新人求SEGA model3模拟器的键位设置的详细教程_街机吧_百度贴吧
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新人求SEGA model3模拟器的键位设置的详细教程
如题，弄了N久都是搞不定，求大神指教！
新人是一个龙珠迷啊！求...
最近发帖问模拟器的人越...
可喜可贺本教程推出1.4...
吴莫愁设计款，杜蕾斯分享爱公益礼盒，和爱人零距离，和公益零距离。
不同的游戏似乎键位也不同。
这个模拟器的按键设定比较复杂，每个对应自己单独的按键设定。不建议使用前端来设置按键，最好是直接在文件里设定按键和包括其他视频等等设置，目前的前端设置不是很好。直接在Config文件夹的Supermodel.ini文件里进行设置。
以下是我自己所使用的模拟器版本和Supermodel.ini文件里的设置。注意，在文件里设置好以后，建议备份Supermodel.ini文件，一旦你在前端更改过设置，模拟器会自动更改Supermodel.ini里的设置。我用的是Supermodel 0.3a - WIP x64 SVN271这个版本+Supermodel-UI前端。Supermodel.ini文件设置：;****;*** Configuration file generated by Supermodel UI? (v0.9 build 151);****[ Global ];****;*** User preferences;****XResolution = 1440YResolution = 900FullScreen = 1SoundVolume = 40MusicVolume = 40PowerPCFrequency = 50Crosshairs = 1;****;*** General input configuration;****; Common InputStart1 = "KEY_1,JOY1_BUTTON9"InputStart2 = "KEY_3,JOY2_BUTTON9"InputCoin1 = "KEY_2,JOY1_BUTTON10"InputCoin2 = "KEY_4,JOY2_BUTTON10"InputServiceA = "KEY_F1"InputServiceB = "KEY_F3"InputTestA = "KEY_F2"InputTestB = "KEY_F4"; 4-way digital joysticksInputJoyUp = "KEY_UP,JOY1_UP"InputJoyDown = "KEY_DOWN,JOY1_DOWN"InputJoyLeft = "KEY_LEFT,JOY1_LEFT"InputJoyRight = "KEY_RIGHT,JOY1_RIGHT"InputJoyUp2 = "KEY_W,JOY2_UP"InputJoyDown2 = "KEY_S,JOY2_DOWN"InputJoyLeft2 = "KEY_A,JOY2_LEFT"InputJoyRight2 = "KEY_D,JOY2_RIGHT"; Fighting game buttonsInputPunch = "KEY_KEYPAD4,JOY1_BUTTON1"InputKick = "KEY_KEYPAD5,JOY1_BUTTON2"InputGuard = "KEY_KEYPAD6,JOY1_BUTTON3"InputEscape = "KEY_KEYPAD1,JOY1_BUTTON4"InputPunch2 = "KEY_Y,JOY2_BUTTON1"InputKick2 = "KEY_U,JOY2_BUTTON2"InputGuard2 = "KEY_I,JOY2_BUTTON3"InputEscape2 = "KEY_H,JOY2_BUTTON4"; Spikeout buttonsInputBeat = "KEY_KEYPAD4,JOY1_BUTTON2"InputCharge = "KEY_KEYPAD2,JOY1_BUTTON3"InputJump = "KEY_KEYPAD8,JOY1_BUTTON4"InputShift = "KEY_KEYPAD6,JOY1_BUTTON1"; Virtua Striker buttonsInputShortPass = "KEY_KEYPAD1,JOY1_BUTTON1"InputLongPass = "KEY_KEYPAD2,JOY1_BUTTON2"InputShoot = "KEY_KEYPAD3,JOY1_BUTTON3"InputShortPass2 = "KEY_T,JOY2_BUTTON1"InputLongPass2 = "KEY_Y,JOY2_BUTTON2"InputShoot2 = "KEY_U,JOY2_BUTTON3"; Steering wheelInputSteeringLeft = "KEY_DEL" digital, turn wheel leftInputSteeringRight = "KEY_PGDN" digital, turn wheel rightInputSteering = "KEY_HOME,JOY1_XAXIS" analog, full steering range; PedalsInputAccelerator = "KEY_HOME,JOY1_UP"InputBrake = "KEY_END,JOY1_DOWN"; Up/down shifter manual transmission (all racers)InputGearShiftUp = "KEY_KEYPADDIVIDE" sequential shift upInputGearShiftDown = "KEY_KEYPADMULTIPLY" sequential shift down; 4-Speed manual transmission (Daytona 2, Sega Rally 2, Scud Race)InputGearShift1 = "KEY_KEYPAD5,JOY1_BUTTON5"InputGearShift2 = "KEY_KEYPAD6,JOY1_BUTTON6"InputGearShift3 = "KEY_KEYPAD7,JOY1_BUTTON7"InputGearShift4 = "KEY_KEYPAD8,JOY1_BUTTON8"InputGearShiftN = "KEY_KEYPAD9"; VR4 view change buttons (Daytona 2, Le Mans 24, Scud Race)InputVR1 = "KEY_KEYPAD1,JOY1_BUTTON1"InputVR2 = "KEY_KEYPAD2,JOY1_BUTTON2"InputVR3 = "KEY_KEYPAD3,JOY1_BUTTON3"InputVR4 = "KEY_KEYPAD4,JOY1_BUTTON4"; Single view change button (Dirt Devils, ECA, Harley-Davidson, Sega Rally 2)InputViewChange = "KEY_INSERT,JOY1_BUTTON1"; Handbrake (Dirt Devils, Sega Rally 2)InputHandBrake = "KEY_PGUP,JOY1_BUTTON2"; Harley-Davidson controlsInputRearBrake = "KEY_N,JOY1_BUTTON2"InputMusicSelect = "KEY_M,JOY1_BUTTON3"; Virtual On macrosInputTwinJoyTurnLeft = "KEY_INSERT,JOY1_RXAXIS_NEG"InputTwinJoyTurnRight = "KEY_PGUP,JOY1_RXAXIS_POS"InputTwinJoyForward = "KEY_HOME,JOY1_YAXIS_NEG"InputTwinJoyReverse = "KEY_END,JOY1_YAXIS_POS"InputTwinJoyStrafeLeft = "KEY_DEL,JOY1_XAXIS_NEG"InputTwinJoyStrafeRight = "KEY_PGDN,JOY1_XAXIS_POS"InputTwinJoyJump = "KEY_KEYPAD5,JOY1_BUTTON1"InputTwinJoyCrouch = "KEY_KEYPAD4,JOY1_BUTTON2"; Virtual On individual joystick mappingInputTwinJoyLeft1 = "KEY_LEFT"InputTwinJoyLeft2 = "KEY_A"InputTwinJoyRight1 = "KEY_RIGHT"InputTwinJoyRight2 = "KEY_D"InputTwinJoyUp1 = "KEY_UP"InputTwinJoyUp2 = "KEY_W"InputTwinJoyDown1 = "KEY_DOWN"InputTwinJoyDown2 = "KEY_S"; Virtual On buttonsInputTwinJoyShot1 = "KEY_KEYPAD6,JOY1_BUTTON5"InputTwinJoyShot2 = "KEY_T,JOY1_BUTTON6"InputTwinJoyTurbo1 = "KEY_KEYPAD3,JOY1_BUTTON7"InputTwinJoyTurbo2 = "KEY_G,JOY1_BUTTON8"; Analog joystick (Star Wars Trilogy)InputAnalogJoyLeft = "KEY_LEFT,MOUSE_LEFT" digital, move leftInputAnalogJoyRight = "KEY_RIGHT,MOUSE_RIGHT" digital, move rightInputAnalogJoyUp = "KEY_UP,MOUSE_UP" digital, move upInputAnalogJoyDown = "KEY_DOWN,MOUSE_DOWN" digital, move downInputAnalogJoyX = "JOY_XAXIS,MOUSE_XAXIS" analog, full X axisInputAnalogJoyY = "JOY_YAXIS,MOUSE_YAXIS" analog, full Y axisInputAnalogJoyTrigger = "KEY_KEYPAD6,JOY_BUTTON1,MOUSE_LEFT_BUTTON"InputAnalogJoyEvent = "KEY_KEYPAD3,JOY_BUTTON2,MOUSE_RIGHT_BUTTON"InputAnalogJoyTrigger2 = "KEY_T"InputAnalogJoyEvent2 = "KEY_G"; Light guns (Lost World)InputGunLeft = "KEY_LEFT,MOUSE1_LEFT" digital, move gun leftInputGunRight = "KEY_RIGHT,MOUSE1_RIGHT" digital, move gun rightInputGunUp = "KEY_UP,MOUSE1_UP" digital, move gun upInputGunDown = "KEY_DOWN,MOUSE1_DOWN" digital, move gun downInputGunX = "MOUSE1_XAXIS,JOY1_XAXIS" analog, full X axisInputGunY = "MOUSE1_YAXIS,JOY1_YAXIS" analog, full Y axisInputTrigger = "KEY_KEYPAD6,JOY1_BUTTON1,MOUSE1_LEFT_BUTTON"InputOffscreen = "KEY_KEYPAD5,JOY1_BUTTON2,MOUSE1_RIGHT_BUTTON" point off-screenInputAutoTrigger = 1 automatic reload when off-screenInputGunLeft2 = "KEY_A"InputGunRight2 = "KEY_D"InputGunUp2 = "KEY_W"InputGunDown2 = "KEY_S"InputGunX2 = "MOUSE2_XAXIS,JOY2_XAXIS"InputGunY2 = "MOUSE2_YAXIS,JOY2_YAXIS"InputTrigger2 = "KEY_Y,MOUSE2_LEFT_BUTTON,JOY2_BUTTON1"InputOffscreen2 = "KEY_T,MOUSE2_RIGHT_BUTTON,JOY2_BUTTON2"InputAutoTrigger2 = 1; Analog guns (Ocean Hunter, LA Machineguns)InputAnalogGunLeft = "KEY_LEFT,MOUSE1_LEFT" digital, move gun leftInputAnalogGunRight = "KEY_RIGHT,MOUSE1_RIGHT" digital, move gun rightInputAnalogGunUp = "KEY_UP,MOUSE1_UP" digital, move gun upInputAnalogGunDown = "KEY_DOWN,MOUSE1_DOWN" digital, move gun downInputAnalogGunX = "MOUSE1_XAXIS,JOY1_XAXIS" analog, full X axisInputAnalogGunY = "MOUSE1_YAXIS,JOY1_YAXIS" analog, full Y axisInputAnalogTriggerLeft = "KEY_KEYPAD1,JOY1_BUTTON1,MOUSE1_LEFT_BUTTON"InputAnalogTriggerRight = "KEY_KEYPAD2,JOY1_BUTTON1,MOUSE1_RIGHT_BUTTON"InputAnalogGunLeft2 = "KEY_A,MOUSE2_LEFT"InputAnalogGunRight2 = "KEY_D,MOUSE2_RIGHT"InputAnalogGunUp2 = "KEY_W,MOUSE2_UP"InputAnalogGunDown2 = "KEY_S,MOUSE2_DOWN"InputAnalogGunX2 = "MOUSE2_XAXIS,JOY2_XAXIS"InputAnalogGunY2 = "MOUSE2_YAXIS,JOY2_YAXIS"InputAnalogTriggerLeft2 = "KEY_T,JOY2_BUTTON1,MOUSE2_LEFT_BUTTON"InputAnalogTriggerRight2 = "KEY_Y,JOY2_BUTTON1,MOUSE2_RIGHT_BUTTON"; Ski Champ controlsInputSkiLeft = "KEY_LEFT"InputSkiRight = "KEY_RIGHT"InputSkiUp = "KEY_UP"InputSkiDown = "KEY_DOWN"InputSkiX = "MOUSE_XAXIS,JOY1_XAXIS"InputSkiY = "MOUSE_YAXIS,JOY1_YAXIS"InputSkiPollLeft = "KEY_KEYPAD1,JOY1_BUTTON1"InputSkiPollRight = "KEY_KEYPAD2,JOY1_BUTTON2"InputSkiSelect1 = "KEY_KEYPAD3,JOY1_BUTTON3"InputSkiSelect2 = "KEY_KEYPAD4,JOY1_BUTTON4"InputSkiSelect3 = "KEY_KEYPAD5,JOY1_BUTTON5";****;*** SUI configuration;****;GameListPref=1;GameTimeLog=oceanhun,1,149;InputMethod=2
还真的很复杂~谢谢你的回答！
这个游戏深海猎人的键位怎么设置 ？
求解~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Analog guns (Ocean Hunter, LA Machineguns)InputAnalogGunLeft = "KEY_LEFT,MOUSE1_LEFT" ; digital, move gun leftInputAnalogGunRight = "KEY_RIGHT,MOUSE1_RIGHT" ; digital, move gun rightInputAnalogGunUp = "KEY_UP,MOUSE1_UP" ; digital, move gun upInputAnalogGunDown = "KEY_DOWN,MOUSE1_DOWN" ; digital, move gun downInputAnalogGunX = "MOUSE1_XAXIS,JOY1_XAXIS" ; analog, full X axisInputAnalogGunY = "MOUSE1_YAXIS,JOY1_YAXIS" ; analog, full Y axisInputAnalogTriggerLeft = "KEY_KEYPAD1,JOY1_BUTTON1,MOUSE1_LEFT_BUTTON"InputAnalogTriggerRight = "KEY_KEYPAD2,JOY1_BUTTON1,MOUSE1_RIGHT_BUTTON"InputAnalogGunLeft2 = "KEY_A,MOUSE2_LEFT"InputAnalogGunRight2 = "KEY_D,MOUSE2_RIGHT"InputAnalogGunUp2 = "KEY_W,MOUSE2_UP"InputAnalogGunDown2 = "KEY_S,MOUSE2_DOWN"InputAnalogGunX2 = "MOUSE2_XAXIS,JOY2_XAXIS"InputAnalogGunY2 = "MOUSE2_YAXIS,JOY2_YAXIS"InputAnalogTriggerLeft2 = "KEY_T,JOY2_BUTTON1,MOUSE2_LEFT_BUTTON"InputAnalogTriggerRight2 = "KEY_Y,JOY2_BUTTON1,MOUSE2_RIGHT_BUTTON"这段就是设置洛杉矶机枪和深海猎人的键位的，模拟器需要更新到Supermodel 0.3a - WIP x64 SVN271或以上版本才能正常使用。
