7位病人将因他赠送的这份无价的生命礼物而重获新生。
汇了钱之后，小高以被拐卖为由，将警察带到了老何家。
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客服邮箱：Notes Tone Unturned - links about Words, Spoken Languages, Speech Recognition, Translation
Notes Tone Unturned
(formerly Asia/Pacific Computer Services, closed down at the end of
This is now the PERSONAL website of Tony Austin,
not a business site.
Do not contact me offering to provide business-related services, such as
Web Design and SEO, marketing campaigns, or any other such proposal.
If you do, you will be billed for wasting my valuable time!
NOTE: These pages are no longer being
actively updated.
SPOKEN LANGUAGES
Click one of the links just below to jump to that section
with a focus on the Asia/Pacific region
Contact us using
(click this button to call)
My weblogs ...
- suggests a counting study in thr hunter-gatherers Pirah? tribe of Brazil,
whose language does not define numbers above two.
- The biggest technical challenge facing
(the non-profit corporation with authority over systems that connect computers to Web sites) isn't security....it's localization -
i.e., what to do as non-English languages become incorporated into the infrastructure of the Internet.
- Text messages, email and the push for faster and more efficient communications are taking their toll on grammar.
- &The simple fact is that for the majority of
the world the Internet doesn't exist.& and &Forget logging onto
the Internet, because two-thirds of the world's people have never
made a phone call.&
ITU Broadband
Report, 2010WordnikTop 10 Languages (by Internet users) on the
Internet, 2009
&I should have sat down at Yuendumu and learnt the local
language. We don't know Aboriginal languages. We've never tried
from 1788. And it's the biggest shortcoming in Australia. And...only
where local language has been understood has there ever been any
success.& -- Northern Territory Administrator,
, on the TV show && (02 August 2004), speaking about
his interactions with Australian aboriginal communities while
previously working for the NT Department of Native Affairs. --
Webmaster comment: Probably a truism
applied to relations between races/tribes/communities anywhere in the world!
- What happens when an English phrase is
translated (by computer) back and forth between 5 different languages? Brilliant!
[Webmaster: George Orwell's essay, published in 1946 and surely
still applicable today] -
&A scrupulous writer, in every sentence that he writes, will ask himself at least four questions, thus:
What am I trying to say? What words will express it? What image or idiom will make it clearer?
Is this image fresh enough to have an effect? And he will probably ask himself two more:
Could I put it more shortly? Have I said anything that is avoidably ugly?&
(Also available
in PDF format.)
Another interesting essay by Orwell is
Smart companies realize that to strike a chord with more buyers, they'll have to &localize& their messages so that audiences will feel
that everything about an electronic or printed communication has been produced by someone just like them.
- We use this handy retail product regularly,
because it translates to/from quite a wide range of languages.
&UNL is a computer language that enables computers to process information and knowledge across the language barriers.
It is an artificial language that replicates the functions of natural languages in human communication.
As a result, it enables people to express all knowledge conveyed by natural languages. It also enables
computer to intercommunicate, thus providing people with a Linguistic Infrastructure (LI) for distributing,
receiving and understanding multilingual information. Such multilingual information can be accessed
by natural languages through the UNL System.&
- machine translation systems
... using &a new, statistical/cryptographic approach to the automatic translation of human languages.
In contrast to current commercial machine translation systems, the statistical translation system uses techniques
that automatically learn how texts can be translated from one language into another.&
an automatic language identifier that very rapidly recognizes (but doesn't translate)
the language of any pasted-in text, phrase or even single words, for more than 400 spoken languages.
It is available for Windows 95/98/NT/ME/2000/XP and is FREE.
(Web journal)
- &your complete guide to using Chinese on
computers&
- resource books
- resources for libraries to assist in collection development, Web
design, language issues
- &Put minority and native languages on the map& (by Luistxo Fernandez)&
(as of 1993)
- &They noted the curious fact that the
word for &butterfly& was different for every European language,
including those most closely related--such as Spanish and Portuguese.&
a brief look at the question of translating and understanding the Bible.&
- one of the
largest and most comprehensive, free, formal ontologies. This OntologyPortal site is dedicated to distributing open source
formal ontologies and tools, and supporting the developers and users
of those products.
&Sphinx-4 is a flexible, modular and pluggable framework to help foster new innovations in the core
research of hidden Markov model (HMM) speech recognition systems. The design of Sphinx-4 is based on patterns that have emerged from the design
of past systems as well as new requirements based on areas that researchers currently want to explore.
To exercise this framework, and to provide researchers with a &research-ready&
system, Sphinx-4 also includes several implementations of both simple and state-of-the-art techniques.
The framework and the implementations are all freely available via open source.&
- W3C Working Draft 23 March 2004
- enable voice interaction with
enterprise and Web applications.
- Mainstreaming speech-enabled Web applications
See also (below):
Chinese, Japanese, Korean (CJK) Unified Ideographs&
&Web globalization is making a major comeback, driven by a rebounding global economy,
emerging markets and a stronger appreciation for the value of multilingual Web sites.&
- &Correct sentences, accurate rendering and any stylistic
subtleties that are so crucial in getting your message
across to foreign cultures still need to be in qualified
human hands.&&
five ways you can generate revenue and reduce costs by having localized content.
Local-language content can help deliver a more culturally relevant experience to your site visitors.
It not only optimizes the selling of products and services but also contributes to an organization's bottom line.
some sample challenges to consider and ways to address those challenges.&
&Which is the proper written English: that of the Queen or that of her most loutish of offspring, America?&
(content localization technology)
the importance of considering local psychology in developing globalized Internet sites
&It has become a commonplace to say that the Internet was invented in the United States, and that English language and culture reign over it absolutely
and irreversibly.& ... All these indicators show that the initial transitional period on the Internet, marked by the absolute domination of English, has ended.
Of course, English, as the preferred language of exchange in the scientific and commercial world, will maintain its very considerable advantage,
but its advantage will no longer be absolute, since only slightly more than 10% of human beings master English as their first or second language! ...
