tinaherb的其它豆列
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In general use, herbs are any plants used for food, flavoring, medicine, or fragrances for their savory or aromatic properties. Culinary use typically distinguishes herbs from . Herbs refers to the
parts of a plant (either fresh or dried), while spices are produced from other parts of the plant (usually dried), including , , ,
English, the word "herb" is also used as a synonym of "".
Herbs have a variety of uses including culinary, medicinal, and in some cases, spiritual. General usage of the term "herb" differs between culinary herbs and . In medicinal or spiritual use any of the parts of the plant might be considered "herbs", including leaves, roots, flowers, seeds, root bark, inner bark (and ),
The word "herb" is pronounced
is common among North American speakers and those from other regions where
"What is an herb?" "The friend of physicians and the praise of cooks."
-- and his student
As far back as 5000 BCE,
used herbs in medicine.[] Ancient Egyptians used ,
around 1555 BCE.[] In , in 162 CE, the physician
was known for concocting complicated herbal remedies that contained up to 100 ingredients. Emperor
(742-814) compiled a list of 74 different herbs that were to be planted in his gardens. The connection between herbs and health is important already in the European Middle Ages-- (that is, "cookery") promotes extensive use of herbs, including in salads, and claims in its preface "the assent and advisement of the masters of physic and philosophy in the King's Court".
A bundle of
Culinary herbs are distinguished from
in that, like spices, they are used in small amounts and provide
rather than substance to .
Herbs can be
such as , or
like . Perennial herbs can be
such as , Rosmarinus officinalis, or
such as , Laurus nobilis – this contrasts with , which by definition cannot be woody plants. Some plants are used as both herbs and spices, such as
weed and dill seed or
leaves and seeds. Also, there are some herbs such as those in the mint family that are used for both culinary and medicinal purposes.
Some plants contain
that have effects on the body. There may be some effects when consumed in the small levels that typify culinary "spicing", and some herbs are toxic in larger quantities. For instance, some types of herbal extract, such as the extract of St. John's-wort () or of kava () can be used for medical purposes to relieve depression and stress.[] However, large amounts of these herbs may lead to toxic overload that may involve complications, some of a serious nature, and should be used with caution. Complications can also arise when being taken with some prescription medicines.
A garden of herbs
Herbs have long been used as the basis of traditional , with usage dating as far back as the first century
and far before. In India, the
medicinal system is based on herbs. Medicinal use of herbs in Western cultures has its roots in the
(Greek) elemental healing system, based on a quaternary elemental healing metaphor. Famous herbalist of the Western tradition include
(Persian),
(German Swiss),
(English) and the botanically inclined Eclectic physicians of 19th century/early 20th century America (, , ). Modern pharmaceuticals had their origins in crude herbal medicines, and to this day, some drugs are still extracted as fractionate/isolate compounds from raw herbs and then purified to meet pharmaceutical standards.
Certain herbs contain psychoactive properties that have been used for both religious and recreational purposes by humans since the early
era, notably the leaves and extracts of the
plants. The leaves of the coca plant have been chewed by people in northern
societies for over 8,000 years, while the use of cannabis as a psychoactive substance dates back to the first century CE in
and northern .
developed herbal medicine based on plants that were readily available to them. The isolation of the
meant the remedies developed were for far less serious diseases, this was from not contracting western illnesses. Herbs such as ,
were used for coughs, diarrhea, fever and headaches.
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Herbs are used in many . For example,
(Commiphora myrrha) and
(Boswellia species) in , the
(Azadirachta indica) leaves,
(Aegele marmelos) leaves, holy basil or tulsi (),
or "haldi" (Curcuma longa),
also consider
to be a holy plant.
also used herbs for spiritual purposes. Plants may be used to induce spiritual experiences for rites of passage, such as
cultures. The
Native Americans use both
for spiritual cleansing and .
The use of herbal cosmetics dates back to around six centuries ago in the European and Western countries. Mixtures and pastes were often concocted to whiten the face. During the 1940s, herbal cosmetics took a turn with the emerging red lipstick color, with every year gaining a more intense red. Herbal cosmetics come in many forms, such as face creams, scrubs, lipstick, natural fragrances, and body oils.[]
Cambridge Advanced Learners' Dictionary & Thesaurus, Cambridge University Press: headword "Herb"
Freeman, Margaret B. (1943). Herbs for the Medieval Household, for Cooking, Healing and Divers uses. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. ix–x.
Tapsell, L. C., Hemphill, I., Cobiac, L., Sullivan, D. R., Fenech, M., Patch, C. S., Roodenrys, S., Keogh, J. B., Clifton, P. M., Williams, P. G., Fazio, V. A. & Inge, K. E. (2006). . Medical Journal of Australia. 185 (4): S1–S24.
. Archived from
Dillehay et al (2010). "Early Holocene coca chewing in northern Peru" p. 939–959
Ernest Abel, Marijuana, The First 12,000 years (Plenum Press, New York 1980)
Shivanand, P., Nilam, M., Viral, D. (2010). "Herbs play an important role in the field of cosmetics". International Journal of PharmTech Research. 2 (1): 632–639.
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