撸管是种恶习，但我似乎戒不掉了！　
[url]http://sonyhzl@sina.co
m[/url].求.新.版.模.拟.器发贴失败
【原版模拟器使用说明】[直接在Supermodel.ini文件里设置模拟器的选项]【设置】宽屏显示: 宽屏使用此项效果更好，但是边缘可能会有贴图问题。Throttle: 限制帧数为60FPS*PowerPC*s frequency: 的频率-调整速度默认50MHZ(大部分)，少数游戏需要65MHZ(毒蛇格斗2)。【输入设置】DirectInput - 支持大部分输入设备 默认选项XInput - 支持手柄输入Raw Input - 支持多鼠标、多键盘、多手柄等多重设备输入(InputMethod=2)*【】切换60帧限帧开关: ALT+T
切换全屏/窗口: ALT+ENTER重置: ALT+R
暂停: ALT+P选择十字准星: ALT+I
即时存档: F5切换存档位置: F6
即时读档: F7音乐音量 降低/升高: F9/F10
音效音量 降低/升高: F11/F12
Supermodel0.3a-WIP x64 SVN271
太复杂了。
我用了大神的那个设置文件
同样是玩的海洋猎手结果鼠标在屏幕底下乱动
反键是攻击1是玩家一上线
下了LZ的模拟器和深海猎人，发现可以用箭头键移动光标了，但是鼠标还是无法使用。有趣的是，切换成触控板，却可以操纵，只是用鼠标不可以，不知能否解惑？
求271的模拟器
新人求助啊，特别想玩海底猎人，但是下了新版的模拟器，再把那个代码输入上去，鼠标还是一直在下面设置不了呀。求打包发邮箱感激不尽！
求深海猎人 设置好的模拟器打包，本人40岁还在玩街机， 实在找不到了。
贴吧热议榜
使用签名档&&
保存至快速回贴The WWII Fighter Gun Debate: Gun Tables
Gun Tables
The Columns
For every gun in the tables, the following parameters are
The Name of the gun. This
should be an obvious fact, but alas there is a lot of
misinformation around. Especially Japanese guns are very poorly
documented, and as there were a great number of different guns in
service in the Japanese Army and Navy, the potential for
confusion is enormous.
The type of round as, for
example, 13 x 64B. The first number is the caliber, in millimeter. This
represents some approximation of the diameter of the barrel and
the projectile. It is not a very accurate parameter, because
there are several different conventions to measure this, and to
make things even worse, armed forces sometimes choose arbitrary
numbers for administrative convenience. The second number is the length of the cartridge case, again
in millimeter. The length of the case is used instead of the
length of the projectile or of the overall length of the
cartridge, because the first is characteristic for the gun, while
the other two are dependent on the type of projectile used. To
this case length one appends an indication for the shape of the
base of the cartridge case, if required: R for Rimmed and SR
for Semi-Rimmed cases, RB for reBated Rimless cartridges
(some authors list these as RR), and B for Belted
cartridge cases. Such variations in shape are usually linked to
the operating principle of the gun.
The weight of the projectile
in gram. Note that guns are usually able to fire several types of
ammunition, and different types of ammunition were usually mixed.
Hence an average is given, or in some cases a typical value.
Because projectiles with different weights have different muzzle
velocities, this implies that the value for the muzzle velocity
is also an average.
The rate of fire in rounds
per minute. Note that for synchronized guns, which fire through
the propeller disc, the average rate of fire can be significantly
The muzzle velocity in
meter per second. For those more familiar with feet: A foot is
0.3048 meter. A high muzzle velocity gives a flatter trajectory,
a shorter time of flight towards the target, and better armour
penetration. The muzzle velocity is a characteristic of the gun,
but also depends on the weight of the projectile and the type of
propellant in the cartridge case, so again may vary depending on
the ammunition type.
The weight of the gun, in
kilogram. A pound is 0.4536 kilogram. The importance of weight
for aircraft designers is obvious. For reference, it is good to
keep in mind that the empty weight (without fuel, ammunition and
pilot) of a single-engined, single-seat World War II fighter
varied between 2000&kg and 5000&kg. Another
consideration is that the guns were often in the wings, far from
the center of gravity, and to achieve good manoeuvrability it is
best to concentrate the mass around this center. The need for
ammunition storage, structural reinforcement, and access panels
of course added significantly to the installed weight. Larry Bell
estimated the weight penalty for four .50 Browning M2 wing guns
as about 1000 lb .
The quality factor Q is a standard that
Russian designers have been using to evaluate and compare guns.