The advantage among Net surfers will soon no longer belong to English-speaking users but rather to those who master several languages.
Multilingualism is without a doubt the future of the network. ... Cyberspace is open to all languages and all cultures:
but We must produce content in our own language and which reflects our own culture, without feeling inferior or pessimistic!&&
the components that make up culture have huge implications for site globalization.&
&When it comes time to make an application language independent is the time all the sales people cheer and developers hide.
To a salesman localized software means more markets and more sales, to a developer it equals a mind-numbing list of problems.&&
- Apart from the basic characters the Arabic script also contains a set of optional diacritical marks which can be crucial.
(for usability testing)
- In Asia it
is impolite to tell someone they have a bad design. It is
embarrassing to admit that you cannot find something. So it is
very hard to get feedback.
&the leading industry magazine for Web site globalization, translation, international software development and language technology.&
- &domain names or Web addresses, represented by local language characters.
They have the potential to transform the Internet into a truly global and multilingual tool by enabling Internet users to navigate
and communicate online in their preferred script.&
&IRMA's goal is to provide translators with an easy-to-use environment in which the
in addition to Open Source software, can be translated efficiently. It does so by allocating
the responsibility of character encoding and file management to a web system that will do the work for translator.&&&
- To acquire new customers and to retain existing
customers, companies must give credence to customer satisfaction. Call centers with well crafted speech-enabled
applications significantly improve customer satisfaction as well as provide customers with additional services and 24x7
support. These speech-enabled applications rely on the development of pleasant and efficient Speech User Interfaces
(SUI). If the Speech User Interface is not properly design, constructed, and tuned pre and post deployment, unreasonable
and unnecessary expenses will be incurred that can lead to critical situations, increased problem activity, and
decreased customer satisfaction. In order to craft an effective SUI, proper and proven methodology (best
practices) should be followed. This IBM
Redpaper will detail an effective methodology
that can be used to create and deliver high quality Speech User Interfaces to meet business needs,
using the IBM WebSphere Voice Toolkit V6.0.1 (a basic knowledge of VoiceXML development
using WebSphere Voice Server and Interactive Voice Response is assumed).&
an Intel Developers.net article about Technology and culture:
Despite the apparent universality of technology, it's a mistake to ignore differences,
not only in culture but also in age and gender, when working on UI and design.
IBM Globalization
&& Many interesting and useful topics, including:
- The majority of Internet users
speak one of 10 languages
Translation should be considered indispensable to the core business of a global company.
Localized software is no longer a luxury but an absolute necessity and a winning differentiator,
especially in highly competitive situations. Translation is one of the critical components of the overall user experience.
how to help your users and customers optimize their globalization.&
- an overview - An understanding of of coded character sets
is essential when developing multilingual software
&-&Introduction to the International Components for Unicode&
Unicode is the fundamental building block for language encoding
How does it affect our global e-business and the way your employees and managers behave daily?
- Design and implement applications that best support global requirements.
- a revised, on-line version of the IBM publication,
: the International Component for Unicode (ICU) is a mature, portable set of C/C++
and Java libraries for Unicode support, software internationalization (I18N) and globalization (G11N)
- this checklist of guidelines will help programmers design software
solutions that will work in all countries, languages, and cultures. .. Reviews design considerations that make it easier
to implement NLS at the input and output (I/O) interfaces. The primary physical I/O interface to computers consists of the keyboard, display, and printer.
Enabling the software alone does not result in a usable product if its physical interface is not enabled as well.&
- Properly globalized applications require more than just language translation
&—&Creating successful software
for worldwide use requires attention to locale details ranging from date and time to numeric formatting
- Like number, currency and calendar formats,
date and time formats are not constant throughout the world. Furthermore, some countries have laws that govern
the format of date and time recording for government or legal documents.
provides software developers with many of the cultural and locale details required to globalize their applications
- A basic understanding of keyboards will help developers avoid problems and improve testing.
- keyboard layouts for countries and regions around the world.&
Ensure that your information and message is clear for all types of audiences
Managing terminology can help you develop global applications&
These scenarios highlight common situations where another culture's norms or attitudes
may clash with yours.&
How to handle languages that display text both right to left and left to right
large sets of characters used by East Asian languages present challenges for software developers
This is the new standard for supporting Chinese characters
Thai belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family. It is a tonal, uninflected and predominantly monosyllabic
language that has been influenced by both Pali and Sanskrit
Indic languages provide challenges to developers because of their complexity&
&-&Fast but potentially error-prone text translations&
&English is becoming just another dialect of the internet language -- you have to support
all languages to reach the growing number of visitors from different parts of the world.&
some fundamental principles for all development groups to follow, so that different applications
handle different languages consistently, can inter-operate, are translatable, and function well in an on-demand environment.
They will help companies move effectively and efficiently towards e-business across the globe.&
Following these recommendations, you can easily create good multilanguage-friendly Lotus Notes applications,
which in turn can save you both resources and effort.
Globalizing IBM Lotus Notes applications can be simple. IBM Lotus Domino Global Workbench, which is released with Lotus Notes and Domino,
can help customers globalize their applications quickly and easily. In version 8.5, Lotus Domino Global Workbench provides a new feature
that extracts strings into properties files, thereby providing more flexibility for translation.&
&—&Web services can streamline the path to software localization
&With the worldwide growth of e-business, globalization is not only an add-on value
but a must for global e-business applications. In fact, globalization has become an architecture
in the realm of e-business.&&
enable you to deploy the appropriate mix
of machine translation, localization (l10n), internationalization (i18n), and Professionally Edited Gist (PEG) within your business processes.
— Just-in-Time localization makes application data easier
to transfer, manage and manipulate, and more accurately reflect user preferences.&
- Successful globalized applications can process text
in any language, and accommodate multiple languages and complex text.
- provides programmers and testers
with an easy way to enter pseudo-translated multilingual test data into a Java application.
“Write Once, Run Anywhere”, and in any language!
- using RSS files,
a data feed can be created that supplies globalized headlines, links, and article summaries from your Web site.
