“小黄车”火到国外之后丨经济学人精读 - 知乎专栏
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{"database":{"Post":{"":{"title":"“小黄车”火到国外之后丨经济学人精读","author":"liang-yang-74-72","content":"文 / 梁洋Earnest导读忽如一夜春风来，“小黄”“小橙”大家踩。如今都市最亮丽的风景线，莫过于那些到处停放、外观骚气的共享单车了。下面这篇文章选自《经济学人》，就是外媒对当下沸腾的单车行业的冷思考。精读The return of pedal power [1]自行车回来了In China, bikes are back单车重返中国，再度流行开来Some officials wish they weren't但一些官员并不希望他们回归—————————————————————————————————————————解析1. 如何理解pedal power？pedal是“踏板，脚蹬子”，自行车（pedal power）不就是用腿的力量蹬着踏板驱动前进的吗？所以，“踏板之力”也就是“自行车”。2. back这个词好在哪儿？想要表达“……又火起来了”，很多人首先想到的可能是：(be/become) fashionable/popular again，意思也很明了。但标题的back实为双关（pun），既说明自行车在空间上“回到原处（自行车道）”（come back），也在强调单车再度流行开来（be fashionable again），既简洁醒目，又富有内涵。3. 为何是weren't，而不是aren't？In China, bikes are backSome officials wish they weren't前一句为一般现在时，说明自行车的回归与流行已成事实，后一句则是某些官员的愿望（wish），这与现实不符，所以weren't在这里是虚拟语气。4. officials的态度与文章内容有何关联？导语提及officials，是为下文埋下伏笔，也就是说，下文会着重论述这些官员和他们对共享单车的不满。建议：读英文报刊，先看标题和导语，会让你对全文内容有一个预判，让你更容易读懂文章。—————————————————————————————————————————① A MAN pedals a brand-new, orange and silver bicycle to his office door. He dismounts in the middle of the pavement, flicks down the kickstand and disappears inside. A woman approaches and waves her smartphone over a QR code near the rear mudguard. The lock snaps open and off she rides. These days, China's once bicycle-clogged streets are choked with cars. But some urbanites are getting back on two (motorless) wheels, lured by the ease of using shared \"dockless\" bikes controlled by high-tech gadgetry.参考译文一名男子骑着崭新的银色和橙色相间的自行车，到了他公司门口。他在人行道中央下了车，轻快地踢下脚撑，然后进了公司。一女子走向这辆车子，用她的智能手机扫描车尾挡泥板旁的二维码。车锁吧嗒一声就开了，她骑上车便走了。在过去，中国的街道被自行车塞得满满的，如今这些街道都挤满了汽车。不过，一些市民由于受到使用方便的“无桩”共享单车（由高科技小玩意所操控）的吸引，又骑着二轮（非机动）自行车回来了。解析5. 文中是如何形容摩拜单车的外观的？首先是brand-new，“全新的”、“崭新的”；其次是orange and silver，摩拜单车的颜色是“银色（车身）和橙色（车轮）”，外号“小橙车”，以便与Ofo的“小黄车”区分开来。6. “二维码”如何翻译？a QR code. (QR＝Quick Response)7. flick只是move那么简单吗？英英释义，是词汇辨析的关键。请看《新牛津英汉双解大词典（第2版）》（以下简称“《新牛津》”）：flick: [no obj., with adverbial of direction] make a sudden sharp movement这里，flick与方位副词搭配（如文中的down）时，有两个形容词对move加以限定，指的是“轻快地移动”。所以，不管哪个外语写作考试，都注重“炼字”——用词的准确性（词汇的要求之一）。8. “...off she rides.”一句有语病吗？乍一看，你可能会认为作者犯了语法错误，这句话不应该全部倒装吗？然后你会列举出以下规则：方位副词（如：down, up, out, in, off, on, away等）置于句首，句子采用全部倒装的语序。但是，语法书中还有一条特例：“主语为人称代词的句子除外”。此外，与正常语序相比，off置于句首明显增强了语言效果，使得人物形象更加生动。9. clogged与choked意思相同吗？These days, China’s once bicycle-clogged streets are choked with cars.同样，我们分别找出两词（动词原形）在《新牛津》里的英英释义：clog: fill up or crowd (something) so as to obstruct passagechoke:（常作be choked with）fill (a passage or space), especially so as to make movement difficult or impossible显然，两词意思几乎相同，均可解释为“堵塞（通道）”，也难怪作者会在一句话里换着用，这便是英文写作对词汇的另一要求：“多样性”。10. urbanite与citizen均可译为“市民”，但区别在哪里？请看《新牛津》释义：urbanite: (informal) a person who lives in a town or citycitizen: an inhabitant of a particular town or city我们再对inhabittant进行解释：inhabitant: a person or animal that lives in or occupies a place最终，我们发现：两词在作“市民”讲时差别就在于语体的区别：urbanite，用于像新闻报刊等非正式（informal）文章中，而在像学术论文等正式文体中，我们就应该使用citizen。11. 如何描述“共享单车”？shared \"dockless\" bikes controlled by high-tech gadgetry[译] 方便使用的“无桩”共享单车（由高科技小玩意所操控）注：gadgetry为不可数名词。12. 如何辨析lure与attract？请看《新牛津》释义：lure: tempt (a person or an animal) to do something or to go somewhere, especially by offering some form of rewardtempt一词不好理解，还需再查：tempt: entice or attempt to entice (someone) to do or acquire something that they find attractive but know to be wrong or not beneficial这里entice更是为我们辨析增加了困难，我们不得不再查一遍：entice: attract or tempt by offering pleasure or advantage这一次，我们终于能够看明白了：lure ≈ attract (a person or an animal) to do something that they find attractive but know to be wrong or not beneficial, especially by offering some form of reward (i.e. pleasure or advantage)lure，指的是“尤其是通过给予某种形式的回报（如乐趣或好处）来吸引某人（或动物）做某件有吸引力的，但明知是错的或不利的事情”。这样解释起来好麻烦，简洁一点，就是“引诱”或“诱骗”，带有贬义色彩。attract: cause to come to a place or participate in a venture by offering something of interest or advantageattract，直译过来就是“通过提供有趣或有利的东西，让（人/物）来到某地或参与冒险行动”。所以，attract算是中性词。综上，lure与attract存在感情色彩的差异。lure包含贬义，而attract为中性词。13. ease与convenience均含“方便”之义，但两词有何不同？按照惯例，先看《新牛津》英英释义：ease: [mass noun] absence of difficulty or effort（没有困难或不费力）convenience: [mass noun] the state of being able to proceed with something with little effort or difficulty（能够几乎不费力或没有困难地启动某件事的状态）两词在意思上极其相似，但搭配却不一样：convenience（《朗文当代英语辞典（第5版）》）ease（《牛津英语搭配词典（第2版）》）14. gadgetry与device都属于“装置；设备”，该如何辨析？首先，请看《牛津高阶英汉双解词典（第7版）》对gadgetry的释义：gadgetry: [U] (sometimes disapproving) a collection of modern tools and devices（统称）小器具；小装置显然，英英释义未体现“小”的概念，我们再来看《柯林斯高阶英语学习词典（第3版）》的解释：gadgetry [N-UNCOUNT: oft adj N]Gadgetry is small machines or devices which do something useful.综上，我们可以得出以下结论：gadgetry不可数，与device不同；gadgetry侧重“实用的小装置”，所属类别更小。15. 第一段交代了哪些背景信息？首段开门见山，直奔主题，描绘了自行车因植入高科技再度流行的现状。但段末的“dockless”和high-tech gadgetry让人不禁产生疑问：到底是什么样的高科技竟允许这些自行车随处停放？这些都是作者为下文所做的铺垫。—————————————————————————————————————————② For years, bike-sharing schemes have been common in big cities around the world, including in China. Examples include Paris's Vélib and London's Santander Cycles ( \"Boris bikes\"). But these require customers to return the bicycles to docking stations. In China, a moreuser-friendly approach is spreading rapidly. It involves bikes that can be paid for using a smartphone and left anywhere. GPS tracking enables them to be located with a mobile app. A ride typically costs only one yuan ($0.15) on a sleek-framed bike in an eye-catching colour.参考译文多年来，共享单车方案普遍存在于包括中国城市在内的全球各大都市。巴黎的Vélib和伦敦的Santander Cycles（“鲍里斯单车”）就是这样的例子，但它们都要求用户将自行车归还至停车点。而在中国，一种更人性化的模式正在迅速铺开。该模式需要自行车可以用智能手机付费，并能到处停放，因为全球定位系统（GPS）可以通过手机应用追踪并找到这些自行车的确切位置。这种颜色醒目的流线型自行车骑一次通常仅需1元钱（约合0.15英镑）。解析16. scheme与plan, arrangement有何区别？请看scheme的英英释义：scheme: a large-scale systematic plan or arrangement for attaining some particular object or putting a particular idea into effect（《新牛津》）从词义来看，scheme是“大规模、系统性的计划”，相对于plan或arrangement意思更具体。17. 如何理解user-friendly一词？该词直译为“对用户友好的”，这里的“用户”显然不是专业人士，这就要求产品必须“方便使用、易于掌握”。