Basically, it is a power-to-weight ratio: The kinetic energy at
the muzzle (which is one half the projectile weight multiplied
with the square of the muzzle velocity) multiplied by the
rate of fire in rounds per second, and divided by the weight of
the gun. Essentially, this says how much power a gun produces for
a given weight, and is similar to the horsepower-per-weight
figure for engines. This Q value is a measure of the efficiency
of a gun, not of its firepower: A light gun with a modest
ballistic performance will have a better Q value than a powerful,
but too heavy gun. Evidently it contains no information about
reliability, accuracy, range, ammunition performance, or
manufacturing cost. Nevertheless it is a sensible way to compare
The factor M is
another quality factor: The mass output, divided by the weight of
the gun. The mass output is the weight of the projectiles,
multiplied by the rate of fire in rounds per second. This too is
a measure of the efficiency of the gun, not of its power.
Rifle-calibre machineguns
Rifle-calibre machine guns (RCMGs) ranged from 7.5&mm to
8&mm. Such weapons were standard armament for fighters
during the First World War. Even then it was observed that they
were somewhat deficient in destructive power, and too easily
countered by installing armour. Yet they were still in use in the
early years of WWII. Compared to the guns of WWI the RCMGs were
substantially improved: They were more reliable and had a higher
rate of fire. Nevertheless most of the rifle-caliber guns were
withdrawn from service by the second half of the war, because
they were ineffective against the new generation of combat
aircraft, that carried armour plate and self-sealing fuel tanks.
The Browning .303 gun survived in the gun turrets of British
bombers, but only because an alternative was not readily
available.
United States
Browning .30 M2
United Kingdom
Browning .303
Breda-SAFAT
Japanese Army
Type 89 Flexible
7.7 x 58SR
7.7 x 58SR
Type 89 Fixed
7.7 x 58SR
Type 98 Flexible
7.7 x 58SR
Type 100 / Type 1
Japanese Navy
Type 92 Flexible
Type 97 Fixed
Type 1 Flexible
7.62 x 54R
Information about Germans guns on the
Luftwaffe Resource Page.
Bordwaffen on Luftarchiv.de.
Aviation Gunnery Page.
Browning .303
machineguns in the wing of a Hurricane. The leading edge is to
the right.
The best known gun in this list is the Browning.
The origins of this recoil-operated weapon go back to a gun
designed in 1917 for use by the infantry. (The earlier Model 1895
Browning was gas-operated.) The M2 version was developed in the
early 1920s for installation in aircraft, and had a higher rate
of fire than the older models. The British version fired rimmed
.303 ammunition instead of rimless .30 ammunition, and was also
modified to fire from an open bolt instead of a closed bolt,
because the British used cordite propellant that was sensitive to
Eight .303 Browning guns were installed in the first monoplane
fighters of the RAF, the Spitfire and the Hurricane, although
concerns about the effectiveness of rifle-calibre machineguns had
already been voiced during WWI. A major advantage of the Browning
over the older Vickers guns was its reliability. The pilot could
not reach guns installed in the wings to clear stoppages, so
reliability was essential.
FN also produced versions of the Browning in several different
calibres, and speed the gun up to a nominal 1500&rpm
(1400&rpm for a new gun, 1700&rpm for a gun that had
been run-in). This FN-Browning was also used by the French air
force in their 7.5x54 calibre, mostly for imported aircraft.
The gas-operated French 7.5&mm Darne
was used in both fixed and movable installations. It was not a
very reliable gun, and before war broke out the air force had
retired the weapon. It was still in service in naval aircraft.
The air force instead switched to the MAC
1934, which was also a 7.5&mm weapon. The initial
version was drum-fed, using large 300-round drums, but in 1939 a
belt-fed model was introduced.
17 guns were installed under the engine cowling of Messerschmitt
Bf 109s, until they were replaced by the MG 131 in the Bf 109G-5.
This is a Bf 109E-4.
The German MG 17 was derived from
the Swiss Solothurn design. It was often in synchronized
installations, on the engine cowlings of German fighters, and
this reduced rate of fire to 1000&rpm. The standard flexible
gun, the MG 15, was very similar. In
1939 the Luftwaffe introduced the superior Mauser MG 81, a development of the MG 34 of the
Army. The MG 81 was much lighter than the MG 17 and had a high
rate of fire. But because the Luftwaffe recognized that the
7.92&mm calibre was obsolete as fighter armament, the MG 81
was used almost exclusively in defensive installations on
two-seat fighters and bombers. There the MG 81 was usually found
in the twin-gun MG 81Z installation. It was the best performer of
the RCMGs, slightly superior even to the Soviet ShKAS.
The Italian Breda-SAFAT
7.7&mm gun was fairly important in the early years of World
War II, and earlier in the Spanish civil war. It was used in
combination with the 12.7&mm version, in an attempt to boost
the feeble firepower of the underpowered Italian fighters without
inflicting a too large weight penalty on them.
No country had so many different guns in use as Japan, with so
many different types of ammunition. The Japanese Army and Navy
independently produced nearly identical weapons, and with
non-interc this is symbolic for the lack of
cooperation between the two services.
The Army used copies of the Vickers as the Type 89 fixed and the Te-1, which was a flexible version of this
gun. The 7.7&mm Type 89 flexible
was an indigeneous magazine-fed design used in flexible,
defensive installations, twin guns being placed on a single
mount. If these guns were used individually, they were known as
the Te-4 or Type
89 (modified single). The Type 100
or Type 1 were Japanese versions of
a Czech design, also used in twins, and firing
7.92&x&57 ammunition. Finally, the German MG&15
was used the Type 98 flexible.
The Japanese Navy used the Type 92,
a copy of the Lewis and again used in flexible installations, the
Type 97, an improved Vickers, and
the Type 1, also based on the
The Russian ShKAS had a high rate
of fire and a high muzzle velocity, and was the best of the RCMGs
found in fixed installations. The powerful ammunition carried
special marks, to prevent its accidental use in rifles. There was
also an upgraded model, the Ultra ShKAS,
which had an extremely high rate of fire for its time: 2700 rpm.
Some of these guns were installed on I-16s and used in combat
during the Winter War with Finland, but it was insufficiently
reliable to be put into series production. Russian fighters were
also quick to adopt medium-calibre machineguns and cannon, making
further development of the rifle-calibre weapons superfluous.