Since the English-speaking countries remain the world’s largest economic bloc, having products work well
in the English-speaking markets is very important to many companies in the developing countries.
- irregularities, language variations,
ideomatic expressions, terminology, punctuation, political correctness, branding issues
- avoid culturally-sensitive issues.
- make icons and graphic
avoid text- avoid single- localize punctuation
an avoid h take care
in se using bod
facial e sexual images can be
symbols may be suitable
av avoid racial, gender and re
use political s do not display national flags or maps,
especially those depict use appropri
avoid t take care with mathematical and currency symbols ...
article outlines the differences between
, the form of the
spoken in the United States, and
(often called
- Add your contribution to an
ever-growing story!&
Globalization webcasts on demand
Webcasts such as...
- the most important elements of the various search engine algorithms, and
what is necessary to rank well in foreign language search engines.
the proactive management of terminology should be a key component of any plan for developing
and marketing products and software solutions in multiple markets.
- the concept of the locale and how it relates to Java and resource bundles.
- learn how a freely available open standards based Unicode solutions like
IBM's ICU helps preserve diverse cultures and languages.
globalization for an on demand world integrates people, cultures, business
processes and technologies - on your terms.
&-Machine Translation is not intended to replace professional translation, but the
vast volume of data in an On Demand operating environment makes professional translation of all information very difficult.
How can you ensure that your translated campaign carries the impact of the original?
And, looking even further back, how do you avoid the enormous cost (new creative, photography, design)
of having to launch a new marketing campaign for each local market?
When you're marketing to global audiences, your messages must be accurate, concise, and targeted.
contains over 9,000 English terms plus the translations of the terms for up to 45 different languages.
Microsoft provides the Microsoft terminology data to allow their customers, ISVs, and partners to have
a more consistent user experience across the products they are using and developing.
Learn how Microsoft's MSDN home page uses language and location detection to surface geo-aware localised content on the page.
Also, see how the MSDN home page geo-redirects users to any available, fully localised MSDN home page in the user's locale.&
targeted at speech application developers and architects who want to design and develop voice portlet applications.
Includes a description with sample scenarios describing advanced functions available in voice portlet applications such as
messaging for portlet-to-portlet communications, single sign-on to access secure backend applications and Web Service access.
Creating algorithms to convert text so machines can learn.
- Learn and improve your English language skills
Peculiarities in Pronunciation of English Words ...
(also listen to
Speaking a language without an accent means that you can articulate its sounds just like a native speaker
of that language would. Here you can learn to speak any language without an accent. These techniques are based on elementary
phonetics and are very easy to understand.
What do Australians call a barbecued sausage, served in a single slice of bread?
First came the Euro
currency, now there are plans for the Euro-English
The European Commission has just announced
an agreement whereby English will be the
official language of the European Union
rather than German, which was the other
possibility.
As part of the negotiations, the British
Government conceded that English spelling
had some room for improvement and has
accepted a 5-year phase-in plan that would
become known as &Euro-English&.
In the first year, &s& will replace the
soft &c&. Sertainly, this will make the
sivil servants jump with joy. The hard &c&
will be dropped in favour of &k&. This
should klear up konfusion, and keyboards kan
have one less letter.
There will be growing publik enthusiasm in
the sekond year when the troublesome &ph&
will be replaced with &f&. This will make
words like fotograf 20% shorter.
In the 3rd year, publik akseptanse of the
new spelling kan be expekted to reach the
stage where more komplikated changes are
Governments will enkourage the removal of
double letters which have always ben a
deterent to akurate speling.
Also, al wil agre that the horibl mes of the
silent &e& in the languag is disgrasful and
it should go away.
By the 4th yer people wil be reseptiv to
steps such as replasing &th& with &z& and
&w& with &v&.
During ze fifz yer, ze unesesary &o& kan be
dropd from vords kontaining &ou& and after
ziz fifz yer, ve vil hav a reil sensibl
riten styl.
Zer vil be no mor trubl or difikultis and
evrivun vil find it ezi tu understand ech
oza. Ze drem of a united urop vil finali kum
Und efter ze fifz yer, ve vil al be speking
German like zey vunted in ze forst plas.
If zis mad you smil, pleas pas on to oza
Many features, including:
(many source/target language pairs)
Text Mining for Financial Scams on the Internet
(The project has a $2.2million budget to build a surveillance tool for identifying financial scams on the Internet.
It is funded by the Capital Markets CRC, The Australian Securities and Investment Commission and the participating universities.
This is Australia’s largest research project in language technology.)
(develops computational lexicons)
- "Translations and other text work shouldn't be delivered in tool-dependent native formats such as Quark or Word but in independent exchange
formats like PostScript, HTML, LaTeX and PDF."
... English / Japanese
/ Chinese / Malay&
- will attempt to identify automatically the language of a sentence, phrase, or word of your choosing
( English, French, Spanish, German, Italian, Dutch, Afrikaans, Norwegian, Danish, Swedish, Portuguese, Icelandic, Latin)&
- &A Publication for Translators by
Translators about Translators and Translation&
- &The Digital Solution
for Language Translation, Dubbing and Subtitling
services to the international film
and television industry worldwide&
an electronic archive for papers in any area of Psychology, Neuroscience, and
and many areas of Computer Science, Biology, Medicine, Anthropology, as well as any other portions
of the physical, social and mathematical sciences that are pertinent to the study of cognition
Central and Eastern European Translation Agency
(e-Book) - provides a linguistics-based perspective on
language teaching, offering a brief historical survey on
the ways in which language has been viewed and
highlights the implications of these perspectives for
language teaching. Current linguistic approaches are
described -- formal, functional and cognitive -- and how
these perspectives translate into classroom practice.
Bring into your global classroom
will help your students speak, read, and write with fluency. (TES Institute)
Phonetics &
Phonology ...
- as used in telegraphy, wireless, the military, etc.
(from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia)
... a system of
based on the
, devised by the
as a standardized representation of the sounds of spoken language.
this article includes inline links to audio files. All the sounds are spoken more than once, and the consonant sounds
are spoken once followed by a vowel and once between vowels.
