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This article is about the concept of Satan.
For the concept of "devil", see .
For other uses, see .
's illustration of Satan as presented in 's
, Depiction of Satan, a central figure in 's
Satan (: ??????? satan, meaning "adversary"; : ????? shaitan, "astray", "distant", or sometimes "devil") is a figure appearing in the texts of the
who brings
and temptation, and is known as the deceiver who leads humanity astray. Some religious groups teach that he originated as an
who fell out of favor with , seducing humanity into the ways of , and who has power in the fallen world. In the
and the , Satan is primarily an accuser and adversary, a decidedly malevolent entity, also called the , who possesses demonic qualities.
In , Satan is considered a positive force and deity who is either worshipped or revered. In , Satan is regarded as holding virtuous characteristics.
The original
term satan is a noun from a verb meaning primarily "to obstruct, oppose", as it is found in
109:6. Ha-Satan is traditionally translated as "the accuser" or "the adversary". The definite article ha- (English: "the") is used to show that this is a title bestowed on a being, versus the name of a being. Thus, this being would be referred to as "the satan".
Ha-Satan with the
occurs 13 times in the , in two books of the Hebrew Bible:
ch.1–2 (10x) and
3:1–2 (3x).
Satan without the definite article is used in 10 instances, of which two are translated diabolos in the Septuagint and "Satan" in the :
21:1, "Satan stood up against " (KJV) or "And there standeth up an adversary against Israel" ()
Psalm 109:6b "and let Satan stand at his right hand" (KJV) or "let an accuser stand at his right hand." (, etc.)
The other eight instances of satan without the definite article are traditionally translated (in ,
and English) as "an adversary", etc., and taken to be humans or obedient angels:
22:22,32 "and the angel of the LORD stood in the way for an adversary against him."
32 "behold, I went out to withstand thee,"
29:4 The Philistines say: "lest he [David] be an adversary against us"
2 Samuel 19:22
says: "[you sons of Zeruaiah] should this day be adversaries (plural) unto me?"
writes to : "there is neither adversary nor evil occurrent."
1 Kings 11:14 "And the LORD stirred up an adversary unto Solomon, "
1 Kings 11:23 "And
stirred him up an adversary, "
25 "And he [Rezon] was an adversary to Israel all the days of Solomon"
The examination of Job, Satan pours on the plagues of , by
At the beginning of the book,
is a good person "who revered God and turned away from evil" (Job 1:1), and has therefore been rewarded by God. When the angels present themselves to God, Satan comes as well. God informs Satan about Job's blameless, morally upright character. Between Job 1:9–10 and 2:4–5, Satan points out that God has given Job everything that a man could want, so of course Job would be loyal to G Satan suggests that Job's faith would collapse if all he has been given (even his health) were to be taken away from him. God therefore gives Satan permission to test Job. In the end, Job remains faithful and righteous, and there is the implication that Satan is shamed in his defeat.
Some scholars see contact with religious
in , and early
in particular, as influencing , and consequently early . Subsequent development of Satan as a "deceiver" has parallels with the evil spirit in Zoroastrianism, known as , who directs forces of darkness.
In the , the Hebrew ha-Satan in Job and
is translated by the
word diabolos (slanderer), the same word in the
from which the English word
is derived. Where satan is used of human enemies in the Hebrew Bible, such as
and , the word is left untranslated but transliterated in the Greek as satan, a
In Enochic , the concept of Satan being an opponent of God and a chief evil figure among demons seems to have taken root in Jewish
during the
period, particularly in the apocalypses. The
contains references to , thought also to be
(etymology dating back to
origins). The similar spellings mirror that of his angelic brethren , , , and , previous to the .
The , also called the Slavonic Book of Enoch, contains references to a
(Grigori) called Satanael. It is a
text of an uncertain date and unknown authorship. The text describes Satanael as being the prince of the Grigori who was cast out of heaven and an evil spirit who knew the difference between what was "righteous" and "sinful". A similar story is f however, in that book, the leader of the Grigori is called .
In the , the devil is represented as the being who brought death into the world.
induces God to test
through the sacrifice of . He is identical to Satan in both name and nature.