Medium-calibre Machineguns
Traditionally one distinguishes rifle-calibre and medium-calibre
machineguns. The latter are often called heavy machineguns
(HMGs), but this can lead to confusion because that term is also
applied to some rifle-calibre machineguns. Medium-calibre weapons
are .50 and similar, in practice ranging from 11&mm to
15&mm. The bullet is up to four times heavier than that of a
rifle-calibre machinegun, and can be fired at a high muzzle
velocity. Hence it usually has good ballistic characteristics.
The rate of fire is usually much lower than that of rifle-calibre
As the war progressed, aircraft were modified with more
effective armour and better self-sealing tanks. The US Navy, for
example, considered its aircraft well protected against .50 fire,
and even 20&mm rounds.
German and British fighters were designed to be protected against
.50 fire from the front, and 20&mm fire from the rear.
However, the .50 remained a reasonably effective weapon against
fighters and the lighter bombers, if enough
usually six in American-built fighters. Only during the war in
Korea the .50 was clearly proved to be deficient in destructive
United States
Browning .50 M2
Japanese Army
Ho-103 (Type 1)
12.7 x 81SR
Japanese Navy
13&mm Type 2
13&mm Type 3
Breda-SAFAT
12.7 x 81SR
12.7 x 81SR
12.7 x 108
12.7 x 108
Information about Germans guns on the
Luftwaffe Resource Page.
Bordwaffen on Luftarchiv.de.
Aviation Gunnery Page.
Most US fighters of the war carried Browning
.50 M2 guns. Usually six were installed. These are the inboard
guns in the left wing of a Grumman F4F-4 Wildcat. Two
more guns were further outboard.
The Browning M2 was the standard
armament of US fighter aircraft during WWII. Its development
began at the end of WWI, primarily as a weapon for fighters,
because it was understood that rifle-calibre machineguns did not
have enough destructive power and range. (Similar attempts were
made in Britain, but the British .50 guns did not enter
widespread service.) The Browning .50 was first adopted in the
early 1920s as the M1921, but did not reach maturity until the M2
model was introduced in 1932. By the standards of WWII it was
rather heavy and its rate of fire was unremarkable, but muzzle
velocity was high and the ballistic characteristics very good.
The gun was also easy to manufacture and extremely reliable,
although the barrels wore out quickly especially if long bursts
were fired. In slightly different versions it was used by all US
military services, and it was easy to exchange spare parts or
switch factory output from one service to another.[67] The Browning .50 still was the
standard armament of USAF fighters during the Korean war, but
then in the upgraded M3 model, introduced in the last months of
WWII. The rate of fire of the M3 was increased to 1200 rpm.
The Japanese Army Ho-103 was a
copy of the Browning .50. The copy was lighter and had a higher
rate of fire, but it also fired a smaller round, with a cartridge
case 81&mm long instead of the 99&mm of the Browning.
The Japanese Navy also copied the Browning, to create the Type 3, but in typical style it chose to
use different ammunition! The 13.2&mm calibre was the same
as used by Hotchkiss anti-aircraft guns, although the 99&mm
cartridge case was almost identical to that of the Browning. The
Navy also used the Type 2, which was
a copy of the German MG&131, retaining the dimensions of its
13 x 64B ammunition, but with percussion firing instead of
electrical ignition.
The German MG 131 with its light
13&mm ammunition was developed for synchronized
installations, typically in the engine cowling of German
fighters. It had electrical firing to simplify the
synchronisation. The MG 131 was a light weapon, but this was
achieved by combining a modest muzzle velocity and a light
projectile. Despite its limitations, it was used in German
fighters until the end of the war, because it was not possible to
install the MG 151 in the engine cowling of small fighters such
as the Bf 109 or Fw 190; only the Do 335 and Ta 152C had the MG
151 as cowl gun. The MG 151 was a
much heavier, much more powerful weapon, and it replaced the
20&mm MG-FF as centreline armament on the Bf 109F. During
the war a copy of the MG 151 was designed in the USA, modified to
fire a very powerful .60 (15.2 x 114, 76.5&g) round. But
this T17 gun never reached service,
and only about 350 were made.
The Italian Breda-SAFAT was the
main weapon of Italian fighters in the early years of the war,
and most (CR.42, G.50, Re.2000, and C.200) carried only two.
Unfortunately for them, it was not a very good gun. It fired a
Vickers 12.7 x 81SR cartridge, the same as adopted by the
Japanese Army for the Ho-103, but the Japanese gun was lighter
and fired faster. The Breda-SAFAT was reliable and accurate,
however, and its ammunition was considered very effective. A Scotti gun in the same calibre was also
produced. It was considered superior, and was mostly used in
flexible installations.
Again, the Soviet Berezin UB was
probably the best gun, with a ballistic performance similar to
that of the Browning gun, but a considerably higher rate of fire.
The UBK was the version for installations in aircraft wings. The
synchronized UBS for cowling gun installations had a lower rate
of fire, though a still creditable 800 rpm. This was significant,
for most Soviet fighters had their guns on the engine cowling.
The 20mm cannon
The advantage of cannon firing high-explosive
rounds, as illustrated in a pre-war French source. Only the black
parts of the bomber are vulnerable to machineguns: Crew, engines,
fuel tanks. Cannon hits anywhere may cause sufficient damage to
down the aircraft.
Cannon are now usually defined as weapons with a calibre of
20&mm or larger, but historically operators have used
several other definitions.
It is usually considered that 20&mm is the smallest
practical calibre in which explosive projectiles can be used.
Smaller ones have been made, and the Japanese even made HEI
ammunition for rifle-calibre machineguns. But usually light and
heavy machineguns were loaded with a mixture of incendiary and
armour-piercing rounds. Such ammunition also existed for
20&mm cannon, so the projectile was not necessarily
high-explosive.
Fusing was always critical for high-explosive rounds. A too
sensitive or too fast fuse would make the projectile ineffective,
as it would explode when hitting the outer plating of the
aircraft. A too slow fuse could also have disadvantages, as the
projectile could pass through the aircraft before exploding. It
took some time to develop suitable fuses. Early British
20&mm rounds were ineffective because they exploded too
fast, and for some time solid AP rounds were the most used
ammunition for the Hispano cannon.
Switzerland
Oerlikon FF F
Oerlikon FF L
20 x 101RB
Oerlikon FF S
20 x 110RB
20 x 110RB
United Kingdom
Hispano Mk.II
Hispano Mk.V
Japanese Army
Type 94 Flexible
Ho-5 (Type 2)
Japanese Navy
20 x 101RB
Information
about Germans guns on the Luftwaffe Resource Page.
S.V.Vladimirov,
co-designer of the ShVAK.