&How do you say...?& ... A free online talking dictionary of English pronunciation)
Online pronunciation guides to 9 varieties of the English language and 9 other languages
- a computer-readable phonetic script using 7-bit printable
characters, based on the IPA
a variant of SAMPA designed to unify the individual language SAMPA alphabets,
and extend SAMPA to cover the entire range of characters in the IPA.
from Summer Institute of Linguistics
From Macquarie University ...
Hear Peter Ladefoged pronounce
on the basic IPA chart.
from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. ...
This chart shows concisely the most common way in which the
is applied to represent the .
for a more complete version and
for phonetic transcriptions used in different dictionaries.
Online pronunciation guides to 9 varieties of the English language and 9 other languages.
Pronunciation samples by over 40 native speakers.
a comprehensive online talking dictionary of English pronunciation
(&standard English&, &educated Australian&, etc)
Entering foreign/special characters on a computer keyboard ...
- FREE Windows text editor for working with special and foreign-language characters
(inserting characters such as dingbats and accented letters for foreign languages via the Symbol Dialog,
Shortcut keys, Auto Format, and Auto Correct)
assistance in using computers for people with disabilities (including speech recognition software)
- a new form of Web content that is meaningful to computers will unleash a revolution of new possibilities
- clips of readings of a paragraph by
male and female speakers of Kiwi, Australian, British, and American English
Two researchers using computer analysis of 87 past and present languages have concluded that
the English language and the Indo-European language family of which it is a part,
originated in what is now Turkey around 8,000 years ago.&
(text conversion tool) -
&a powerful, versatile tool for handling, formatting, and converting text with a built-in FTP client. ...
you can master any text conversion project, no matter how large it is.&
& - an automated proofreader and your personal grammar coach.
Check your writing for grammar, punctuation, style and much more.
the largest freely available archive of online books about religion, mythology, folklore and the esoteric on the Internet.
- Internet usage statistics by Language
- &All the Words&
(French, English, Spanish, Italian, German, Greek)
(where to find)
(online community)
electronic translators and dictionaries
Multilingual e-Translation Portal
&a FREE peer to peer translation project for webmasters.
You earn 'WordMoney' by translating some web pages for other people, then use your WordMoney
to have them translate some HTML files for you. Thanks to the multicultural nature of its users,
Free Localization effectively enables cooperative website translation. Users can manage, coordinate
and exchange the translations by means of a complete set of online localization tools.&
- Asian language translations worldwide
(technical translation)
Language Trainers ...
(Arabic translation)
- Cross Cultural Solutions
(sponsored by )
Jim Clark's
(bibliography)
tutorialfind's
- a typology of languages
(The Tower of Babel)
- a LIFE magazine pictorial gallery
- online database of translators from around the world
&It was Greek to me!&
- Compare the most popular software
for language learning and find out which products work best
- Translation services, Web and Software localization
- Technical writing services
- Web Radio and Newspapers in many languages
- University of
Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- eBusiness / software internationalisation
- Chinese, Japanese, Korean word processing
Roy Cochrun's
translation / localization services (web sites, documents, software)
- &Helping translators do better business&
(Toronto Board of Trade)
- Multilingual Computing & Technology
Fonts, software, and keyboards for multilingual computing
software package for making bilingual multimedia stories with children
- software for Japanese and Chinese language learning
. - a language technology firm specializing in translation, localization, e-learning solutions
and globalization training and services
Limitations of Computers as Translation Tools
Signwriting / Dyslexia / Speech Difficulties ...
- SignWriting Markup Language
a script that analyzes text you put in for word (token) frequency
An online tool that attempts to identify the language of sample text that you type or paste in.
VoiceExtensible Markup Language - VoiceXML
(FREE) -- easy-to-use dictionary and text translation software which offers lookup dictionaries,
text translation, cursor translator, index list and pronunciation of words in over 60 languages.
(There are also resource links to free dictionaries, encyclopedias, thesauruses and other translation software.)
- international translation, interpreting and typesetting
projects the costs involved in translating documents in over 60 languages
- a Translation Memory engine
Download a language to your brain! Innovative software that teaches languages in an accelerated fashion.
- Tips for getting better results from Speech Recognition software
- high quality text-to-speech software &&
Language translation aids for IT ...
Unify your company's Web and telephony infrastructure and extend ASP.NET applications
to provide enterprise-grade speech-enabled access from a variety of devices.
&the technology dominance of China is inevitable&
-- proprietary patent-pending software,
which transforms voices, making it possible to replicate any person's voice in any language.
They apply &Voice Models& to transform speech from one person to another.
All they need is a one-time, fifteen-minute sample of your voice. With that they are able
to present you saying what you want in the language of your choice.
[The baffling world of Indian employment] -
After just eight days on the job, Sanjay (not his real name) stepped down from his position as head of the
200-person India-based development center of a European multinational corporation. Sanjay was a young, dynamic manager
with the assertive style and blue-chip resume that tend to impress Western employers. Following a lengthy search led by a recruiting firm,
the hiring company's management team was completely sold on the candidate. He had everything the interview team had felt
the other local candidates lacked: youth, charisma and confidence. Moreover, his background was a veritable who's who
of prestigious employers. Everyone was dumbfounded when the new hire failed after little more than a week.
That is, everyone but the recruiter. An Indian national, she had cautioned the client repeatedly that despite Sanjay's energy and presence,
he lacked the requisite experience and credibility to lead a team of senior people, according to Indian culture.
The Indian business environment is a hierarchical one that venerates seniority and considers gray hair a sign of wisdom.
The hiring firm's interview team had previously rejected more senior candidates because they seemed older or more soft-spoken
than one would expect in the Western world. But in reality, these contenders would have enjoyed far greater organizational support
than Sanjay eventually did. To the India-based development team, Sanjay came across as too junior and brash to win respect.
It was a classic example of culture clash.