此外，-friendly作为后缀，构成很多合成词，如environmentally-friendly。党和国家所倡导建立的“环境友好型社会”就是an environmentally-friendly society。18. 如何理解段末这句话的语法和写作逻辑？A ride typically costs only one yuan ($0.15) on a sleek-framed bike in an eye-catching colour.这句话稍微有点长，但理解起来不难，我们先讨论语法。论语法，这是一个简单句，前半句是主+谓+宾，后半句是两个介宾短语，充当的是主语（a ride）的定语，即A ride on a sleek-framed bike in an eye-catching colour typically costs only one yuan ($0.15) .论写作，英语跟汉语不同，主语的修饰语（如定语）一般多放在后面，而在汉语中，形容词多放在名词前，即“头重脚轻”。所以为避免这种现象，该句的介宾短语就放在后面了。19. 本段与第一段有何联系？首段提到中国共享单车的案例，第二段是对比他国案例，深扒中国单车案例领先外国背后的高科技，起到了承接上文的作用。—————————————————————————————————————————③ The first such service was launched in June 2015 by a startup called Ofo. The company now has around 2.5m yellow-framed bikes in more than 50 cities in China. Its main rival, Mobike, which started up only a year ago, says it has \"several million\" of its orange-wheeled bikes spread across a similar area. Bluegogo has half a million bikes in six Chinese cities. It plans to add a new city every two weeks.参考译文一家名为Ofo的新兴公司于2015年6月率先推出此类服务。该公司目前在中国50多座城市拥有大约250万辆黄色骨架自行车，而它的主要竞争对手摩拜单车(Mobike)一年前才创办，称旗下有“数百万辆”橙色车轮的自行车遍布相似地区。小蓝单车(Bluegogo)在中国六座城市拥有50万辆自行车，并计划每两周落户一家新城市。解析20. 如何辨析：rival, competitor, contestant？请看《新牛津》对各词的英英释义：rival: a person or thing competing with another for the same objective or for superiority in the same field of activityrival作“竞争对手”讲，既可指人也可指物，竞争领域不限。competitor:an organization or country that is engaged in commercial or economic competition with othersa person who takes part in a sporting contestcompetitor作“竞争对手”讲，指的是“机构或国家”，侧重商业或经济领域的竞争；同时，也有“体育竞赛的参赛者”之义。contestant: a person who takes part in a contest or competitioncontestant仅指人，作“竞争者”讲，不限领域。21. Ofo单车与摩拜单车在外观上有何不同？Ofo单车：yellow-framed bikes（黄色骨架自行车）摩拜单车：orange-wheeled（橙色车轮）+ orange and silver（首段：橙色和银色相间，即橙色车轮，银色骨架）22. 本段与上下文有何联系？本段主要介绍共享单车在我国的傲人发展史，是对前几段的补充，同时也为下文写共享单车走出国门做了铺垫。—————————————————————————————————————————④ Several other companies are piling in, as are investors who believe the firms have global potential. Bluegogo was the first to launch overseas, in San Francisco in February. Ofo has recently started services in Singapore and San Diego, California. It was due to launch another one in Cambridge, England, as The Economist went to press. Mobike, too, is operating in Singapore and is eyeing other markets.参考译文其他几家公司正蜂拥而至，而那些认为单车企业可能国际化的投资者们也同样在涌进来。小蓝单车（Bluegogo）率先涉足海外市场，于二月份落户旧金山。Ofo最近开始在新加坡和加利福尼亚的圣迭戈提供服务。本刊《经济学人》（The Economist）印刷之时，这家公司再下一城，就要在英格兰剑桥推出该服务了。摩拜单车（Mobike）也正在新加坡运营，并注视着其他市场。解析23. 如何理解pile in这个词组？pile in按字面义就是“（人群）涌入”，这里表达了其他单车企业“削尖脑袋都要挤进来”的热闹景象。24. 如何理解下句中的倒装现象？Several other companies are piling in, as are investors who believe the firms have global potential.as置于句首，句子出现倒装现象，究竟为何?请看下面的解释，重点关注文字加粗部分：A third group can be characterized as words that link content across clauses – not only, neither, nor, so, and as, all of which arc shown in (55). The clauses in (55b), (55c), and (55d) of course involve ellipsis as well as inversion, so that, for example, (55c) corresponds to and we can do it (, too). For many native speakers, inversion after as is no longer obligatory, at least with the auxiliary do, as illustrated in (55d).(55) a. Not only am I unhappy with his behavior, but I frankly just don't understand it.　　b. A: I don't understand why she reacted that way. B. Neither do I. / Nor do we.　　c. She can do it, and so can we.　　d. He believes firmly in the goals of the project, as do I (inverted) / as I do (uninverted).　　以上内容摘自剑桥大学出版社出版的《教师英语语法》（The Teacher's Grammar of English）。很显然这应该算是权威的，我们从其中的用法说明以及例句可以得出以下结论：1. 这类倒装完全适用于主语是代词的情况。　　2. 这类倒装还是非强制性的，即可以倒装也可以不倒装。[2]　25. eye与look at有区别吗？请看《新牛津英汉双解大词典（第2版）》对eye的解释：eye: [with obj.] look at or watch closely or with interest意思是“仔细（或饶有兴趣地）看, 观察; 审视”，仅用look at或watch还表达不了eye的含义。26. 本段与前几段有何联系？上一段着重写共享单车在国内的扩张，本段将焦点放到国外，写单车企业如何在海外市场腾飞，所以是承接上文。小小单车不仅风靡神州各地，也火到国外去了，达到了前所未有的高度，但也不免让人担心，“野蛮扩张”的背后是否潜藏着危机呢？—————————————————————————————————————————⑤ The dockless system is prone to abuse. Some riders hide the bikes in or near their homes to prevent others from using them. Another trick involves photographing a bike’s QR code and then scratching it off to stop others from scanning it. With the stored image, the rider can then monopolise the machine. But customers caught misbehaving can have points deducted from their accounts, making it more expensive for them to rent the bikes.参考译文但该无桩停放系统往往被滥用。某些骑行者将自行车藏在他们家中或家附近，以防他人使用。另一种伎俩是先拍照后刮掉自行车的二维码，从而阻止他人扫码。骑行者有保存的图片，就可以独占这辆自行车。但用户一旦被发现违规操作，（信用）积分就会从其账户中扣除，这会让他们租车变得更贵。解析27. 本段列举了用户哪些违规操作行为？用户可能受到怎样的惩罚？文中列举了两种违规行为，一是在家（附近）私藏单车，二是破坏二维码并独享单车。用户因此可能受到信用积分被扣除、租车价格更高的惩罚。注：本段句与句之间的衔接十分紧密，值得重点关注。28. 如何理解本段最后一句的语法？But customers caught misbehaving can have points deducted from their accounts, making it more expensive for them to rent the bikes.改写后：But customers (who are caught misbehaving) can have points deducted from their accounts, which makes it more expensive for them to rent the bikes.改写后的句子是把分词短语还原为定语从句，前几篇精读也有提到：分词充当后置定语时，可以改写相应的定语从句。但是，我们也要注意：定语从句的使用让句子显得更拖沓，不够简洁；第二个非限制性定语从句指代前面一整句（扣除积分这件事），这在GMAT语法考试中就是错误的，因为逻辑表述不清，妨碍理解。所以，出于语言的准确性和严谨性，请尽量采用分词结构。29. 本段各句之间是如何衔接的？The dockless system is prone to abuse. Some riders hide the bikes in or near their homes to prevent others from using them. Another trick involves photographing a bike’s QR code and then scratching it off to stop others from scanning it. With the stored image, the rider can then monopolise the machine. But customers caught misbehaving can have points deducted from their accounts, making it more expensive for them to rent the bikes.请关注加粗的文字，尤其是像another, then, but这些衔接词，正是理解本段内容的关键所在，附有译文，浅显易懂，故不赘述。30. 本段与前几段关系如何？上文陈述的是共享单车发展所面临的各种利好，本段转而开始介绍当前的不利情况，所以是让步段。但依然是承接上文，文章第一段末\"dockless\"打上引号，虽是下段的铺垫，但似乎还有一层用意，即暗示可能会造成丢失或被人为破坏的局面。—————————————————————————————————————————⑥ A bigger problem for the new firms is persuading people to use bikes instead of cars. Thirty years ago, 63% of Beijingers pedalled to work. Now only 12% do. Many people think that cycling is only for the poor. A dating-show contestant famously quipped in 2010 that she would \"rather cry in a BMW than smile on a bike.