In Judaism, Satan is a term used since its earliest biblical contexts to refer to a human opponent. Occasionally, the term has been used to suggest evil influence opposing human beings, as in the
("evil inclination" Genesis 6:5). 's "lying spirit" in 1 Kings 22:22 is sometimes related. Thus, Satan is personified as a character in three different places of the , serving as an accuser (Zechariah 3:1–2), a seducer (1 Chronicles 21:1), or as a heavenly persecutor who is "among the sons of God" (Job 2:1). In any case, Satan is always subordinate to the power of God, having a role in the divine plan. Satan is rarely mentioned in
literature, but is found in Babylonian .
In , the Rabbis rejected these Enochic literary works into the , making every attempt to root them out. Traditionalists and philosophers in medieval Judaism adhered to , rejecting any belief in rebel or fallen angels, and viewing
as abstract. The
("evil inclination" Genesis 6:5) is a more common motif for evil in rabbinical texts. Rabbinical scholarship on the
generally follows the Talmud and Maimonides as identifying the "Adversary" in the prologue of Job as a metaphor.
presents Satan as an agent of God whose function is to tempt one into , then turn around and accuse the sinner on high.[] The
of the 18th century associated ha-Satan with Baal Davar.
The Devil depicted in The Temptation of Christ, by , 1854
Main article:
Satan is traditionally identified as the
who tempted
to eat the , as he was in Judaism. Thus Satan has often been depicted as a serpent. Christian agreement with this can be found in the works of , in Chapters 45 and 79 of , where Justin identifies Satan and the serpent. Other early
to mention this identification include
From the fourth century,
is sometimes used in Christian theology to refer to Satan, as a result of identifying the fallen "son of the dawn" of
with the "accuser" of other passages in the Old Testament.[]
For most Christians, Satan is believed to be an angel who rebelled against . In the New Testament he is called "the ruler of the demons" (), "the ruler of the world", and "the god of this world" (). The Book of Revelation describes how Satan was cast out of Heaven, having "great anger" and waging war against "those who obey God's commandments". Ultimately, Satan will be thrown into the .
The early Christian church encountered opposition from pagans such as , who claimed that "it is blasphemy...to say that the greatest God...has an adversary who constrains his capacity to do good" and said that Christians "impiously divide the kingdom of God, creating a rebellion in it, as if there were opposing factions within the divine, including one that is hostile to God".
In , there are many synonyms for Satan. The most common English synonym for "Satan" is "", which descends from
devel, from
dēofol, that in turn represents an early
borrowing of
diabolus (also the source of "diabolical"). This in turn was borrowed from
diabolos "", from diaballein "to slander": dia- "across, through" + ballein "to hurl". In the New Testament, "Satan" occurs more than 30 times in passages alongside diabolos, slanderer, referring to the same person or thing as Satan.
, meaning "Lord of Flies", is the contemptuous name given in the Hebrew Bible and New Testament to a
god whose original name has been reconstructed as most probably "Ba'al Zabul", meaning " the Prince". This
was later used to refer to Satan as well.
twice refers to "the , that ancient serpent, who is called the devil and Satan" (12:9, 20:2). The Book of Revelation also refers to "the deceiver", from which is derived the common epithet "the great deceiver".
Main article:
(?????) is the equivalent of Satan in . While Shaitan (?????, from the root ??n ????) is an
(meaning "astray" or "distant", sometimes translated as "devil") that can be applied to both
("al-ins", ?????) and ,
(Arabic pronunciation: ) is the personal name of the Devil who is mentioned in the
account of . According to the Qur'an, Iblis (the
name used) disobeyed an order from
to bow to Adam, and as a result Iblis was forced out of heaven. However, he was given respite from further punishment until the .
Etymologically, Iblis means "the desperate (of God's mercy)" in Arabic. Thus, the name "Iblis" can be seen as a sobriquet given to Satan after falling from Grace. Some Muslim scholars hypothesized that Satan's real name before his fall was . According to the
and the , Azazel was the chief of the fallen angels who disobeyed God by committing adultery with women and teaching mankind magic and weaponry, leading to the biblical flood of .