- Chinese, Japanese, Korean
- News & Analysis
&Employees and society first&
(by Shigeru Miyangawa)
- Japanese dictionary and learning site
lots of good stuff, such as...
(a different sort of Japanaese textbook)
(Japan news)
(Japanese Word Processor)
(the book of the Samurai)
- The daily newsKaie's
web site - travels tips and resources
Robert J. Lang's
(Hawaii University) - &gateway to Korea& (Korea news) (Korea news) (Korea news)
The Philippines ...
Chinese in he Philippines
- the Filipino global community
Thailand, Burma,
Laos, Cambodia,&Brunei, Laos, Cambodia, Mongolia, Vietnam ...
(PDF document)
(Batanese Islands)
(Thailand)
New Zealand / Aotearoa / Māori / Pacific Islands ...
- Tonga Online
(Wikipedia)&
Australian indigenous languages ...
(David Nathan)
(GeoNative)
(by Peter Lister)
- online Pitjantjatjara language course
- Aboriginal culture is turning to technology:
in a true marriage of old and new, the internet is set to perpetuate, if not, revive dozens of Aboriginal languages facing extinction.&
~~~~~ Asia/Pacific - General ~~~~~
(The Philippines)
- Australia's international television service,
24/7 to more than 44 countries across Asia, the Pacific and Indian subcontinent.
Travel & Accomodation in Asia & Australasia ...
~~~~ Languages Elsewhere ~~~~
Pan-African ...Kwanzaa (&first fruits of
~~~ Tea and the Tea Ceremony ~~~
(China virtual tours)
Slip and fall Down carefully
(warning sign at a swimming pool)
(rhyming slang)
China / PRC / Mandarin language / Putonghua / Hanyu ...
(China news webblog)
Read and write Chinese and English without problems anywhere in the world!
(learn Chinese online)
- Characters, Dictionary, Pronunciation
- On-line Chinese tools
- links to many China/Chinese-related web sites
Erik Peterson's
- for Chinese communities globally
- study in China
- Language, logical form, translation
- Chinese dictionary and learning site
- Chinese characters and culture
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
- retail hanzi characters flashcard software
(interactive,
with audio pronunciations)
-- a wiki-like Chinese encyclopedia
- 廣東話
- 普通话
- 漢字書寫
(Java application)
- Pŭtōnghuà (Mandarin), Wú, Yuè (Cantonese), Mín Nán (Southern Min), Jìnyŭ, Hakka, Xiāng (Hunanese), Gàn,
Mín Bĕi (Northern Min), Mín Dōng (Eastern Min), Mín Zhōng (Central Min), Dungan, Pŭ-Xián,
Huīzhōu
(RealPlayer based)
(such as Wang Cong'er, the Supreme Commander of the Eight Armies of the White Lotus Sect)
- &the Web's
leading Sun Tzu site&
& - You enter a Chinese Hanzi character, and get back the Pinyin version)
(Shanghai)
(one of the oldest Chinese dialects)Lau Chun Fat's
(pinyin) -
(uses Real Audio)
(education series) &&
(translation/interpreting services)
(Kwytza Kraft)
Taiwan ...
Singapore ...
Indonesia ...
(translate Indonesian to/from English)
(Indonesian search engine)
(including Bali music sample)
Malaysia ...
Arab Emirates) (Pakistan) - &the
premier search engine for the Middle East&
Middle East &
Central Asia ...
& - Muslim Matrimonials and more!
It's not the Internet it's the &Enter-not&, laments a Syrian student.
India and Sri
(Indian translation services)
- &unputdownable&
(audio archive)
(including Sanskrit, Urdu)) (Sri Lanka)
(Sri Lanka)
~~~~~ Asia/Pacific - General ~~~~~
- Contemporary Tea Practice and Arts
Australian Broadcasting Corporation
Internationalization programming resources
celebration of Asian life in the UK&
- &Explore the cultures of Asia&
(strategic business information)
More and more Chinese nowadays are able to communicate with Chinese Mandarin, says a survey
that indicates that 53 per cent of the population can communicate with the language known as
putonghua. ...
Only 18 per cent of those surveyed speak Mandarin while talking to the family members, while 42 per cent speak at school, work or play. ...
Many parts of China are now seeing a situation of what linguists call diglossia,
where there is one public language and one local language that is used among friends and family.
... Use of dialects may even be strengthening in some areas, said
[one respondent]. As a boy [who] grew up in the northern part of the
country, he speaks wonderful Mandarin but he began to learn the
Cantonese when he started to work in Shenzhen in South China's Guangdong
Province in 2001. He said the prevalence of the local dialect have
excluded outsiders from social networks. &I am learning Cantonese
because I want to better integrate into local society.&
- As people become ever
more mobile and national and global economies ever more integrated, an
ever larger population finds themselves needing to communicate in a
language that is not their own. ... This report is about the recognition
of accented speech in Chinese. China is a huge country and speech
recognition of Chinese is an socially, economically, and politically
important goal. Furthermore, there is a single standard spoken language
in China, called Putonghua (‘common language’) in Chinese. But Putonghua
is spoken extremely differently in different parts of China.
-- an excellent article, in <
(&#25340;&#38899;, p&#299;ny&#299;n)
literally means "join (together) sounds" (a less literal translation being "phoneticize", "spell" or "transcription") in Chinese
and usually refers to Hàny&#468; P&#299;ny&#299;n (&#27721;&#35821;&#25340;&#38899;, literal meaning: "Han language pinyin"),
which is a system of romanization (phonemic notation and transcription to Roman script) for Standard Mandarin.
Zh&#333;nghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó;
Traditional Chinese characters are one of two standard character sets of printed contemporary Chinese written language.
It is the set of characters that has been used since the 5th century during the Southern and Northern Dynasties.
It is called traditional in opposed to the other form - the simplified Chinese characters, created or standardised by the government
of the People's Republic of China (mainland China) starting from the 1950s.