\"参考译文这些新兴公司所面临的更大问题是说服人们骑车而非开车。30年前，有63%的北京人骑自行车上班。而现在这一比例只有12%。许多人认为骑自行车是穷人专属。一名参加相亲节目的嘉宾戏称，她“宁愿坐在宝马车里哭，也不愿坐在自行车上笑”。解析31. persuade与coax, cajole有何不同？请看《新牛津》对各词的英英释义：persuade: cause (someone) to do something through reasoning or argumentcoax: persuade (someone) gradually or by flattery to do somethingcajole: persuade someone to do something by sustained coaxing or flattery显然，从用词上说，coax, cajole都有persuade的含义，但二者更侧重于“用好话哄或哄骗”，而persuade则是“以理服人”，与前两者的感情色彩不同。32. “北京市民（或北京人）”如何表达？Beijinger(s)一词搞定。33. quip这个词包含什么样的感情色彩？请看《新牛津》的英英释义：quip: make a witty remark [with direct speech]该词按字面翻译是“作出诙谐的评论”，词典的中文释义是“说俏皮话”，多用于直接引语（direct speech）。34. 段末直接引语部分体现怎样的价值观？... she would “rather cry in a BMW than smile on a bike.”[译] 她“宁愿坐在宝马车里哭，也不愿坐在自行车上笑”。——2010年江苏卫视《非诚勿扰》女嘉宾马诺这哪里是在“说俏皮话”，分明是在赤裸裸地宣扬拜金主义价值观，但在本文作者眼里，这句话就像是开的玩笑，拜金主义并不算什么。35. 如何理解本段与上一段在结构上的关系？bigger这个形容词比较级，旨在引出共享单车企业所面临的另一问题，承接上段的第一个不利条件。—————————————————————————————————————————⑦ Cycling is also dangerous. About 40% of road accidents involve bicycles, according to a report in 2013. (Many bike lanes have been eliminated to make room for cars.) Some city authorities accuse the bike-sharing firms of causing congestion. This month the southern city of Shenzhen ordered limits on the number of shared bikes. Other cities, including Shanghai and Beijing, are considering similar measures.参考译文骑自行车也很危险。据2013年的一则报告称，40%左右的交通事故与自行车有关。（许多自行车道取消，以便给机动车让路。）一些市政府指责共享单车公司造成交通堵塞。本月，南方城市深圳下令限制共享单车数量。包括上海和北京在内的其他城市正考虑出台类似举措。解析36. eliminate是否可等同于remove？eliminate: completely remove or get rid of (something)remove: take away something (unwanted or unnecessary) from the position it occupies综上，eliminate ≈ completely remove37. authorities与authority有何区别？authorities: 当局；当权者或机构；特指政府（照应导语中的officials）；authority: 不可数时，表示“权力；威信；授权”；可数时，指的是“（学术）权威；权威典籍；信息、证据的可靠来源”。38. 本段在结构上起到什么作用？本段指出最后一个问题：无桩单车随处停放，堵塞交通，遭政府限制，是对文章导语部分的具体解释，也是前后照应的表现，使文章前后勾连，结构更加严谨。—————————————————————————————————————————⑧ But Chinese leaders like the services—they represent the kind of green innovation that China says it wants. In January the prime minister, Li Keqiang, told Mobike's co-founder that her business model was \"a revolution\". Not, presumably, the kind that Mao led, but one that would have made the chairman feel at home with its profusion of two-wheelers.参考译文然而，中国领导人却对这些服务性企业表示赞同——它们体现了中国所希望看到的这种绿色革新。一月份，中国国家总理李克强对摩拜单车(Mobike)联合创始人说，她的商业模式是“一场革命”。该革命估计不是毛主席所领导的那种，但它可能会是一场利用遍地单车而获得毛主席认可的革命。解析39. services在文中为何不能理解为“服务”？若services理解为“服务”，后面的they指代的就是Chinese leaders，但他们并未体现“绿色革新”，所以they指的是上述这些共享单车企业。这样一来，“服务”并不是我们需要的词义，“服务性企业”更符合文意（参考《牛津高阶英汉双解词典（第7版）》）。40. prime minister能否用来称呼“总理”？《经济学人》用prime minister形容李克强总理，但外国的“首相”与我国的“总理”官职并不相等，如Prime Minister Theresa May（英国首相特里莎·梅）对应的是我们的习主席（president）。因此，我国官媒通常用premier来表达“总理”一职。新华网英文网站使用premier41. 你是否留意到，本文作者最后借题发挥，嘲讽了我国共享单车企业所引领的“绿色革命”？本文作者毕竟代表西方社会，最后不忘在revolution这个字眼上做文章，将单车企业所引领的“绿色革命”与上世纪的“文革”作比较，嘲弄的嘴脸尽显。因此，这明显是西方意识形态主导下的新闻评论，笔者是不能接受的。长期钻研英文报刊的周学艺教授曾说：如《纽约时报》等主要报刊，一提到中国就在“人权、贸易逆差、军事威胁”等问题上大做文章。读书看报，我们不但要读进去，还要能跳出来。阅历不深、常看这类报刊的年轻人要擦亮眼睛，提高警惕，千万别让他们潜移默化了。我们对他们的文章一定要持分析、批判的态度，并使之为我所用。[3]谢谢阅读。 参考文献：[1] [2] [3] 周学艺. 《美英报刊导读》（第二版）[M]. 北京：北京大学出版社，2010，31","updated":"T02:34:29.000Z","canComment":false,"commentPermission":"anyone","commentCount":8,"collapsedCount":0,"likeCount":37,"state":"published","isLiked":false,"slug":"","lastestTipjarors":[],"isTitleImageFullScreen":false,"rating":"none","titleImage":"/v2-b159b0f0dbec428b4f5ab3_r.jpg","links":{"comments":"/api/posts//comments"},"reviewers":[],"topics":[{"url":"/topic/","id":"","name":"经济学人（The Economist）"},{"url":"/topic/","id":"","name":"英语阅读"},{"url":"/topic/","id":"","name":"英语学习"}],"adminClosedComment":false,"titleImageSize":{"width":332,"height":188},"href":"/api/posts/","excerptTitle":"","column":{"slug":"more-to-read","name":"英语洪荒"},"tipjarState":"activated","tipjarTagLine":"好学精进","sourceUrl":"","pageCommentsCount":8,"tipjarorCount":0,"annotationAction":[],"snapshotUrl":"","publishedTime":"T10:34:29+08:00","url":"/p/","lastestLikers":[{"profileUrl":"/people/wang-rui-41-98","bio":"菜鸟计算机研究生","hash":"a07feafd8c8eec329f11e1db0a912065","uid":265500,"isOrg":false,"description":"","isOrgWhiteList":false,"slug":"wang-rui-41-98","avatar":{"id":"da8e974dc","template":"/{id}_{size}.jpg"},"name":"王瑞"},{"profileUrl":"/people/hei-se-de-yan-jing-77","bio":"","hash":"473f45d224caf76a0cfacca","uid":537000,"isOrg":false,"description":"","isOrgWhiteList":false,"slug":"hei-se-de-yan-jing-77","avatar":{"id":"v2-e7dc140e282e60caec45fdb","template":"/{id}_{size}.jpg"},"name":"黑色的眼睛"},{"profileUrl":"/people/lin-kai-lai","bio":"不吝啬给赞","hash":"84ba20fe185dfa1b96bac7","uid":229800,"isOrg":false,"description":"中国共青团团员","isOrgWhiteList":false,"slug":"lin-kai-lai","avatar":{"id":"331adcaa3684","template":"/{id}_{size}.jpg"},"name":"Stockholmelk"},{"profileUrl":"/people/ddddht","bio":"英专资深水货 音乐爱好者","hash":"76b8d4a822b5d3adca85","uid":111800,"isOrg":false,"description":"英专资深水货 喜欢琢磨语音语调 笔译在学 音乐爱好者 乐队酱油主唱","isOrgWhiteList":false,"slug":"ddddht","avatar":{"id":"v2-bff46aa8b0d","template":"/{id}_{size}.jpg"},"name":"DDDDHT"},{"profileUrl":"/people/shanshan-wu-85","bio":"","hash":"960c569b6ae0ccb1ef38391ccf346c59","uid":644160,"isOrg":false,"description":"","isOrgWhiteList":false,"slug":"shanshan-wu-85","avatar":{"id":"da8e974dc","template":"/{id}_{size}.jpg"},"name":"3333333"}],"summary":"文 / 梁洋Earnest导读忽如一夜春风来，“小黄”“小橙”大家踩。如今都市最亮丽的风景线，莫过于那些到处停放、外观骚气的共享单车了。下面这篇文章选自《经济学人》，就是外媒对当下沸腾的单车行业的冷思考。 