According to the , God created Satan, along with all of the other , out of "smokeless fire". The primary characteristic of the Devil, besides , is that he has no power other than the power to cast evil suggestions into the hearts of men and women. The Quran says that Satan was among the angels whom God ordered to bow down to Adam after his creation, it says in :
And [mention] when We said to the angels, "Prostrate to Adam," and they prostrated, except for Iblees. He was of the jinn and departed from the command of his Lord. Then will you take him and his descendants as allies other than Me while they are enemies to you? Wretched it is for the wrongdoers as an exchange.
Whether Satan was actually an angel or a Jinn whom God elevated to the angelic assembly is a matter of debate among Muslim scholars. Some scholars, such as , believe that Satan was actually an angel whom God created out of fire. He was the most worshipful and knowledgeable of angels. Thus, when the Quran identifies Satan as a Jinn, it means that he belonged to a class of fiery creatures called Jinn, which encompasses both heavenly Jinn (fiery angels) and earthly (ordinary) Jinn. Such a notion is evocative of the biblical , a rank of angels looking like burning fire. Long before Adam was created, traditions narrate, earthly jinn roamed the earth and spread corruption upon it. God sent an army of angels under the leadership of Satan to fight them. After his victory, Satan' he thought he was better than any other creature, and thus God's favorite. God's creation of Man and his order to the angels to venerate him was a blow to Satan's pride. While all the angels obeyed God and bowed down to Adam, Satan disobeyed haughtily saying :
"I am better than him. You created me from fire and created him from clay."
Consequently, God expelled Satan from Heaven, with the latter promising to lure mankind into disbelief and evil as an act of revenge from their father, Adam. Also, some scholars call Satan "The Peacock of Angels". On the other hand, other scholars believe that there are no such things as heavenly Jinn or fiery angels, and thus Satan was not an angel. He was a Jinn whom God elevated to Heaven as a reward for his worship and righteousness. This explains why Satan managed to refuse God's order, as angels d they obey God's orders without questioning or complaining. As for the angels, they prostrated before Adam to show their homage and obedience to God. However, Satan, adamant in his view that man is inferior, and unlike angels was given the ability to choose, made a choice of not obeying God. This caused him to be expelled by God, a fact that Satan blamed on humanity. , an eminent Muslim theologian who lived in the 7th century A.D, was quoted as saying:
"Iblis was not an angel even for the time of an eye wink. He is the origin of Jinn as Adam is of Mankind."
It was after Satan's disobedience of God that the title of "Shaitan" was given to him, which can be roughly translated as "Enemy", "Rebel", "Evil", or "Devil". Shaitan then claims that, if the punishment for his act of disobedience is to be delayed until the Day of Judgment, then he will divert many of Adam's own descendants from the straight path during his period of respite. God accepts the claims of Iblis and guarantees recompense to Iblis and his followers in the form of Hellfire. In order to test mankind and jinn alike, Allah allowed Iblis to roam the earth to attempt to convert others away from his path. He was sent to earth along with , after eventually luring them into eating the fruit from the .
teaches that people should love God without expecting anything in return. Consequently, unrequited love is regarded by Sufis as that perfect type of love because the pining lover expects nothing in return. Thus, some Sufis see Satan as the paradigm of love and the perfect lover. Despite the traditional interpretation of Satan's fall from Grace as an act of excessive pride and rebellion against God, some Sufis see it as an act of self-sacrifice for God's love. Satan refused to bow down to Adam out of his uncompromising mon he refused to venerate anything or anyone but God. , a well-known medieval Sufi Muslim theologian, narrates:
Encountering Eblis on the slopes of Sinai, Moses hailed him and asked, “O Eblis, why did you not prostrate before Adam?” Eblis replied, “Heaven forbid that anyone worship anything but the One. […] This command was a test.”
Satan believed that God ordered him to bow down to Adam to test his love for him. Satan should maintain his love for God at any cost. So, even if the cost of Satan's refusal to prostrate before Adam is falling from Grace, he should proceed with it out of his unconditional love for God. , a Muslim Sufi saint, believes that after the Day of Judgement, Hell will cease to exist, and Satan will be back to the service of God as one of his cherished angels.