&#20013;&#33775;&#20154;&#27665;&#20849;&#21644;&#22283;
Simplified Chinese characters (Simplified Chinese: &#31616;&#20307;&#23383;; Traditional Chinese: &#31777;&#39636;&#23383;;
pinyin: ji&#462;nt&#464;zì; also called &#31616;&#21270;&#23383;/&#31777;&#21270;&#23383;, ji&#462;nhuàzì) are one of two standard character sets
of printed contemporary Chinese written language. &#20013;&#21326;&#20154;&#27665;&#20849;&#21644;&#22269;)
In Southeast Asia, the software giant is offering unprecedented bargain prices
on its Windows operating system and Office suite.
- Australian, Hawaiian, Indonesian,
Oceanic (Gilbertese, Maori, Samoan, Nauruan, Rotuman, Tongan), Balinese, Chamorro, Malagasy,
Malay, Tahitian, Tetun, Rapa Nui (Easter Island), Rarotongan, Rovania,
Philippine (Aklanon, Buhi Bicol, Cebuano (Bisaya), Hiligaynon (Ilongo), Kapampangan, Tagalog)
A list of word comparisons in the following tongues: Indonesian, Javanese, Balinese, Sundanese, Madurese, Sawu, Toraja,
Acehnese, Tetun, Tagalog, Hiligaynon, Maori, Fijian, Hawaiian, Malagasy, Rapanui
(University
of Redlands)
- monitors policy making at the United Nations, promotes accountability of global decisions, educates and mobilizes for
global citizen participation, and advocates on vital issues of international peace and justice.
&an online network of Asian eMarketplaces that uses a combination
of online and offline resources to help purchasing professionals
source vendors in developing economies.&
- How India became the capital of the computing revolution.
... This is a story about the global economy. It's about two countries and one profession -
and how weirdly upside down the future has begun to look from opposite sides of the globe.
- A free monthly e-mail newsletter featuring commentary and
analysis of Internet-related developments from across the
Asia-Pacific region.
- &Bridging Cultures for Better
Business in Asia&
Douglas Brick's
(for business people)
- International Investment Portal & Research Center
- &Bridging the gaffes between cultures&
Cracking an international market is a goal for most growing corporations,
yet the misuse of simple words can sabotage even your best global
marketing efforts. Just as one size doesn’t fit all in global
marketing, one word doesn’t fit for all cultures, either. In fact,
if used erroneously, it can cripple the most promising of deals.&
- &Ethical dilemmas
arise in business organizations when the interests of various
stakeholders conflict. This paper examines ethical sensitivity
regarding the duties to clients and owners, employees, and
responsibilities to society. ...& ethical sensitivity varies
depending upon whether the interests of principals, agents, or
third parties are affected by a given ethical dilemma.&
The importance of considering local psychology in developing globalized Internet sites
/ POLITENESS / COMPLIMENTS / HONORIFICS ...
&Each society has its own politeness strategies and norms that may differ,
in many respects, from those of others. The examination of politeness behaviour in a culture other than the Western world will
certainly help the understanding of the differences and similarities in politeness behaviour of people from different cultures. It will
no doubt reduce the misconception, miscommunication, and stereotypes of each other and enhance intercultural communication. As human
beings, we all try to be polite in our own way. But we may use different linguistic tactics, or we may operate under different norms or values. ...&
- &Japanese remain as an ethnic minority under-represented in online global education. ...
The cultural barrier distinct to the Japanese derives from the ideographic right-brain nature of the language
which with only 71 phonemes is phonologically the narrowest in the developed world.
This causes their relative slowness in online collaborative interaction and explains their proclivity for high-context low-content web-screens.&
&#12540; &#22810;&#35328;&#35486;&#22810;&#25991;&#21270;&#30740;&#31350;
(or Forty-Seven Samurai, &#36196;&#31298;&#28010;&#22763; also known as the Ak&#333; vendetta)
is one of the most prototypical of all J it was described by one noted scholar of Japan as
&Japan's national legend&. It recounts the most famous case of the
code of honor,
and vividly expresses a significant part of the traditional Japanese world-view.
or, Why Chou and Zhou are the same Word (with notes on Vietnamese and Thai)
& (requires free registration)
The opportunity cost of not creating a multicultural marketing strategy can translate into staggering losses for businesses,
through the misinterpretation of marketing messages, the loss or damage to the brand image or, worse, the risk of customer alienation and defection.
(University of London)
- an online community of prospective and present
international students in Australian Universities
- Australian national multicultural broadcaster
(radio and television)
(Australian pay TV) - In addition to the latest in independent
and world cinema in many languages, the channel also specialises
in arthouse cinema classics and feature documentaries. An
excellent nformation resource for world movies.
Compliments, Politeness and Etiquette ...
(University of Minnesota)
Examples and explanations of compliments in
(the book of the Samurai)
See also: etiquette links in the the
- &... makes perfect sense that mobile phones are continually cited in studies that say good manners
have gone out of the window. You don't need a sociology degree to see just how handsets have changed how we relate to each other.&
&Our mission is to inspire business travelers to travel
with greater cultural awareness. We strive to bring you the most
up-to-date and relevant information on international business
culture, customs and protocol, gift-giving, negotiating tactics,
business entertainment, cross-cultural communication and more.&
&& including:
&Promoting Chinese Computing and Accurate Cantonese Pronunciation&
(Australia) - &a peculiar country where
everything seems to be have been turned upside down&
- &a leading
portal to the vast and exciting Asian online shopping world&
(including culture / language)
Illinois University) - Interactive language instruction for ...
(Tagalog) -
(Burmese) -
Mike Wright's
site && Languages and Linguistics
(encouraging the integration of
immigrants within the Dutch society)
financial translators)
Origami / Paper Folding / Paper Airplanes ...
What is it about the following? ...Facetious and abstemious, but not gregarious or nefarious!
HINT: Check the order of the vowels in each word.
Four score and seven years ago ...
A presentation, with speaker notes -- by Abraham Lincoln (18 November, 1863).