精读The return of pedal power [1]自行车回来…","reviewingCommentsCount":0,"meta":{"previous":{"isTitleImageFullScreen":false,"rating":"none","titleImage":"/v2-eccc01e5d553c_r.jpg","links":{"comments":"/api/posts//comments"},"topics":[{"url":"/topic/","id":"","name":"经济学人（The Economist）"},{"url":"/topic/","id":"","name":"英语阅读"},{"url":"/topic/","id":"","name":"英语学习"}],"adminClosedComment":false,"href":"/api/posts/","excerptTitle":"","author":{"profileUrl":"/people/liang-yang-74-72","bio":"误人子弟、“毁”人不倦的前厨师学校教员","hash":"a1bd39d24cd9","uid":80,"isOrg":false,"description":"前 新东方教书匠","isOrgWhiteList":false,"slug":"liang-yang-74-72","avatar":{"id":"v2-178d2e4e30de980a7b694eae92ab19ad","template":"/{id}_{size}.jpg"},"name":"梁洋Earnest"},"column":{"slug":"more-to-read","name":"英语洪荒"},"content":"文 / 梁洋Earnest导读What do we talk about when we talk about \"Chelsea\"?请原谅我套用卡佛（Raymond Carver）的名言作为这篇文章的标题，因为这个洋溢着极简主义的句式实在太吸引我了。我们今天要谈论的，不是英超劲旅切尔西，而是一家有着百年历史和文艺传奇的酒店——切尔西酒店。你可能想不到，全世界最出名的文艺名流几乎都曾下榻于此，这其中就包括前不久刚低调领取诺贝尔文学奖的美国音乐人鲍勃o迪伦。本期《经济学人》讣告精读，带你走进这家集无数文青宠爱于一身的百年酒店。精读Up in the old hotel Obituary: Stanley Bard died on February 14thThe long-time manager of New York’s Hotel Chelsea was 82从标题和导语中，我们了解到：切尔西（Hotel Chelsea）是家坐落在纽约的老酒店（Up in the old hotel）斯坦利·巴德（Stanley Bard）长期经营此店，2017年情人节这天离世，享年82岁（注：本文是讣告）。下面我会不时补充必要文化背景，以拉近大家与斯坦利和这家酒店的距离。—————————————————————————————————————————1 IT IS a fair bet that no hotelier in New York was prouder of his trade than Stanley Bard. For him, it was a strange and wonderful calling, and what he made of his red-brick empire was something beautiful.参考译文可以肯定的是，就他的生意而言，纽约没有比斯坦利更得意的酒店老板了。他认为这个行当不同凡响、妙不可言，他的红砖帝国是美的存在。词汇[1] red-brick：文中是形容词，作“红砖建筑的”讲。其实，据《新牛津英汉双解大词典（第2版）》，该词还有一层引申义，即“（英国大学）成立于19世纪末（或20世纪初）的”。注：19世纪末或20世纪初正处在维多利亚时代（1837年～1901年），而这些大学统称为“红砖大学”。红砖大学（Red-brick University）指在大英帝国时期的维多利亚时代，创立于英国英格兰的重要工业城市，并于第一次世界大战前得到皇家特许的曼彻斯特大学、布里斯托大学、谢菲尔德大学、伯明翰大学、利兹大学和利物浦大学这六所英国著名大学，是除剑桥大学和牛津大学以外在英格兰地区最顶尖、最著名的老牌名校。“red brick”（红砖）一词最早是由利物浦大学西班牙语教授Edgar Allison Peers在以笔名Bruce Truscot于1943年出版的著作中提出，用来描述六所在维多利亚时代创立于英格兰重要工业城市并于第一次世界大战前得到皇家特许的六所大学。他参考的依据来自于利物浦大学的维多利亚大楼（由Alfred Waterhouse设计并1892年建成作为利物浦大学的主楼）是由一种独特的红色压砖砌成，并用赤陶土装饰敷料。（百度百科）句法[2] 如何理解下面这句话？IT IS a fair bet that no hotelier in New York was prouder of his trade than Stanley Bard.本句难点在于理解a fair bet这个短语和比较级表示最高级概念。首先，请看《柯林斯高阶英语学习词典（第三版）》释义：If you say that it is a good bet or a safe bet that something is true or will happen, you are saying that it is extremely likely to be true or to happen. (INFORMAL)a fair bet，即“极有可能属实或发生的事”，it只是形式主语，that引导的主语从句才是真正的主语。从句虽然是比较级形式（prouder of… than…），但由于前面有表示全部否定的no，所以从句部分也可以改写成最高级形式，即：…that Stanley Bard was the proudest hotelier in New York..因此，下次再表达最高级概念可以考虑使用这种带有全否定词的比较级句式。篇章作者开篇便是盛赞，说斯坦利的酒店生意笑傲纽约，，这种吊胃口的写法旨在激发读者的阅读兴趣。从第二段起，作者将围绕斯坦利的“得意”之处，由远及近、由表及里地展开描述。—————————————————————————————————————————2 His Hotel Chelsea—the inverted name conferring a certain elegance—sits on West 23rd Street in Manhattan, between Seventh and Eighth Avenues. Mr Bard believed firmly that the area was named after his building, which was once the tallest around, and is on several historic registers. Its style is Victorian Gothic, with floreate cast-iron balconies, and it rises to 12 storeys of somewhat gloomy aspect. It contains, according to most city guides, 250 rooms, though Stanley—as everyone knew him—averred there were around 400. He liked to say that if it were divided up today, without the same regard for high ceilings, outsize rooms and marble fireplaces common in 1883, you could fit in at least 1,000.参考译文他的切尔西酒店（Hotel Chelsea）坐落在曼哈顿第七大道和第八大道之间的西23街，名字反着写，倒为酒店平添了几分雅致。斯坦利先生坚信当地是以其建筑命名，因为酒店曾是附近第一高楼，还上了多个历史花名册。酒店是维多利亚哥特式建筑，有镂花铸铁围成的阳台，最高可达12层且外表颇为阴暗。据多数城市指南称，酒店有250间房，但斯坦利——众人皆知——却极力宣称有近400间客房。他喜欢说，酒店现在要是分割房间，不再考虑高房顶、特大房和大理石壁炉这些1883年的标配，至少能容纳1000间房。词汇[1] confer与give有何区别？confer不是单纯的“给”（give），其后面的宾语有一定限制。请看《新牛津英汉双解大词典（第二版）》的释义：[with obj.] grant (a title, degree, benefit, or right)授予（头衔，学位，利益，权利）原文中confer后的宾语a certain elegance可以算是一项“benefit”。[2] floreate缺少词典释义，又该如何理解？各大英语学习词典及在线英语词典（如有道、欧路词典）均仍不能查到该单词意思，那么究竟还有没有其他办法可以帮助理解该词词义？答案是肯定的。我们可以通过谷歌（Google）图片搜索（首选，但得翻墙），退而求其次选择微软必应（Bing）的图片搜索（墙内可用），但决不建议使用百度搜索，因为对于英文关键词的搜索效果实在太差。下面以floreate为例，高下立见：综上，谷歌搜索结果最佳，有关floreate的图片释义最贴切，必应所给释义虽然质量也不高（前两排只有一张符合），但也胜过百度。最后结合切尔西酒店的阳台图片（如下图），我们应该不难猜出floreate应该是“镂花（雕刻的花）”的意思。[3] historic与historical如何辨析？请看国外知名词汇网站的解释：参考译文：historic：（某事）对人类历史意义重大的historical：（某事）与过去有关的自大狂妄之徒要是称自己有个“名垂青史的”（historic）家庭背景，那就是混淆了这两个词，除非他们帮助赢得了某场战争，否则这个背景很可能只是“过去的”（historical）。[4] aspect在文中是否可以理解为“方面”？…it rises to 12 storeys of somewhat gloomy aspect.从语法角度讲，介词短语（of somewhat gloomy aspect）与宾语（12 storeys）是修饰和被修饰的关系，该短语充当定语（形容词），所以aspect要是译作“方面”，就成了“高达12曾且有着颇为阴暗的方面”，显然说不通。再翻开词典，你会惊讶地发现，aspect还有“外观”、“朝向”等意思。结合上下文，我们确定此处aspect的含义为“外观”，不是“方面”。句法[5] 如何理解下面这两句话？① His Hotel Chelsea—the inverted name conferring a certain elegance—sits on West
23rd Street in Manhattan, between Seventh and Eighth Avenues.两个破折号将主语（His Hotel Chelsea）和谓语（sits）分开，中间的内容（the inverted name）是主语的同位语，起补充说明作用，即the inverted name（颠倒的名称）就是对his Hotel Chelsea的解释，其后的conferring a certain elegance是现在分词作后置定语（形容词），修饰同位语部分。② He liked to say that if it were divided up today, without the same regard for high ceilings, outsize rooms and marble fireplaces common in 1883, you could fit in at least 1,000.难点在于识别if条件句中的虚拟语气。结合today，我们不难看出，该句是对现在事实的虚拟，所以从句和主句分别用的是“if it were…”和“you could fit…”。篇章本段承接第一段，从酒店名称、地理位置、建筑风格以及客房容量四大方面解释斯坦利的“得意”之处——① 酒店名称：切尔西酒店（Hotel Chelsea）的英文名反着写，显得酒店很高雅；② 地理位置，酒店坐落在繁华的纽约曼哈顿中心地带，介于第七和第八大道之间，可谓寸土寸金。斯坦利甚至确信，该地段是以这栋历史闻名的高楼而命名。老头还真不是在吹牛，酒店当年确实独领风骚——切尔西旅馆建成于1884年，当时就以其楼层高，有阁楼，有顶层花园而闻名。它当时是纽约最高的建筑物，直到1902年才有建筑物高度超过它。在1905年，这座建筑物被正式作为旅馆使用。它也是纽约市第一座被列为文化遗产而被保护的建筑物。（百度百科）③ 建筑风格：酒店属维多利亚时期哥特式（Victorian Gothic）建筑。而这类建筑的主要特征就是：尖拱、精细的飞檐、屋顶线和陡峭的屋面山墙。哥特式建筑最明显的建筑风格就是高耸入云的尖顶及窗户上巨大斑斓的玻璃画。德国科隆大教堂（如下图）被认为完美地结合了所有中世纪哥特式建筑和装饰元素。（百度百科）④ 客房容量：斯坦利言辞夸张，与事实严重不符，这也反映出他为人所知的“得意”或更准确地说“自大”的一面。再对比下切尔西酒店，两栋建筑风格相仿：—————————————————————————————————————————3 The lobby of the Chelsea, which rises to a wide dank staircase, housed his art collection, including several fleshy nudes, flying papier-m?ché figures, a portrait of a horse and a plaster-of-Paris pink girl on a swing. Below these, most days, milled a crowd of exotic, addled or entranced human beings. Stanley liked to preside on the reception desk. He was a short, smooth-skinned man, who combined energetic exaggeration with a mysterious vagueness. When he answered the telephone, his native Bronx would give way to the tones of an English butler. Callers were made to realise that this was a special hotel.