, the equipment could not be repaired at once. &O
独立结构的句法功能 独立结构在句中多作状语,表示时间、条件、原因、方式、伴随或补充说明,偶尔也作定语或主语（如最后两例句）,如： The bell ringing, all the pupils went into the classroom. Weather permitting,the football match will be played next Sunday. The question being rather difficult, we must take time to consider it carefully. The brave man fought the man-eating tiger, a stick his only weapon. How can I work with you making all that noise? The war was over, without a shot being fired. A little boy with two of his front teeth missing ran into the room. Jenny in trouble was the reason for my rushing thered the weather be wet, the meeting would not be held.
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