- PowerPoint has ruined business presentations
... Something surely is better than nothing -- or is it?
and see also:
Mark Twain -
&Precise Use of the English Language, in All Its Glory&&
&Speak the speech, I pray you, as I pronounced it to you, trippingly on
the tongue: but if you mouth it, as many of your players do, I had as
lief the town-crier spoke my lines.& ... Hamlet, Act III, Scene 2
- Irreverent commentary, side-by-side with the complete text of the plays of William Shakespeare&&
presents a set of Shakespeare play texts with a ready-made apparatus for computational-stylistics exploration. ... The texts can be
analysed as whole plays, blocks, i.e. sequential segments of plays, or as character parts.
(a review of the above) - &The [Java] applet allows particular words within a set of plays or characters to be graphed.
It focuses on the variations in frequency of common words&
&Thou gorbellied rough-hewn skainsmate!& (and many more of the bard's barbs)
... based on
Submit a phrase from the plays of William Shakespeare and get back the speech, speaker, and play.
(the &GetSpeech& service comes with both Web browser and mobile Web client interfaces.)
this MIT site has offered Shakespeare's plays and poetry to the Internet community since 1993
(including misquotes of Shakespeare)
Knock, Knock.Who's there?To.To who?To whom!
Translations, parodies, and other variants of Lewis Carroll's
'Twas brillig, and the slithy tovesDid gyre anAll mimsy were the borogoves,And the mome raths outgrabe. ...
How does word usage arise?
The following notice appears in Sydney and Brisbane (Australia) train
carriages:
&PLAIN CLOTHES
AND UNIFORMED POLICE PATROL THIS TRAIN&
(Why not say &plain-clothed&? Can &plain clothes& patrol
trains all by themselves?
Or perhaps there's a new breed of invisible police officers?)
And here's a word or two: ...
from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
words you can write when you turn your calculator upside down.
- type in your words and the blender will rearrange them!
&It was a dark and stormy night ...&
For writers who want ideas for novels, short stories, mysteries, tales of horror, science fiction adventures
or silly stories using one of the 98,889,336 possible different story prompts that The Story Starter randomly generates.
Tackle bloggers' writer's block with
Your goal is find that elusive query (two words, with no quote marks) that generate a single, solitary Google search result!
... For example, squirreling dervishes or unmerciless politician or insolvent pachyderms.
(Of course, constant changes to the web and to Google's index sooner or later compromise nearly every Googlewhack.)
(hover the mouse over the link to find out)
You might be &taken aback& by this web site, find yourself &between the devil and the deep blue sea&
-- maybe even &bite the dust& or &vanish into thin air& if you're not careful.
- The Quotations Database
- Trek on!
(esp. native Americans)
- etymology of first names
(American English)
(British English usage)
(do you use &an& or &a& before &h&?)
- &The Wordplay Website&
- Banished words
15,139 words
(&dramatic& cartons with texts that read the same backward or forward)
- connect thesaurus
- all done without &e&
- linguistics for the layperson
- &The web's reference engine&
- all about Writing Systems
- &Let the Web Decide&
Internet Slang, Emoticons
and SMS ...
- from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
&& &A lot of people may become monostylistic.&
Creoles and Pidgins ...
Computer-generated poetry ...
- the Cybernetic Poet (includes a screen saver that writes poetry)
- constantly changing, every minute or two
of Gestures, Signs & Body Language Cues
- Everyone has a favorite word.& What's yours?
Time to spare? ...
a collection of
, manuals, and other texts,
with supporting book-based texts that are being collaboratively written.
This site is a , meaning that anyone,
including you, can edit any book module!
- Read books (free and fee) by email or RSS.
- a glossary of computer and business buzzwords (including corporate speak, cynical speak, tech speak)
- free audiobooks
from the public domain
- A lexical database for the English language
(centered at Milwaukee, on the western shore
of La Már Talossán a.k.a. Lake Michigan) &&
(El Glhetg Talossán)!&
Esperanto ...
(printed) -
& - the Word Lover's Web Site
paste up to 1000 words of text and find out if / where it has been
plagiarised.
- &Your Guide to Languages on the Web&
(number systems)
- &Language and its abuse&
(The Prime Lexicon) - analagous to Prime Numbers
- Rich Tatum's Quick and Dirty Word Lookup Tool
(formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics)
- &A community for and by Language freaks&
- devoted to demystifying the new internet shorthand language of Text messages, Chat rooms and Emails
(comprehensive list)
- &thriving desert knowledge economies&
( Pronunciation: 'dik-sh-ner-A-O-ke' ) -
MP3 audio clips from online dictionaries sing the hits of yesterday and today. The fun of karaoke meets the word power of the dictionary.
Telemarketing ...
The Call Centre - In the summer of 2007, two film makers
disappeared in Bangalore while shooting a documentary ...
PLAIN ENGLISH ...
launched at the 2004 Sydney Writers Festival
- &This Plain English nonsense can be taken too far.&
and &Many people resist plain English because of the way it strips away
signals that they need or want to send.& and &in practice when one is asked to
write something in 'plain English' the benchmark one is usually held to are
short, sharp setences, essentially 'soundbites' that the typical journalist is
said to write in.&
&an independent pressure group fighting for public information to be written
in plain English. ... fighting for crystal-clear language and against jargon,
gobbledygook and other confusing language.&
The Award began in Victoria, Australia in 1977
Variations of American English ...
estimates range from a basic three (New England, Southern and Western/General America) to 24 or more.
Exactly what is this and where is it spoken? Hint: Some experts say Standard American is completely imaginary.
Half the countries of the world have an official language. The United States isn't one of them.
Language Weblogs / Blogs ...
(&blogs by language nerds&) -
- a weblog to which anyone can contribute a link or a comment
(recommends elimination of the apostrophe)
(a blog by Stephanie Hendrick) -
She's &interested in researching the social and linguistic network of blogs, as well as
individual linguistic representation.& Her current research &uses mental space theory
to define the boundaries of blog conversations along topic lines.&
- &No sooner are the old dialects ironed out... or ousted by the spread and influence of the one dialect which is culturally
predominant, when a new crop of dialects arise.&& ...
&Automatic code switching is a natural feature of linguistic communication, within which language use is socially directed.