参考译文酒店的大堂通向宽广阴湿的楼梯，收藏的有斯坦利的艺术品，包括几幅香艳的裸画、悬空的纸胶雕像、一幅马画以及一尊荡着秋千的粉红女孩石膏像。很多时候，艺术品之下都有一群异国他乡、迷迷糊糊或欣喜若狂的人转来转去。斯坦利喜欢掌管服务台。他个子不高，但皮肤光滑；他既会夸夸其谈，也会含糊其辞。接听电话时，他会把天生的的布朗克斯口音换成英国管家的腔调，这让呼叫者觉得这家酒店不同寻常。词汇[1] dank与damp有何分别？请看《新牛津英汉双解大词典（第2版）》所给释义：dank: disagreeably damp, cold, and musty 潮湿阴冷的, 有霉味的damp: slightly wet 湿的对比之下，两者差异尽显：dank不仅仅是damp（湿的），还包含cold,musty以及disagreeably这一贬义，所以是“湿冷、有霉味的”。[2] 文中不同画作和塑像的用词有何不同？本段共出现四个表示艺术作品的单词，它们分别是：① nudes：裸体画；人物裸体作品；裸体人像② figures：（人、动物的）画像；塑像。papier-m?ché指的是“制型纸，混凝纸（加进胶水等经浆状处理的纸，用以做装饰品）”。③ portrait：（尤指只刻画脸、头和肩部的）肖像, 画像；照片；雕像④ plaster-of-Paris：熟石膏；烧石膏[3] \"energetic exaggeration\" & \"a mysterious vagueness\"又该如何翻译？拙译：夸夸其谈，含糊其辞。① energetic exaggeration：exaggeration为“夸大；夸张”，而energetic则更加强调斯坦利本人说大话时“滔滔不绝”的状态，是为“夸夸其谈”；② a mysterious vagueness：mysterious作“神秘的；不可思议的；难以理解的”讲，vagueness指的是“思考或交流时含糊不清”的状态，姑且译为“含糊其辞”。欢迎读者留言，批评指正。句法[4] 如何理解下面这句话？Below these, most days, milled a crowd of exotic, addled or entranced human beings.本句是地点状语（Below these）置于句首的全倒装句，还原成陈述语序是：Most days a crowd of exotic, addled or entranced human beings milled below these.这里使用倒装句的好处在于加强上下文的衔接，即保证these与所指代的前一句内容紧密相连，不出现断层。篇章在第二段中，作者侧重描述酒店名称、地理位置、建筑风格和房间容量等，但在这一段，作者开始转变视角，由远及近、从表及里，开始深入酒店内部，并刻画人物形象。大堂，是酒店的门面，也彰显着酒店的品位。堂内诸多精美高雅的艺术品，让一群客人流连往返，如痴如醉，这不也是斯坦利的得意之处吗？随后发生的斯坦利冒充接线员并打动客人这一幕，则更是让斯坦利得意的地方。这样来看，第二、三段都是紧密围绕第一段的“得意”展开，前后衔接紧密，文意连贯。且慢！大堂里为何常出现一群怪人？他们到底来自哪里？他们又为何会聚集在酒店里？《经济学人》向来文风严谨，这些问题势必要在下文解决。再来看看斯坦利的个人形象：He was a short, smooth-skinned man, who combined energetic exaggeration with a mysterious vagueness. 参考译文：他个子不高，但皮肤光滑；既会夸夸其谈，也会含糊其辞。可见，他嘴上功夫了得。段末更是说到，他接电话时会转换腔调，让客人误以为他是英国管家（an English butler），对酒店不明觉厉。电影《大腕》中曾有这样几句台词形容英国管家的高贵：楼里边站一个英国管家 戴假发 特绅士的那种 业主一进门儿 甭管有事儿没事儿都得跟人家说 May I help you, sir? 一口地道的英国伦敦腔儿 倍儿有面子—————————————————————————————————————————4 Apart from tourists, whom Stanley admitted on sufferance and charged more, most guests were struggling artists or writers, and two-thirds were long-term residents. The arrangement was highly unusual for New York. In the 1970s the monthly rate was $60: very reasonable, Stanley thought, for the city. Nonetheless he sometimes let tenants off their rent, or lent them money for food. The average stay was nine years. Virgil Thomson, the composer, stayed for 50. Artists came to paint and sculpt, writers to write, deadbeats to die, and a large share to drink and misbehave.参考译文酒店的房客，除了斯坦利勉强获准、要价更高的游客外，大多是处境艰难的艺术家或作家，而且长租客人占了三分之二。这种安排在纽约十分罕见。在20世纪70年代，酒店月租为60美元——斯坦利觉得这价钱在纽约非常公道。不过，他有时会免收住户租金，或借钱给他们吃饭。平均每个客人在这里一呆就是九年，而作曲家维吉尔·汤姆森（Virgil Thomson）甚至住了五十年。于是，艺术家们前来绘画雕塑，作家们过来写作，穷困潦倒之人混吃等死，大部分人都到这里花天酒地，胡作非为。词汇[1] on sufferance为何义？据《牛津高阶英汉双解词典（第7版）》可知，if you do sth on sufferance, sb allows you to do it although they do not really want you to 经勉强同意；由于(某人的)宽容我们在【句法】中会具体解释词组所在句子的意思。[2] let... off如何理解？介词off从字面上看，就有“离开”的空间概念，与let构成动词组，放在上文的语境中，就是“免除/取消住户的租金”的意思。[3] nonetheless＝but？Nonetheless虽然在文中可以翻译为“不过；但是”之义，两者意思相近，但词性不同，切不可想当然。据《新牛津英汉双解大词典（第2版）》（以下简称“《新牛津》”）可知：nonetheless adverb nevertheless 尽管如此, 仍然nonetheless是副词（adverb），副词是虚词，用来修饰其他实词（如动词、形容词等），可以单独出现在一个句子中。而but则是连词（conjunction），作“然而；不过”讲时，“用于引入与前面所述形成对比的短语和从句”（《新牛津》）。两者词性有别，不可混用。[4] a large share为何可指人？share字面意思是“份；份额”，文中a large share突出“份额”之大，放在语境中可知，因一直在描述不同类型的房客，出于避免重复用词的缘故，改用a large share指代“很大一部分（客人）”，即a large share (of guests)。句法[5] 段首这句话如何理解？Apart from tourists, whom Stanley admitted on sufferance and charged more, most guests were struggling artists or writers, and two-thirds were long-term residents.该长句难点在于理解句子结构。先找主句，即... most guests were struggling artists or writers, and two-thirds were long-term residents.后分析whom引导的（非限制性）定语从句，也就是其所指代的先行词（tourists），充当从句谓语admitted（“准许……进入”）的宾语。最后结合on sufferance和其他词汇意思，便知句意。[6] “Virgil Thomson, the composer, stayed for 50.”这句话省略了什么？首先，笔者要强调一个原则：“无语境，无意义。”我们必须找到该句所在语境，才能作出判断。该句的上文是：The average stay was nine years.然后，我们似乎明白了，下一句应该是省略了years，同样是为了避免重复用词。该句还原后，即Virgil Thomson, the composer, stayed for 50 years.[7] 段末这个长句省略了什么？Virgil Thomson, the composer, stayed for 50. Artists came to paint and sculpt, writers to write, deadbeats to die, and a large share to drink and misbehave.与上句省略数词后的宾语（years）不同，末句省略了相同的谓语部分（came），还原后即：Artists came to paint and sculpt, writers (came) to write, deadbeats (came) to die, and a large share (of guests) (came) to drink and misbehave.篇章[8] 本段衔接手段有哪些？衔接是否紧密？首先，请看【关联词】和【代词】在本段的大量使用，如：apart form, whom, and, or, the arrangement, the city, nonetheless, and, a large share以上属于显性衔接，但句子间也有隐形衔接，举一例，请看该段倒数第二句话，The average stay was nine years. (But) Virgil Thomson, the composer, (even) stayed for 50.添加相关连词或副词后，语义衔接是不是更紧密了？[9] 该段与前几段有何联系？该段与前几段有何联系？本段为下文又做了哪些铺垫？上一篇精读中说到，第一段总说围绕斯坦利的“得意”，第二三段（由远及近、由表及里）具体介绍其“得意”之处，然后提到大堂里常出现一群怪人，而这些“怪人”就是下文所要描绘的房客，此为承上。本段段末提及artists, writers, deadbeats, a large share，这些人物将在下面几段分别亮相，此为启下（铺垫即在此）。—————————————————————————————————————————5 From 1964 all were vetted first by Stanley, who considered whether they and the hotel could get along. He let in, among others, Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, William Burroughs, Jackson Pollock, Leonard Cohen, Janis Joplin, Stanley Kubrick, Jimi Hendrix, Tom Wolfe, Jean-Paul Sartre, the Grateful Dead and all the women associated with Andy Warhol’s Factory. Bob Dylan wrote songs in Suite 211, Madonna filmed her sex book in Room 822, and Woody Allen shot three films on the murky marble stairs. Short-stays were sometimes billetted with the famous, separated by a bead curtain and on sagging camp beds.参考译文从1964年起，所有房客都得先由斯坦利过目，并由他考虑那些客人是否能在酒店留宿。他放行的租户有：杰克·凯鲁亚克（Jack Kerouac）、艾伦·金斯堡（Allen Ginsberg）、威廉·伯勒斯（William Burroughs）、杰克逊·波洛克（Jackson Pollock）、伦纳德·科恩（Leonard Cohen）、贾尼斯·乔普林（Janis Joplin）、斯坦利·库布里克（Stanley Kubrick）、吉米·亨德里克斯（Jimi Hendrix）、汤姆·沃尔夫（Tom Wolfe）、让·保罗·萨特（Jean-Paul Sartre）、感恩而死乐队（The Grateful Dead）、安迪·沃霍尔（Andy Warhol）的艺术工作室（Factory，曾是一间废弃的帽厂）的所有女性等。