M.E.Berezin,
designer of the UB and B-20.
VYa-23 page in
the Russian Aviation Museum.
Russian Aviation
Gunnery Page.
The Swiss Oerlikon
guns provided the inspiration for many 20mm guns. The original
Oerlikon aircraft cannon was designated FF for flügelfest,
wing-mounted. Later the gun was adopted for three types of
ammunition, and the original version became the FF F, while the other two were called FF S and FF L.
The FF F was copied as the Japanese Type&99-1, while the
Type&99-2 was a license-built copy of the FF&L. The
French Hispano-Suiza HS.7 and HS.9 were based on the FF&S.
The German MG&FF was based on the FF&F, but the weapon
was entirely redesigned.
The Luftwaffe at first experimented with the MG&c/30L, a weapon derived from a
Flak gun. It was very powerful, and in principle it could be used
to engage the enemy from a safe distance. But it was also heavy
and slow-firing. (A lighter version, the Lb&204,
which fired different ammunition (20 x 105B or 20 x 105,
134&g) at 400&rpm, later appeared as defensive armament
on Do&18E and Bv&138 flying boats.)
Instead the Germans adopted the Ikaria MG-FF,
a weapon that was much lighter and had a modestly higher rate of
fire, but also had a low muzzle velocity. It was a reengineered
version of the Oerlikon FF F cannon. The MG-FF was usually fed
from a 60-round drum. The MG-FF/M version was modified to fire
the new 92&g projectile, often called Minengeschoss.
This was a thin-walled HE projectile, with more high explosive
than the older, conventional 134&g HE projectile, and
therefore greater destructive power against &soft&
targets. The main disadvantage of the MG-FF was that it was a
short-range weapon, and its ballistic characteristics were very
different from those of the 7.92&mm machineguns installed on
the same fighters (mainly the Bf 109E).
Left, the MG 151/20
20&mm aircraft cannon, here installed post-war in a French
Piasecki H-21 helicopter. The four cylinders around the base of
the barrel are recoil absorbers, and belong to the gun mount, not
to the gun.
From the end of 1940 onwards the MG-FF was replaced by the
excellent Mauser MG 151/20 cannon,
derived from the 15&mm MG&151. The changes were limited
to a change in projectile and barrel. The overall length of the
cartridge remained the same, and because the 20&mm version
fired a heavier projectile with less propellant, it had a lower
muzzle velocity than the 15&mm gun. Some weight was saved by
reducing the length of the barrel. In the table these changes
produce a slight increase in Q and a large increase in M.
The MG151/20 was an excellent weapon against fighters, but the
Bf 109F carried only one. Later fighters began carrying more of
these guns, but against sturdy bombers such as the B-17 even the
MG 151/20 was insufficient. This weapon was also used by the
Italians, and some were shipped to Japan by submarine.
The USSR had an excellent cannon in the
a compact, fast-firing and powerful weapon. The ShVAK was
basically an enlarged ShKAS, and it also existed in a (very rare)
12.7&mm version.
The ShVAK was fitted to the I-16 Typ 12 (also known as the
I-16P), which was first flown in the summer of 1936 and entered
service in 1937. A relatively small number of these aircraft,
which were the first cannon-armed fighters in service, were
completed. Larger number were produced of the Typ 17, which
was powered by the more powerful M-25V engines. The ShVAK
remained standard armament on Soviet fighters throughout
the war, but in 1945 its replacement by the equally performant,
much lighter B-20 began. The B-20
was one of the best aircraft guns of the war.
Bristol Beaufighter carried four 20&mm Hispano cannon in
ventral compartiments. In early models, the gun was fed by
60-round drums. When these were empty, the second crewmember had
to replace them by full ones... The installation of
belt-fed guns was a much welcomed improvement. [15]
For French fighters such as the Dewoitine D.501 and
Morane-Saulnier MS.405, Hispano-Suiza had manufactured a
licence-built version of the Oerlikon cannon, as the HS.7 and HS.9.
Engine designer Mark Birkigt decided to develop a new 20&mm
cannon, the HS.404, with a higher
performance. The HS.404 had a different action, a higher rate of
fire, and a much higher muzzle velocity. The British were
impressed, and by 1939 the Hispano
was in production in Britain. Originally it was fed from a
60-round drum, but in the autumn of 1941 a satisfactory belt-feed
mechanism was produced. The Hispano was slim, but long
(2.36&m long, compared to 1.76&m for the ShVAK) and
heavy. Rate of fire of the Mk.II version was lower than that of
other 20&mm cannon, but the muzzle velocity was high.
Initially, solid AP ammunition was preferred, but later in the
war a mixture of HE/I and SAP/I was introduced. The Mk.V was a
lighter and faster-firing version, without in-flight cocking
mechanism and with a shorter barrel. (See note 5.) .
As the Hispano M1 or M2, this weapon was used on a limited
scale by the USAAF and slightly more by the USN. In American
service, there were frequent complaints about the unreliability
of the guns and feed mechanisms. Some of the changes that had
been made in British guns to improve reliability were not
included in the US guns, which were made directly from French
drawings. It also appears that parts were made with excessive
tolerances. The USAAF used the Hispano in the P-61 nightfighter
and in the P-38 day fighter. The USN installed it in some attack
aircraft, such as the Curtiss SB2C dive-bomber, and a small
number of F4U fighters. Only after WWII did the USN adopt the
20&mm cannon, then in the improved M3 version, as its
standard weapons for fighters.
Again, the Japanese Army and Navy used different weapons. The
Army showed an early interest in the use of 20&mm guns in
defensive installations, and the Type 94
was installed as a flexible gun in the Ki-20 bomber. It was a
derivative of the Oerlikon L, not of the FF-series of aircraft
guns developed by Oerlikon, and was already obsolete. Later
developments of the Type 97 anti-tank gun were put in service as
the Ho-1 and the Ho-3, the Ho-1 for flexible installations
and the Ho-3 for fixed installations. These guns were slow-firing
and fairly heavy. Some Army fighters were equipped with the
German MG&151/20. In August 1943 a submarine had brought 800
of these cannon from Germany, and they were installed in Ki-61s.
Finally, the Army adopted the Ho-5,
a derivative of the Browning .50 that probably was the best
Japanese fighter gun of the war. The Ho-5 was lighter, had a high
rate of fire, and it was belt-fed instead of drum-fed. But near
the end of the war the Japanese had a shortage of high-strength
alloys, and to compensate for the reduced strength of the guns
the Army reduced the pressures. Hence the muzzle velocity of the
Ho-5 dropped from 820&m/s to 700 - 730 m/s.