An alternative name for the main deity in the tentatively
pantheon of the , , is Shaitan. However, rather than being Satanic, Yazidism can be understood as a remnant of a pre-Islamic
Indo-European religion, and/or a
movement founded by . Conversely the similarity and parallels that Melek Taus has with the entity known as Satan that Christians and Muslims believe in is well noted by scholars and researchers. The connection with Satan, originally made by Muslims, attracted the interest of 19th-century
travelers and esoteric writers.
In the , Satan is not regarded as an independent evil power as he is in some faiths, but signifies the lower nature of humans.
explains: "This lower nature in man is symbolized as Satan — the evil ego within us, not an evil personality outside." All other evil spirits described in various faith traditions—such as , demons, and jinns—are also metaphors for the base character traits a human being may acquire and manifest when he turns away from God.
Main article:
Within Satanism, two major trends exists,
and , both having different views regarding the essence of Satan.
Theistic Satanism, commonly referred to as "devil worship", holds that Satan is an actual
or force to revere or worship that individuals may contact and supplicate to, and represents loosely affiliated or independent groups and cabals which hold the belief that Satan is a
rather than an .
Among non-Satanists, much modern Satanic folklore does not originate with the beliefs or practices of theistic or atheistic Satanists, but a mixture of medieval Christian folk beliefs, political or sociological conspiracy theories, and contemporary urban legends. An example is the
scare of the 1980s — beginning with the memoir
— which depicted Satanism as a vast
of elites with a predilection for
and . This genre frequently describes Satan as physically incarnating in order to receive worship.
Atheistic Satanism, most commonly referred to as , holds that Satan does not exist as a literal anthropomorphic entity, but rather a
of , , , , , and of a
which Satanists perceive to be permeated and motivated by a force that has been given many names by humans over the course of time. To adherents, he also serves as a conceptual framework and an external metaphorical projection of [the Satanists] highest personal potential. In his essay "Satanism: The Feared Religion", the current High Priest of the Church of Satan, , further expounds that "...Satan is a symbol of Man living as his prideful, carnal nature dictates. The reality behind Satan is simply the dark evolutionary force of entropy that permeates all of nature and provides the drive for survival and propagation inherent in all living things. Satan is not a conscious entity to be worshiped, rather a reservoir of power inside each human to be tapped at will".
LaVeyan Satanists embrace the original etymological meaning of the word "Satan" (: ??????? satan, meaning "adversary"). According to Peter H. Gilmore, "The Church of Satan has chosen Satan as its primary symbol because in Hebrew it means adversary, opposer, one to accuse or question. We see ourselves as being these S the adversaries, opposers and accusers of all spiritual belief systems that would try to hamper enjoyment of our life as a human being"
"Term used in the Bible with the general connotation of "adversary", being applied (1) to an enemy in war (I Kings v. 18 [A. V. 4]; xi. 14, 23, 25), from which use is developed the concept of a traitor in battle (I Sam. xxix. 4); (2) to an accuser before the judgment-seat (Ps. cix. 6); and (3) to any opponent (II Sam. xix. 23 [A. V. 22]). The word is likewise used to denote an antagonist who puts obstacles in the way, as in Num. xxii. 32, where the angel of God is described as opposing Balaam in the guise of
so that the concept of Satan as a distinct being was not then known."
Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions, page 290, Wendy Doniger
Leeming, David Adams (2005). . . p. 347.  .
Contemporary Religious Satanisim: A Critical Reader, Jesper Aagaard Petersen – 2009
Who's ? Right: Mankind, Religions and the End Times, page 35, Kelly Warman-Stallings – 2012
ed. ; The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, An illustrated Encyclopedia
Crenshaw, James L. Harper Collins Study Bible (NRSV), 1989
Stephen M. Hooks – 2007 "As in Zechariah 3:1–2 the term here carries the definite article (has'satan="the satan") and functions not as a ... the only place in the Hebrew Bible where the term "Satan" is unquestionably used as a proper name is ."
Coogan, Michael D.; A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament: The Hebrew Bible in its context, Oxford University Press, 2009
Rachel Adelman The Return of the Repressed: Pirqe De-Rabbi Eliezer p65 "However, in the parallel versions of the story in Chronicles, it is Satan (without the definite article),"
Septuagint 108:6 κατ?στησον ?π? α?τ?ν ?μαρτωλ?ν κα? δι?βολο? στ?τω ?κ δεξι?ν α?το?