鲍勃·迪伦（Bob Dylan）曾在211套房写过歌，麦当娜（Madonna）在822房间拍摄了性感写真集，而伍迪·艾伦（Woody Allen）在昏暗的大理石楼梯上拍了三部电影。短租客则被临时安排与名流同住在错开的折叠床上，并由一幅珠帘隔开。词汇[1] vet一词与check是否有别？《新牛津》给出的释义是：vet（常作be vetted）Brit. investigate (someone) thoroughly, especially in order to ensure that they are suitable for a job requiring secrecy, loyalty, or trustworthiness 〈英〉彻底审查（某人）vet词义中的关键词是investigate与thoroughly。请再看《朗文当代高级英语辞典》(LDOCE)的解释： vetBritish English to check someone’s past activities, relationships etc in order to make sure that person is suitable for a particular job, especially an important one即vet: [英] 审查（某人过去的活动、亲属关系等），比check意义更丰富更具体，所以两者不可简单对等。 [2] 如何区分murky与dark？请看《朗文当代高级英语辞典》(LDOCE)的解释： dark : if a place is dark, there is little or no lightThe room was very dark.No, you can’t play outside, it’s too dark.It was a dark night with clouds covering the moon.murky: dark and difficult to see through -- used especially about waterthe murky waters of the lakeI could hardly see him in the murky light of the bar.综上，dark突出“（几乎）无光”，murky强调“液体浑浊、看不清”，两者有显著差别。[3] short-stays为何义？指的是人还是物？切记：“无语境，无意义。”原句如下：Short-stays were sometimes billetted with the famous...注：文章中，billetted这个单词拼写有误（系作者笔误），其动词原形为billet（[动] 给…安排临时住处），过去分词应为billeted，望读者知晓。很显然，the famous指“名人”这一群体（the famous=famous people），相应的这里的short-stays也应该理解为short-stay guests（短租客）。[4] “珠帘”如何翻译？a bead curtain，翻译过来就是我们通常所见的“珠帘”。[5] sagging camp beds是什么床？请看《新牛津》对camp beds的定义：camp bedBrit. a folding portable bed, typically made of canvas stretched over a knock-down metal frame 〈英〉行军床, 折叠床。sagging是sag的现在分词（或形容词）形式，sag释义如下：sagverb（sagged, sagging）［no obj.］have a downward bulge or curve 下弯; 下陷：the bed sagged in the middle床的中间陷下去了综上，sagging camp beds指的就是camp beds，毕竟折叠床都是下陷的，没有往上凸起的。句法[6] 段末这句话如何理解？ Short-stays were sometimes billetted with the famous, separated by a bead curtain and on sagging camp beds.这句话的难点在于后半部分，即过去分词separated充当后置定语。既然是定语，完全可以还原成定语从句理解，即：Short-stays were sometimes billeted with the famous, who were separated by a bead curtain and on sagging camp beds.这里需要提到的是，who指代的是short-stays与the famous两类人，即... short-stays and the famous were separated by a bead curtain and on sagging camp beds.篇章[7] 上述这些名流到底何许人也？名人太多，只能附上简介如下，以供大家浏览。① 杰克·凯鲁亚克（Jack Kerouac）——美国作家，美国“垮掉的一代”的代表人物。他的主要作品有自传体小说《在路上》、《达摩流浪者》、《荒凉天使》、《孤独旅者》等。② 艾伦·金斯堡（Allen Ginsberg）——美国诗人，他在《嚎叫及其它诗》（1956年）中的标题诗确立了其在垮掉的一代中的领袖诗人地位，堪称美国当代诗坛和整个文学运动中的一位“怪杰“，后参与20世纪60年代的“嬉皮士”运动，一度宣扬使用毒品的自由；越战期间，他是一名主要的反战激进分子。③ 威廉·伯勒斯（William Burroughs）——美国作家，与艾伦·金斯堡及杰克·凯鲁亚克同为“垮掉的一代”文学运动的创始者，玩朋克、演电影、画画卖钱、做广告，几乎无所不为。④ 杰克逊·波洛克（Jackson Pollock）——美国画家，抽象表现主义绘画大师，也被公认为是美国现代绘画摆脱欧洲标准，在国际艺坛建立领导地位的第一功臣。⑤ 伦纳德·科恩（Leonard Cohen）——加拿大演员、诗人、小说家、民谣音乐人和编剧，代表作有电影《我是你的男人》、专辑《Ten New Songs》、小说《美丽失落者》等，荣获第52届格莱美音乐奖终身成就奖，被《纽约时报》赞誉为“摇滚乐界的拜伦”。⑥ 贾尼斯·乔普林（Janis Joplin）——美国歌手，60年代的迷幻女杰，曾以其自信、性感、直率、嘶哑、甚至邋遢肮脏的方式以及触电般的舞台表演，征服了亿万观众，迄今无人能比，被称为最伟大的白人摇滚女歌手和伟大的布鲁斯歌手。⑦ 斯坦利·库布里克（Stanley Kubrick）——美国著名电影导演，著名作品有《奇爱博士》、《2001太空漫游》、《发条橙》、《闪灵》等。⑧ 吉米·亨德里克斯（Jimi Hendrix）——美国吉他手，歌手，作曲人，被公认为是摇滚音乐史中最伟大的电吉他演奏者。⑨ 汤姆·沃尔夫（Tom Wolfe）——美国记者、作家，新新闻主义的鼻祖。他的报道风格大胆，以使用俚语、造词和异端的标点为特征，对新闻运动影响深远。《The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test》（1968年）是他最著名的小说之一。⑩ 让·保罗·萨特（Jean-Paul Sartre）——法国20世纪最重要的哲学家之一，法国无神论存在主义的主要代表人物，西方社会主义最积极的倡导者之一，一生中拒绝接受任何奖项，包括1964年的诺贝尔文学奖。(11) 感恩而死乐队(The Grateful Dead)——于1964年组建的美国乐队，风格常在迷幻摇滚和乡村摇滚之间自由切换，并且与Jefferson Airplane同是迷幻摇滚开创者之一。乐队解散于1995年。(12) 安迪·沃霍尔（Andy Warhol）——被誉为20世纪艺术界最有名的人物之一，是波普艺术的倡导者和领袖，也是对波普艺术影响最大的艺术家；他还是电影制片人、作家、摇滚乐作曲者、出版商，是纽约社交界、艺术界大红大紫的明星式艺术家。1966年拍摄了大受好评的电影《切尔西女郎》（The Chelsea Girls），一定程度上反映了切尔西酒店的住户生活。(13) 鲍勃·迪伦（Bob Dylan）——原名罗伯特·艾伦·齐默曼（Robert Allen Zimmerman）， 美国摇滚、民谣艺术家，2016年获得诺贝尔文学奖，成为第一位获得该奖项的作曲家。(14) 麦当娜·西科尼（Madonna Ciccone）——著名的美国创作型歌手、演员和企业家，在全世界一共卖出了3亿张唱片，被吉尼斯世界纪录大全认为是全世界任何时候拥有最佳销量的女歌手。20世纪80年代，麦当娜曾在切尔西酒店822套房拍摄了性感写真集。(15) 伍迪·艾伦（Woody Allen）——美国电影导演、编剧、演员、喜剧演员、作家、音乐家与剧作家，电影独具风格，范畴横跨戏剧、脱线性喜剧，也以他速度飞快的电影拍摄过程与数量繁多的电影作品而见长。因此，我们可以毫不夸张地说，在切尔西酒店，一个房间，一个名人，一段传奇。[8] 本段与前一段和后几段有何联系？上一段段末提及artists, writers, deadbeats, a large share，这些人物就在本段开始逐一亮相，因此本段承上。另外，本段通过列举下榻酒店的名流，反映了斯坦利对于客源的选择，这就为下文写酒店经营理念做了铺垫。—————————————————————————————————————————6 Stanley’s theory of management was that all tenants, whom he viewed as friends, should be largely left alone. They could change the furniture, put up antique wallpaper, plant palms, sleep in their coffins and keep any sort of child or pet. Privacy was paramount. Housekeeping happened once a week, if that. Arthur Miller, recuperating here from his marriage to Marilyn Monroe, objected to the lack of vacuuming and the disintegration of his carpets, at which Stanley expressed great surprise. He thought the suite “perfect”.参考译文斯坦利的酒店管理之道就是视客为友，任其所为。他们可以更换家具，贴复古壁纸，种棕榈树，睡棺材里以及养各种小孩或宠物。总之，隐私至上。保洁最多一周一次。阿瑟·米勒（Arthur Miller）曾在这里熬过与玛丽莲·梦露（Marilyn Monroe）的离婚之伤。他对套房没有用吸尘器清洁和地毯开裂表示反感，这些都让斯坦利大为吃惊，因为他原本觉得房间“十全十美”。词汇[1] paramount与important有何分别？请看paramount在《新牛津》中的释义：paramount: more importan supreme最重要的; 至高无上的由此可见，paramount＝(the) most important，相当于important的最高级。[2] if that为何义？请看维基词典（Wiktionary）对该词组的解释：if that: at most.if that，即“最多；或许更少”。原文中是突出斯坦利尊重客人隐私，连保洁服务也尽可能避免。句法[3] 本段倒数第二句话该如何断句？Arthur Miller, recuperating here from his marriage to Marilyn Monroe, objected to the lack of vacuuming and the disintegration of his carpets, at which Stanley expressed great surprise.断句如下：①Arthur Miller, / ③recuperating here from his marriage to Marilyn Monroe, / objected to the lack of vacuuming and the disintegration of his carpets, / ②at which Stanley expressed great surprise.原句由①主句和②从句组成，③非谓语部分（现在分词作后置定语）修饰主语。上文我们提到过去分词（separated）作后置定语这一语法点，而此处是现在分词（recuperating），同理可改写为定语从句，即：... who were recuperating here from his marriage to Marilyn Monroe...句子关系瞬间清晰许多，是不是？至于②非限制性定语从句部分，我们调换下语序，再看其实是这样：... Stanley expressed great surprise at which...关系代词which指代的是：the lack of vacuuming and the disintegration of his carpets（即先行词）。此外，③非谓语部分需要注意recuperate... from...这个动词组，表示“从……中恢复过来”，这里是指“阿瑟·米勒（Arthur Miller）曾在这里熬过与玛丽莲·梦露（Marilyn Monroe）的离婚（注：表面是结婚，实为离婚）之伤”。米勒与梦露的结婚照篇章[4] Arthur Miller何许人也？