The Navy cannon were the Type 99-1
and Type 99-2, copies of the
FF&F and FF L respectively. Formally (though not in
practice), they were adopted in the same year, the Japanese
calendar year 2599, or 1939. Both the Type 99-1 and Type 99-2
were produced in different models, and the later models of both
guns were belt-fed. Earlier models usually had 60-round
ammunition drums. The Type 99-1 was light, but had a poor rate of
fire and a low muzzle velocity. It was carried by early models of
the Mitsubishi A6M &Zero&, but experience with it was
disappointing. Therefore the more powerful Type 99-2 replaced it
in later models of the A6M and in the new fighters the Navy
introduced near the end of the war. Because it had a bigger
cartridge case and a longer barrel, the muzzle velocity of the
Type 99-2 was but the rate of fire was
lower. The final Japanese development of this weapon was the Type
99-2 model 5, which was speeded up to 620 rpm. This was a very
respectable performance for an Oerlikon-derived gun, but it
arrived too late and saw no service.
Heavier Cannon
Big cannon were designed for two different roles: Bomber
interception and ground attack. The ground attack guns were given
a high muzzle velocity for better armour penetration, in
combination with an armour-piercing projectile, often with a core
of tungsten or another dense metal. Bomber killer guns could have
a lower muzzle velocity, to achieve a weight reduction, and they
usually fired projectiles with a large amount of high explosive.
Generally these weapons were not intended to be used against
fighters: The 20&mm weapons were sufficient to destroy
fighters, but bombers were much tougher targets. Sometimes
high-velocity guns were used to attack bombers from a large
distance, outside the range of the defensive armament of the
bombers. Therefore this list includes some weapons that were
designed for ground attack.
At this point it may be useful to draw attention to the range
of Q and M values. For rifle-calibre machine guns, medium-calibre
machine guns, and cannon, the average Q is 6.4, 7.8 and 8.3,
respectively. For M these values are 20.2, 23.9, and 30.5.
Apparently increasing the calibre results in some efficiency
benefits: A single 20&mm cannon will be more efficient than
its equivalent firepower in multiple rifle-calibre machine guns.
However, this variation is still small compared to the quality
differences between different guns in the same calibre, so these
factors remain reasonably fair values to compare the performance
of guns in different calibres. Among these large-calibre cannon
we will now find some quite good performers, with a high Q and a
high M. Indeed, in terms of mass output vs. weight the 30&mm
MK 108 is the most efficient cannon of all. We also find some
abysmally bad performers, however, such as the BK&5. These
weapons were not designed for aircraft applications, so their
designers attached less importance to weight reduction. For their
designed purpose, as tank, anti-air or anti-tank weapons, such
cannon might still they were unsuitable for
United States
37 x 223SR
55 x 175RB
Japanese Army
37&mm Type 94
Ho-204 (Type 4)
40 caseless
Japanese Navy
30&mm Type 2
30&mm Type 5
Information
about Germans guns on the Luftwaffe Resource Page.
The USAF museum
has a BK 5.
The USAF museum
has an M10 on display with the V-1710 engine.
Russian Aviation
Gunnery Page.
VYa-23 page in
the Russian Aviation Museum.
XFM-1 Airacuda had remote-controlled 37mm M4 cannon, (right)
mounted with a coaxial .30 Browning M2 (left). [26]
The Browning M4 was installed in
US fighters such as the P-39 Airacobra and early versions of the
P-38 Lightning. (See Note .)
This was a slow-firing cannon, with a low muzzle velocity and a
limited ammunition capacity, but for its calibre it was light. It
was intended to destroy bombers from a distance, but its
performance was not sufficient for the task. Nevertheless,
Lend-Leased P-39s and P-63s with the M4 gun proved effective
medium-altitude fighters on the Eastern Front. A later
development, the M10, had the feed
mechanism modified for a disintegrating belt, a change that
allowed ammunition to be increased from 30 to 58 rounds, and was
combined with a higher cyclic rate. This weapon was installed in
later models of the P-63 Kingcobra.
A single P-63D was armed with an M9
cannon, a very different weapon, far more powerful but also far
heavier. Its 37x223SR cartridge gave the same HE round as the M4
a considerably higher muzzle velocity. One of the types of
ammunition available was a 752&g armour-piercing projectile
with a muzzle velocity of 930&m/s, and at a distance of
460&m this penetrated 60&mm of armour plate. At the
same distance the M4 could penetrate only 20&mm of armour.
It is obvious that the M9 was much better suited for ground
attack, but apparently it was too heavy for fighters. It was also
experimentally used on a number of attack aircraft, but its only
service use was at sea.
The Germans initially developed the MK
101 with the intention of attacking bombers from a safe
distance. But its weight and low rate of fi
instead it was installed in ground attack aircraft, for example
the Hs 129. It was very useful against (lightly) armoured ground
targets, firing an AP round with a tungsten core at
960&m/sec. The MK&103 was
lighter than the MK 101, had electric firing instead of
percussion firing, and fired faster. It was an excellent,
powerful weapon, but again it could not be carried by a fighter
without considerable loss of performance. Only at the very end of
the war did some fighters carry the MK&103 gun.
Installations in the wings tended to be inaccurate, because the
enormous rec centreline installations as
engine cannon were designed for the Ta 152C, Do 335 and Bf 109K,
but evidence that this was turned into hardware exists only for
the Do 335 and the prototypes of the Ta 152C. The fighter designs
that were on German drawing boards in 1945 sometimes made
provision for the MK 103, but the favorite weapon was the MK 108.
MK 108 30mm aircraft cannon.
The MK 108 was put into service
because the fight against Allied heavy bombers required a
30&mm cannon that was compact and light enough to be
installed in single-engined fighters. The MK 108 used the APIB
operating principle of the Oerlikon guns. It was less than half
the weight and bulk of the MK 103, and much cheaper to produce,
but it also had a much lower ballistic performance. Fighters
could carry two or even four MK 108s. This gun had a heavy punch,
but because it was a short-range weapon fighter pilots had to get
close to their targets, normally opening fire at 300&m. Its
use required strong nerves and better training than German pilots
received during these last phases of the war. Some effort was
made to increase the rate of fire, and a 850&rpm version was
apparently perfected, although too late to be adopted.