Ruth R. Brand Adam and Eve p88 – 2005 "Later, however, King Hadad 1 Kings 11:14) and King Rezon (verses 23, ... Numbers 22:22, 23 does not use the definite article but identifies the angel of YHWH as "a satan."
HarperCollins Study Bible (NRSV)
Steinmann, AE. "The structure and message of the Book of Job". Vetus testamentum.
Jeffrey Burton Russell, The Devil: Perceptions of Evil from Antiquity to Primitive ...1977, page 102 "This conflict between truth and the lie was one of the main sources of Zarathushtra's dualism: the prophet perceived Angra Mainyu, the lord of evil, as the personification of the lie. For Zoroastrians (as for the Egyptians), the lie was the essence ... "
Peter Clark, Zoroastrianism: An Introduction to Ancient Faith 1998, page 152 "There are so many features that Zoroastrianism seems to share with the Judeo-Christian tradition that it would be difficult to ... Historically the first point of contact that we can determine is when the Achaemenian Cyrus conquered Babylon ..539 BC"
Winn, Shan M.M. (1995). Heaven, heroes, and happiness : the Indo-European roots of Western ideology. Lanham, Md.: University press of America. p. 203.  .
Henry Ansgar Kelly Satan: a biography 2006 "However, for Hadad and Rezon they left the Hebrew term untranslated and simply said satan.. in the three passages in which a supra-Human satan appears: namely, Numbers, Job, Zechariah
Jackson, David R. (2004). Enochic Judaism. London: T&T Clark International. pp. 2–4.  .
Berlin, editor in chief, Adele (2011).
(2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 651.  .
18:3. On this tradition, see A. Orlov, "The Watchers of Satanael: The Fallen Angels Traditions in 2 (Slavonic) Enoch," in: A. Orlov, Dark Mirrors: Azazel and Satanael in Early Jewish Demonology (Albany: SUNY, 6.
"And I threw him out from the height with his angels, and he was flying in the air continuously above the bottomless" –
"The devil is the evil spirit of the lower places, as a fugitive he made Sotona from the heavens as his name was Satanail, thus he became different from the angels, but his nature did not change his intelligence as far as his understanding of righteous and sinful things" –
[ Introduction to the Book of Jubilees, 15. Theology. Some of our Author's Views: Demonology, by R.H. Charles.
Based on the
of 1 Samuel 29:4 and 1 Kings 5:18 –
"Satan is rarely mentioned in
later, chiefly Babylonian, aggadah enlarges the scope of his influence and activities. Perhaps because of the influential presence of Satan as a name or character in the New Testament and the"
Bamberger, Bernard J. (2006). Fallen angels : soldiers of satan's realm (1. paperback ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Jewish Publ. Soc. of America. p. 148,149.  .
Robert Eisen Associate Professor of Religious Studies George Washington University The Book of Job in Medieval Jewish Philosophy
"Moreover, Zerahfiiah gives us insight into the parallel between the Garden of Eden story and the Job story alluded to ... both Satan and Job's wife are metaphors for the evil inclination, a motif Zerahfiiah seems to identify with the imagination."
The Dictionary of Angels" by Gustav Davidson, (C) 1967
Kelly, Harry Ansgar (2007). Satan: a Biography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 176. .
Kelly, Harry Ansgar (2007). Satan: a Biography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 177. .
Origen. . Book 6. Ch 42.
B. W. Johnson (1891). . The People's New Testament.
. themystica.org.
Tafsir al-Qur'an al-adhim (Interpretation of the Great Qur'an) -
- commentary of surat al baqarah
The Beginning and the End -
- Volume I
Adapted from
The Beginning and the End -
- Volume I, also the Koranic commentary of the same author
Adapted from , Karen Armstrong
Adapted from , Reza Aslan
"The Greater Satan",
Al insan Al Kamel (the perfect human), Abdul Karim Jili
Drower, E.S. The Peacock Angel. Being Some Account of Votaries of a Secret Cult and their Sanctuaries. London: John Murray, 1941.
(1982) [1912]. . Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. pp. 294–295.  .
Smith, Peter (2000). A Concise Encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith. Oxford, UK: Oneworld. pp. 135–136, 304.  .