他与斯坦利的这个例子说明什么？说到玛丽莲·梦露（Marilyn Monroe）这位性感尤物，大家可能都不陌生，而阿瑟·米勒（Arthur Miller）就是她的第三任丈夫，上图便是两人结婚时的照片。阿瑟·米勒与尤金·奥尼尔（Eugene O'Neill）、田纳西·威廉斯（Tennessee Williams，笔名）并称为20世纪美国戏剧三大家，代表作品有《推销员之死》、《萨勒姆的女巫》。日，阿瑟·米勒与玛丽莲·梦露结婚，但这段婚姻仅持续了5年，便以失败告终。米勒离婚后搬到切尔西酒店，边“疗伤”边写作。第二个子问题。原文中，米勒因酒店“不完美”而与斯坦利产生争议，这里实际上呼应了第一段的内容（关键词：prouder, beautiful），同时也突出斯坦利对于美的自信和追求，这种追求在末段中也有体现，因此可以说，切尔西的“美”贯穿全文，而斯坦利就是美的创造者。—————————————————————————————————————————7 He also believed that guests could do what they liked, as long as they did not destroy his hotel. The very thick soundproofing in the walls, and decent insulation, meant that although some rooms were set on fire, it never took hold. When anyone mentioned the deaths in the hotel, he put these to one side. Dylan Thomas was ill at the Chelsea, he admitted, having drunk 18 but he drank them elsewhere, and died in the hospital. Sid Vicious’s girlfriend Nancy Spungen died of stab wounds in their room, but Stanley saw this as a suicide pact that went wrong, which was the sort of thing creative people did. Some guests threw themselves, stoned, down the stairwell, on the same artistic principle. Any police seen in the hotel were, in fact, more guests. Unexplained disappearances were probably vacations. His hotel was so serene, bathed with perfect northern light, that people either returned again and again, or never left.参考译文斯坦利还认为，客人只要不毁了酒店，就能为所欲为。墙体中极厚的隔音材质和良好的隔热材料意味着，即便某些房间着了火，火势也不会扩大失控。倘若有人提到在酒店发生的死亡案件，他便把它们抛到一边。斯坦利承认，迪伦·托马斯（Dylan Thomas）住店时病了，他确实是连喝了18杯威士忌。不过，他是在其他地方喝的酒，并死在了医院。锡德·维舍斯（Sid Vicious）的女友南希（Nancy Spungen）在两人房间里死于刀伤，但斯坦利却将事故看作是违约的集体自杀协定，是创意人士所为。也正是基于同样的艺术性理由，一些房客精神恍惚地坠下楼梯。凡是出没在酒店的警察，反倒成了新的客人。房客们离奇失踪，也便成了外出度假。他的酒店沐浴在从北部照过来的完美光线下，显得平静之极，人们要么一次次返回酒店，要么就从不离开。词汇[1] decent与good在语义上是否对等？请看《朗文当代高级英语辞典》(LDOCE) 对decent的解释：decent取good之义时，多用于口语，而且强调“质量优良”，含同级比较（见上图第三个例句）。这样来看，两者意思相近，但并不对等。[2] (having drunk) 18 straight whiskies中的straight做何解释？显然，straight肯定不能作“直的；笔直的”解释。且看《新牛津》释义：straight: [attrib.] in continuous succession即straight是定语形容词（不作表语），意思是“连续的”。文中这句话的意思也就清晰了。[3] stoned为何义？我们有时喝酒喝多了，就会感觉脑袋像石头似的，这种情况就可以用stoned来形容，意思是“喝醉的”（very drunk），但它也指“（服用毒品尤指大麻后）麻醉了的, 精神恍惚的”。由于房客酗酒和嗑药的情况都存在，所以我们暂且用“精神恍惚的”来翻译这个词。[4] serene与calm或peaceful在意思上有何不同？从《朗文当代高级英语辞典》(LDOCE)中，我们唯一能找出的区别就是：serene＝very calm or peaceful但这并不够详细，请再看的具体查词结果：serene:Choose the adjective serene to describe someone who is calm and untroubled. If you tell someone horrible news and they remain serene, you might wonder if they heard you!可见，serene形容人时指的是“（某人）处变不惊、镇定自若”，这很符合文中切尔西酒店发生命案后依然平静如初的景象。该图中，第一个解释同上，作“处变不惊、镇定自若”讲；另一个，则是形容天空，作“晴空”讲，以后形容“一片晴空，万里无云”便可用该词。这样一来，serene便可与calm或peaceful区分开了。[5] northern light 传达出关于酒店的什么信息？这里实际上提及酒店的朝向，northern light即阳光从北边照过来，自然是坐南朝北。句法[6] 如何理解下面这句话？Any police seen in the hotel were, in fact, more guests.遮住in fact这个插入语词组，句子简化为：Any police seen in the hotel were more guests.more是比较级指示词，既然警察是来办案，公事公办即可，但却成了“更多的客人”，这不就是说警察办案后，成了酒店的客人吗？命案反而让警察也成了酒店新的的主顾，侧面烘托酒店的服务之好。篇章[7] 本段提到在酒店发生两起命案，真相如何？第一起命案死者是英国著名诗人迪伦·托马斯（Dylan Thomas）。维基百科（Wikipedia）对其去世过程的描述与文章中斯坦利的供述是一致的。On 3 November, Thomas spent most of the day in bed drinking. He went out in the evening to keep two drink appointments. After returning to the hotel, he went out again for a drink at 2 am. After drinking at the White Horse, a pub he had found through Scottish poet Ruthven Todd, Thomas returned to the Hotel Chelsea, declaring, \"I've had 18 straight whiskies. I think that's the record!\" The barman, and the owner of the pub who served him, later commented that Thomas could not have imbibed more than half that amount.At midnight on 5 November, Thomas's breathing became more difficult and his face turned blue. An ambulance was summoned. Thomas was admitted to the emergency ward (急诊室) at St Vincent's Hospital at 1:58 am.Thomas died at noon on 9 November, still in a coma. A post mortem gave the primary cause of death as pneumonia (肺炎), with pressure on the brain and a fatty liver as contributing factors.第二起命案：“锡德·维舍斯（Sid Vicious）的女友南希（Nancy Spungen）在两人房间里死于刀伤。”同样请看维基百科（Wikipedia）介绍：After the Sex Pistols broke up in January 1978, Spungen and Vicious moved to the Hotel Chelsea in New York City. They stayed in room 100, registered as \"Mr. and Mrs. John Simon Ritchie\", Vicious's real name.Over the next few months, Vicious and Spungen spiraled into deeper drug abusepunctuated by domestic violence, with Vicious allegedly attacking Spungen. Their relationship ended violently on October 12, 1978 when Spungen's body was found under the sink in the bathroom of their room at Hotel Chelsea. Spungen had suffered a single fatal stab wound to the abdomen. Vicious reportedly owned the knife that made the wound. Vicious was immediately arrested and charged with second degree murder. He pleaded not guilty and was released on bail. Four months after Nancy's death he died of a heroin overdose, before the trial could take place and consequently, the NYPD closed the case.综上，本案仍存在疑点，但南希因刀伤死在酒店确是不争的事实，锡德·维舍斯作为本案最大的嫌疑人，也肯定脱不了干系。[8] 本段与上下文关系如何？本段依然是承上启下，承上从段首即可看出：He also believed that guests could do what they liked, as long as they did not destroy his hotel.also一词说明本段与上一段是紧密相连的。上一段主讲了斯坦利对酒店客源的规定（酒店定位），这一段具体围绕如何管理酒店房客（酒店运营）。段末展现出酒店一片祥和、生意兴隆的景象，这与斯坦利的经营之道是分不开的，但“盛极必衰”，这反而为下文（最后一段）写酒店的衰落埋下了伏笔，所以也是启下。—————————————————————————————————————————Heart and soul8 He did not live in the hotel himself. From the mid-1990s he owned an apartment on tonier Park Avenue. Nonetheless the hotel was also a family home. His father had bought it, with two other Hungarian Jews, after the war, with a loan from the Emigrant Bank next door. It was then a flop-house, having fallen from its pinnacle at the centre of the then-Theatre D the area has since come up again. Stanley’s boyish adventures involved exploring behind the walls with the hotel plumber, and riding up and down all day with a tolerant bell-captain in the ancient gated elevators.参考译文一心一意斯坦利自己并不住在酒店。从20世纪90年代中期起，他就有一间公寓，住所位于更豪华的派克大街。尽管如此，酒店也是他的一个家。二战发生后（1939年），他父亲与另外两个匈牙利犹太人合伙买下了酒店，隔壁的美国移民银行（Emigrant Bank）向三人提供了贷款。