The BK&3,7 was used
successfully against tanks, most notably by the Ju 87G, firing a
405&g Hartkernmunition with a tungsten core at
1140&m/s. It was also tried in the air as a weapon against
heavy bombers, in Bf 110s. Presumably the conventional APHE (680
g) and HE (640 g) munition was used. It was not successful in
this role.
The search for a gun that would destroy a heavy bomber with a
single hit produced a series of 55&mm cannon, because these
rounds would hold the 450&g of high explosive that was
considered to be necessary. As for the 30&mm weapons, the
Germans considered both heavy long-range guns, and light guns
with a more modest ballistic performance. The advantage of the
long-range weapon was that it could be fired at bomber formations
from beyond the range of their defensive armament: A return to
the concept behind the MK 101 and MG c/30L. As a quick solution,
the BK 5 was considered, based on
the PAK 38 anti-tank gun. It was light and a good performer by
the standards of 50&mm anti-tank cannon, but by the
standards of fighter guns it was extremely heavy and slow-firing.
It was fed from a closed-loop 22-round belt, and fired
1.54&kg projectiles. It was installed in some Me 410
fighters, but when Allied escort fighters appeared in the German
skies these overburned twin-engined aircraft became easy prey.
Another interim weapon was the MK 214A,
installed only in a single Me 262. Its rate of fire, 160 rpm, was
much better than that of the BK 5. Developed from the KwK39/1
tank gun, it still weighed 490&kg. A proposed 55&mm
version, the MK 214B, was even heavier.
The light 55&mm cannon was a more realistic weapon. It
took the form of the MK 112, in
effect a scaled up MK 108. The MK 112 weighed only 274&kg
and had a relatively high rate of fire. Because of the lower
muzzle velocity, the effective range was much shorter. The MK 112
never went beyond the prototype stage, despite continuation of
development post-war in the USA. For such heavy projectiles,
rockets proved to be a superior weapon, and the big cannon never
entered service.
Russian weapons such as the NS-37
were intended both for air-air combat and for use against ground
targets. Usually only a single cannon of this type was carried,
typically between the cylinder banks of the Klimov engines of the
Yakovlev fighters.
The first gun in service, in 1940, was the powerful VYa, with a 152&mm long cartridge
case. It was installed mainly in Il-2 ground attack aircraft, but
also in some fighters. In 1942 the NS-37
this gun could penetrate 40&mm of armour at an
angle of up to 40 degrees. The Yak-9T with the NS-37 was quite
successful, and 2748 of these fighters were built. Because of the
recoil of the gun it was advised to fire thee-round bursts, but a
single hit could destroy an aircraft. The Yak-9K carried the
large NS-45, an even more powerful
weapon which required a large muzzle brake to keep the recoil
within acceptable limits. Few Yak-9Ks were built, apparently
because the gun was not entirely reliable and a failure could
have disastrous consequences. Even larger cannon were tried, but
the recoil of the NS-57 was too much
for fighter.
From 1945 onwards, the NS-23 was
introduced, a version of the NS-37 scaled down to 23&mm. It
replaced the much heavier VYa in fighters, but because of the
less powerful cartridge was the muzzle velocity was considerably
lower. The NS-23 was a more typical fighter weapon, less suitable
for ground support missions. It would stay around for a long
Late in the war, the Japanese Army had a good 30mm cannon in
the Ho-155, sometimes erroneously
referred to as Ho-105 or even Ho-151. It was a scaled-up
derivative of the Ho-5, itself a derivative of the Browning. Late
in the war, the Ho-155 appeared on bomber destroyer versions of
some of the best Japanese Army fighters, such as the Ki-61 and
Ki-84, but it seems to have seen little combat use. The gun
compares favourably with the German MK 108. At the end of the war
a lighter, shorter version was developed, the Ho-155-II, but this
version never saw combat. It was a far cry from the early days of
the war, when most Japanese Army fighters were armed with two
rifle-calibre machineguns!
The Japanese Army installed even bigger cannon in twin-engined
fighters, developments of the Ki-45 Toryu, but these were
unimpressive weapons. A first attempt was made to install the Type 94, a hand-loaded 37&mm weapon
originally used in tanks. The achievable rate of fire was about
15&rpm. The automatic Ho-203,
with a 15-round closed-loop belt, was a much-needed improvement.
Apparently it was designed for single-shot firing, hence its low
rate of fire. References to the use of the Ho-203 on
single-engined fighters, such as the Ki-44, can not be correct,
because of the enormous bulk of this gun. They could refer to the
Ho-204, another enlargement of the
Browning, that appeared in 1944. It was adopted in some
experimental twin-engined fighters, and saw service as an
upward-firing gun in the Ki.46-III-KAI.
The 57&mm Ho-401 was an
enlarged Ho-203, with a similar 15-round closed-loop belt and low
rate of fire. It was used mainly for anti-armour and
anti-shipping attacks, but occasionally it was used against B-29
bombers as well, because the Japanese did not have any better
defense against the B-29. A desperate measure was the
installation of the 75&mm Type 88
anti-aircraft gun in a Ki-67 bomber, to create the Ki-109
&fighter&. It seems obvious that this was a bad idea,
especially as the gun itself was rather mediocre, and without the
planned but never available turbosuperchargers the Ki-109 could
not even get close to the B-29s. Nevertheless the Japanese did
not abandon 75&mm cannon, and development of the Ho-501, a 75&mm version of the
Ho-203, seems to have been completed at the end of the war.
The Ho-301 was one of the most
unusual cannon used during the war. It fired caseless rounds,
which had the propellant charge in the back of the projectile. It
had an effective range of only 150&m, but because there was
no need to extract the case and eject it, the rate of fire was
fairly high for a gun in this calibre. It was also light.
The Japanese Navy also showed interest in 30&mm cannon.
The Type 2 was a scaled-up Oerlikon
gun, sometimes erroneously described as a copy of the MK 108. It
never became a standard service weapon, although it was tested on
a number of aircraft and formally adopted. A better alternative
was available, the Type 5, an
entirely original design. Though fairly heavy, this was a
powerful weapon with a good performance. If the war had laster
longer, it would have become the standard weapon, fitted in
fighters such as the Kyushu J7W Shiden. But it saw service in
only a few aircraft, being wing-mounted in the Mitsubishi J2M5
and installed in upward-firing installations on some
nightfighters, such as the P1Y2-S.
Next: Ammunition
Emmanuel Gustin}