Smith, Peter (2008). An Introduction to the Baha'i Faith. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 112.  .
. BBC News.
Partridge, Christopher Hugh (2004). . p. 82.
Satanism and Demonology, by Lionel & Patricia Fanthorpe, , 8 Mar 2011,
Cinema of the Occult: New Age, Satanism, Wicca, and Spiritualism in Film, Carrol Lee Fry, Associated University Presse, 2008,
Encyclopedia of Urban Legends, Updated and Expanded Edition, by Jan Harold Brunvand, ABC-CLIO, 31 Jul 2012
Raising the Devil: Satanism, New Religions, and the Media, by Bill Ellis, University Press of Kentucky
In discussing myths about groups accused of Satanism, "...such myths are already pervasive in Western culture, and the development of the modern "Satanic Scare" would be impossible to explain without showing how these myths helped organize concerns and beliefs". Accusations of Satanism are traced from the witch hunts, to the Illuminati, to the Satanic Ritual Abuse panic in the 1980s, with a distinction made between what modern Satanists believe and what is believed about Satanists.
Satan in America: The Devil We Know, by W. Scott Poole,
Publishers, 16 Nov 2009,
Catherine Beyer. . < Religion & Spirituality.
High Priest, Magus Peter H. Gilmore. . <.
High Priest, Magus Peter H. Gilmore. . <.
July 1, 2012, at the .
High Priest, Magus Peter H. Gilmore. . <.
Contemporary religious Satanism: a critical anthology, page 45, Jesper Aagaard Petersen, 2009
High Priest, Magus Peter H. Gilmore. . <.
. YouTube. 12 January 2012.
(2006). Fallen Angels: Soldiers of Satan's Realm. Jewish Publication Society of America. &#160;.
Caldwell, William. "The Doctrine of Satan: I. In the Old Testament", The Biblical World, Vol. 41, No. 1 (Jan., 1913), pp.&#160;29–33
Caldwell, William. "The Doctrine of Satan: II. Satan in Extra-Biblical Apocalyptical Literature", The Biblical World, Vol. 41, No. 2 (Feb., 1913), pp.&#160;98–102
Caldwell, William. "The Doctrine of Satan: III. In the New Testament", The Biblical World, Vol. 41, No. 3 (Mar., 1913), pp.&#160;167–172
Empson, William. Milton's God (1966)
Forsyth, Neil (1987). The Old Enemy: Satan & the Combat Myth. Princeton University P Reprint edition. &#160;.
Forsyth, Neil (1987). The Satanic Epic. Princeton University P Reprint edition. &#160;.
(2002). The Beast of Revelation. American Vision. &#160;.
(1995). Biography of Satan: Exposing the Origins of the Devil. Book Tree. &#160;.
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Jacobs, Joseph, and Ludwig Blau. "Satan," The Jewish Encyclopedia (1906)
Kelly, Henry Ansgar. Satan: A Biography. (2006). 360 pp.
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Kent, William. "Devil." The Catholic Encyclopedia (1908) Vol. 4.
Osborne, B. A. E. "Peter: Stumbling-Block and Satan," Novum Testamentum, Vol. 15, Fasc. 3 (Jul., 1973), pp.&#160;187–190
on "Get thee behind me, Satan!"
(1995). The Origin of Satan. V Reprint edition. &#160;.
Rebhorn Wayne A. "The Humanist Tradition and Milton's Satan: The Conservative as Revolutionary," Studies in English Literature, , Vol. 13, No. 1, The English Renaissance (Winter, 1973), pp.&#160;81–93
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Russell, Jeffrey Burton. The Devil: Perceptions of Evil from Antiquity to Primitive Christianity (1987)
Russell, Jeffrey Burton. Satan: The Early Christian Tradition (1987)
Russell, Jeffrey Burton. Lucifer: The Devil in the Middle Ages (1986)
Russell, Jeffrey Burton. Mephistopheles: The Devil in the Modern World (1990)
Russell, Jeffrey Burton. The Prince of Darkness: Radical Evil and the Power of Good in History (1992)
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c also popular culture
Wray, T. J. and Gregory Mobley. The Birth of Satan: Tracing the Devil's Biblical Roots (2005)
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