Use of vernacular forms tends to be regarded as a mark of group identity.& ...
&In modern Russia a conservative backlash has developed against the use of English loan words for economic and
computing terms (for obvious reasons there are no native Russian equivalents) simply being imported, declined and conjugated as
Russian words. In exactly the same manner France has had a powerful debate about the introduction of English words.
Accordingly language serves as a social marker, but not without variation.
In particular language change appears to have a strong
component of social motivation, with subconscious changes
appearing to move away from prestige forms while conscious
changes move towards them.&
A fully searchable edition of the largest body of texts detailing the lives of non-elite people
ever published, containing 197,745 criminal trials held at London's central criminal court.
read classic poems, find a poet, play with words, share your poems
- create your own &cyberpseudopoetic masterpiece&
&& including lots of links for
(just for something different)
- a place for writers to walk 'out of the shadows' with their poetry.
if you spend hours each day on e-mail but cannot find the time to read a book, now the books can come to you
a little at a time via e-mail. Over 250 classic public domain titles that can be subscribed to and read in their entirety
for free! &&
The objective of the SCOTS Project is to produce an Internet accessible corpus of texts and speech
specifically dedicated to the languages of Scotland
a community effort to catalog works of fiction [such as &science fiction& -ed.].
It links together various types of bibliographic data: author bibliographies, publication bibliographies,
award listings, magazine content listings, anthology and collection content listings, and forthcoming books.
- type in a word to find its rhymes, synonyms, definitions, and more.
- write, and generate rhyming words as you go
- Free naming and branding consultants and resources
Automatic Naming Tools ... Drug-O-Matic. Name Builder, Name Your Band, Morpheme Machine
find dictionary words for crossword puzzles, code words and word games like Scrabble
- Anagram insanity!
- &infamous anagram-generating software&
- a chatter bot that responds with anagrams
(Travels through Arabia and Other Countries in the East) -
- an online thesaurus service offered by ,
expected &to deliver fast, fine, free thesaurus search results to English language lovers around.&
&the world's first expert system for solving cryptic and non-cryptic crosswords. ...
is not just an anagram solver, thesaurus and letter pattern searcher, nor is it solely
an electronic crossword dictionary, although it can easily do any of these tasks.
It's better thought of as a highly intelligent crossword mentor which, once installed
on your personal computer or laptop, is on hand twenty-four hours a day to suggest answers
explain how a give challenge you to a cro
finish off your attempt at solving the crosswordin
or even set about
solving it completely for you.&
- &an online collection
of fantastic, artificial intelligence tools related to crosswords and recreational wordplay of all kinds!&
the meaning, in English, of many Latin and Greek phrases, such as:
- see some text
translated to your choice of Classical Latin, Hillbilly,
Marketing speak, The Matrix, Metropolitan, Pseudo German, or
Techno Babble.
- &Careful speech and avid reading are the best guides to correct spelling.&
articles &&
a href="/library/drlang002.html"> Are You and I You and Me? -
&expressly designed to help you better understand this new war and strange
- &What warrants a claim for the
worldliness of English is the language's comprehensivity rather than its comprehensibility. If one measures the rate at
which a language is expanding, certainly the vocabulary of English is increasing at a nearly exponential rate.&
Which is the proper written English: that of the Queen or that of her most loutish of offspring, America?
... software that corrects the spelling of words after they are spelled the way they sound. It will spell correctly words
such as &sossidge, lettis,& and &menny utha werdz.& This technology is a great tool
for many people who are learning a language, especially children, non-native English-speakers, and dyslexics.
Punctuation ...
(Mark Pilgrim's site)
(dealing with copy editors)
Phrases ...
- semantic language translations of common useful words and phrases
David Wilton's
- Online phrasebook
A list of the
of over 2,000 English phrases and sayings.
- a subscription service for professional writers and other language lovers. This writers' resource generates ideas
for headlines, advertising copy, song lyrics, poetry etc. For &Any professional writer or language lover.
Many journalists, advertising copywriters, songwriters find it an invaluable resource when looking for that elusive turn of phrase.
&Everything You Need to Avoid Writing Anything&
&Now you don't have to keep up with the latest buzzwords in the tech industry. If you need a memo, let us write it for
you in the very latest in buzzologisms.&
- &How do you want to spend spring break—slaving over another postmodernist piece
or sipping pi?a colada's on the sands of Acapulco? Every time you click this link, you get a new article, each (after the
first) as brilliant and penetrating as the previous. Footnotes at no extra cost. Need a book? String 20 together!&
- &Now that you have that steel guitar,
this is all you need to take Nashville by storm.&
- &Why repeat yourself all the time?&
(radio broadcast archives of Modern Language
Association of America)
Terminology ...
Endangered Languages ...
... Documenting the Planet's Endangered Languages
- World Language Register -
&classifying the world's languages, dialects and speech communities&
- &International house of Logorrhea&
(and much more)
&dedicated to the study of the English language in North America, and of other languages,
or dialects of other languages, influencing it or influenced by it?
(an internet collaborative project)
- &In the press, words sometimes have a life of their own. On The Media looks at the
evolution of words and phrases and their uses and misuses in the news.&
- &turns any web page you visit into a page full of links to the online dictionary of your choice,
allowing you to look up or even translate unfamiliar words without leaving the comfort of your browser&
- a site for book reviews (with a focus on reviewing free books.
It also functions as a catalog of free books.
Language Variations and Varieties ...
&Home to electronic texts of all kinds, from the sacred to the profane, from the political to the personal.&
- de site vertrekt bij
[&The Pleasure of the Text'] van ,
(literatuur) criticus, semioloog en bovenal schrijver. De site wordt gemaakt en onderhouden door Frans van de Pol.
&& and here's a direct link to
(pl. hapax legomena,
though sometimes called hapaxes for short) is a word which occurs only once in the written record of a language.
Search for ANY language by entering its name below and then clicking the
Search for
All Infoplease
All Almanacs
&&Entertainment
Biographies
Dictionary
Encyclopedia}