这家酒店鼎盛时期位于当时剧院区中心，随后沦为一家廉价酒店。该地后又再度崛起。斯塔利的童年冒险经历包括与管道工一起在酒店墙后摸索，以及整天陪同宽容的服务员领班在老式围栏电梯里上上下下。词汇[1] flop-house为何义？请看《新牛津》的解释：flophouse: (informal, chiefly US) a dosshouse 廉价旅馆，简陋客店flophouse特指“廉价旅馆，简陋客店”，有点儿像我们今天常见到的如家、7天等快捷酒店。[2] pinnacle与peak如何辨析？请看《朗文当代高级英语辞典》对两词的解释：pinnacle: the most successful, powerful, exciting etc part of something（某物的）巅峰；顶点；鼎盛时期peak: the time when something or someone is best, greatest, highest, most successful etc（某人/物的）巅峰期；鼎盛时期显然，两者所指对象不同，pinnacle仅指物，peak既可指人也可指物，指物时两者在意思上几乎相同。句法[3] 如何理解下面这句话：It was then a flop-house, having fallen from its pinnacle at the centre of the then-Theatre District...难点依然在于非谓语部分（现在分词）。按照惯例，我们把现在分词所在的分句改写为定语从句，即It was then a flop-house, which had fallen from its pinnacle at the centre of the then-Theatre District...关系代词which指代a flop-house，由盛转衰，盛在前衰在后，所以涉及两个过去时间，所以用过去完成时。篇章[4] Theatre District到底是在哪？这里涉及剧院区（Theatre District）的地理位置和文化背景：该区位于曼哈顿中城，具体就是从 40 街起，到 54 街，从第六大道起，到第八大道间的区域，因聚集了几十家百老汇（Broadway）剧院，上演着最高水准的著名剧目，是美国戏剧业的心脏，因此被称为剧院区。出处：[5] 作者为何要在本段提及酒店的历史和斯坦利的童年？显然，原文中说到“a family home”（家）这个概念，所以肯定要谈家族史、创业史，而且还必须要扯上斯坦利童年，这样才能体现斯坦利视酒店为家，对酒店有极其深厚的感情。所以，当末段写到酒店旁落、面临改建及美不存在时，斯坦利两眼无光，这一绝望也印证了斯坦利的“一心一意”。—————————————————————————————————————————9 Since his hotel had heart and soul, it had no business plan—beyond fostering a community of unfettered, energised, even wild artists in the heart of New York City. In this he succeeded wonderfully, but not commercially. In 2007 he was shoved aside by the board. His beloved hotel
a few nervous tenants remain in their dusty rooms. At his last tenants’ association meeting at El Quijote, his favourite restaurant, it seemed that the light had gone out of his eyes. He was mourning the loss of beauty that he had spent his life creating.参考译文他的酒店由于一心一意为客人着想，所以没有开展商业规划，但在纽约市中心扶植了一个由无拘无束，精力充沛，甚至无法无天的艺术家们所构成的社区除外。斯坦利虽在这方面获得了极大成功，但在商业上却鲜有建树。2007年，他被董事会罢免，他心爱的酒店后来重建，几个焦虑的房客还留在布满尘埃的房间里。在他最爱的*El Quijote餐厅举办的最后一次房客社区会议上，他两眼看起来暗淡无光，因为他正为失去这一辈子所创造的美而感到悲伤。注：El Quijote：西班牙语。与小说《堂吉诃德》（Don Quijote de la Mancha）的外文名称相似，谷歌翻译翻成“堂吉诃德”，但笔者不懂西语，遂不译。词汇[1] unfettered为何义？请看《牛津高阶英汉双解词典（第7版）》的解释：unfettered: not controlled or restricted无限制的；不受约束的；自由的[2] 如何理解shove... aside的意思？《新牛津》对shove的释义是：shove: push (someone or something) roughly推, 猛推aside为副词，即“到一边；在旁边”，shove... aside字面义就成了“把（某人）推到一边”，也就是“罢免；废黜”之义。[3] 作者是如何表现心血尽毁时斯坦利的绝望的？... the light had gone out of his eyes.眼睛是心灵的窗户，眼中无光，心中便无希望，说明斯坦利悲痛欲绝。篇章[4] 最后一段的意义何在？“盛极必衰”的伏笔最终显现，其实，前几段写酒店定位和经营理念时，就已经埋下酒店商业失败的伏笔，而末段的“悲”与首段的“喜”又构成强烈反差，体现出一种繁华落尽的悲情，斯坦利也顿时成为一个悲情人物。故事以悲剧收尾，反而更打动读者，引发读者思考，作者的目的即在于此。—————————————————————————————————————————谢谢阅读。","state":"published","sourceUrl":"","pageCommentsCount":0,"canComment":false,"snapshotUrl":"","slug":,"publishedTime":"T23:56:43+08:00","url":"/p/","title":"当我们谈论切尔西时，我们在谈论什么丨经济学人精读","summary":"文 / 梁洋Earnest导读What do we talk about when we talk about \"Chelsea\"?请原谅我套用卡佛（Raymond Carver）的名言作为这篇文章的标题，因为这个洋溢着极简主义的句式实在太吸引我了。我们今天要谈论的，不是英超劲旅切尔西，而是一家有着百年历史和文…","reviewingCommentsCount":0,"meta":{"previous":null,"next":null},"commentPermission":"anyone","commentsCount":0,"likesCount":0},"next":{"isTitleImageFullScreen":false,"rating":"none","titleImage":"/v2-dab8ebfb1_r.jpg","links":{"comments":"/api/posts//comments"},"topics":[{"url":"/topic/","id":"","name":"经济学人（The Economist）"},{"url":"/topic/","id":"","name":"英语阅读"},{"url":"/topic/","id":"","name":"英语学习"}],"adminClosedComment":false,"href":"/api/posts/","excerptTitle":"","author":{"profileUrl":"/people/liang-yang-74-72","bio":"误人子弟、“毁”人不倦的前厨师学校教员","hash":"a1bd39d24cd9","uid":80,"isOrg":false,"description":"前 新东方教书匠","isOrgWhiteList":false,"slug":"liang-yang-74-72","avatar":{"id":"v2-178d2e4e30de980a7b694eae92ab19ad","template":"/{id}_{size}.jpg"},"name":"梁洋Earnest"},"column":{"slug":"more-to-read","name":"英语洪荒"},"content":"本文首发 ? ? 。因知乎误删或禁止发表相关文章，此专栏更新较慢，还望见谅。共6,921字，建议阅读40分钟。导读《我是范雨素》这篇文章一夜爆红，一时间，赞赏与吐槽齐飞。有人说文章是进城务工人员的真实写照，引起了他们的共鸣；也有人吹毛求疵，认为此文缺乏文学性，难登大雅之堂。不管如何，网络喷子和广大媒体“朋友”已经把她装订得更为拙劣。甚至，连《经济学人》杂志也不例外，不仅蹭了热点，还借人权问题对我国横加指责。所以，请抱着批判的眼光来精读下文。精读A sorry tale [1]一个悲惨故事A migrant worker's story of her travails is a huge hit in China女民工的艰辛事迹风靡全中国But urban snobbery towards such people will be hard to change但城里人鄙视民工的本性难移解 析【1】标题与导语告诉读者哪些信息？标题：点明文章的情感基调，即下文含有悲情色彩，下文可能会触动读者的小心灵。导语：①主人公是一名女民工，经历种种苦难，其动人事迹火遍大江南北；②城里人向来看不起进城务工的外地人，哪怕揭露该问题的文章成了爆款，他们也很难接纳农民工群体。【2】tale = story?不一定。《新牛津英汉双解大词典 (第2版) 》对两词的定义分别是：tale: a fictitious or true narrative or story, especially one that is imaginatively recounted要点：tale是指讲得有创意的story，真假均可。story: an account of imaginary or real people and events told for entertainment要点：story是出于娱乐目的的故事，可真可假。据《我是范雨素》的写作目的来看，倒不是为了娱乐大众，而是出于记录和表达自我的需要。这篇文章编辑说，“今天这篇文章，是她自己的故事。”后又因为话题新颖，内容感人至深，便迅速走红网络。从这个层面来讲，宜用tale，而不是story。【3】travail为何译为“艰辛”？《新牛津英汉双解大词典 (第2版) 》对该词的解释是：travail: painful or laborious (费时费力的) effort艰苦劳动, 辛勤努力：或者，我们姑且可以这样理解：travail = hard work (苦劳；辛苦)。【4】snobbery为何义？下图是的释义，指某人习惯性地看不起别人，也就是“鄙视；势利眼”。-1-NATIVES of China's capital find it all too easy to ignore the millions of people who have moved to the city from the countryside. The newcomers live on building sites, or in windowless rooms in the basements of apartment blocks. Many of them rent cramped accommodation in ramshackle \"migrant villages\" on the city's edges. Beijing-born residents often treat the outsiders with scorn, blaming them for much of the city's crime and its pockets of squalor. It is usually only when the \"peasant workers\" flock back to their home towns to celebrate the lunar new year that Beijingers grudgingly admit the migrants are essential—for a grim few weeks the city is bereft of delivery boys, street vendors and domestic helpers.参考译文中国首都市民觉得，他们实在是太容易忽略那些到北京来的上百万农村人了。这些外地人住在建筑工地或没有窗户的楼房地下室里。他们中有许多人生活在城郊破败的“外来人口村”里，租着狭窄的房子。北京本地人常鄙视这些外地人，认为很多城市犯罪和小块肮脏区域是他们的过错。往往只有当这些“农民工”回老家过年的时候，北京人才会勉强承认这些外地人必不可少——北京好几周都见不到快递小哥、街头小贩和家政人员的踪影，令人沮丧。解 析【5】北京人为何会忽视外地人的存在？在回答问题前，请注意：开头第一句为本段中心句，其余内容均为中心句服务，也就是说，都是在论证北京人常常忽略外地人。言归正转。原因主要是：地理位置：外地人住所偏僻集中，不容易发现（第二、三句}