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Betrayal is the breaking or violation of a presumptive , , or
by that produces
and psychological conflict within a relationship amongst individuals, between organizations or between individuals and organizations. Often betrayal is the act of supporting a rival group, or it is a complete break from previously decided upon or presumed norms by one party from the others. Someone who betrays others is commonly called a traitor or betrayer. Betrayal is also a commonly used literary element, also used in other fiction like films and TV series, and is often associated with or used as a .
Discovering the Meaning of Treachery Through , writes that:
there hastrayal as the breaking
however, critics of this approach claim that the term social contract does not accurately reflect the conditions and motivations for, and effects of, betrayal. Philosophers
and , authors of The Ambiguities of Betrayal and Frames of Deceit respectively, contend that while no clear definition of betrayal is available, betrayal is more effectively understood through .
researcher
made betrayal the core of a storytelling program . In Artificial Intelligence and Literary Creativity: Inside the Mind of BRUTUS, a Storytelling Machine, betrayal is defined operationally in computer language as basically as knowingly thwarting another out of something that ought to occur.
Jackson explains why a clear definition is needed:
Betrayal is both a "people" problem and a philosopher's problem. Philosophers should be able to clarify the concept of betrayal, compare and contrast it with other moral concepts, and critically assess betrayal situations. At the practical level people should be able to make honest sense of betrayal and also to temper its consequences: to handle it, not be assaulted by it. What we need is a conceptually clear account of betrayal that differentiates between genuine and merely perceived betrayal, and which also provides systematic guidance for the assessment of alleged betrayal in real life.
Ben-Yehuda's 2001 work ("Betrayals and Treason Violations of Trust and Loyalty" Westview Press) framed all forms of betrayals and
under a unifying analytical framework using loyalty, trust and moral boundaries as explanatory tools.
An act of betrayal creates a constellation of negative behaviours, thoughts, and feelings in both its victims and its perpetrators. The interactions are complex. The victims exhibit anger and confusion, and demand atonement
who in turn may experience guilt or shame, and exhibit remorse. If, after the perpetrator has exhibited remorse or apologized, the victim continues to express anger, this may in turn cause the perpetrator to become defensive, and angry in turn. Acceptance of betrayal can be exhibited if victims forego the demands of atone but is only demonstrated if the victims do not continue to demand apologies, repeatedly remind the perpetrator or perpetrators of the original act, or ceaselessly review the incident over and over again.
Most adults living in western
place trust in the
of which they are a citizen. When this trust is betrayed, at its worst, the individual can suffer psychological betrayal trauma.
has symptoms similar to post-traumatic stress disorder, although the element of amnesia and dissociation is likely to be greater.
The key difference between traditional
(PTSD) and betrayal trauma is that the former is historically seen as being caused primarily by , whereas betrayal trauma is a response to extreme . Fear and anger are the two sides to the , and as such are our strongest and most basic psychological emotions.[]
Pure political betrayal trauma can be caused by situations such as wrongful
and conviction by the legal system of or by ,
or other serious mistreatment by a state institution or powerful figure within the state.
In practice, however, it is likely that most people with symptoms of psychological trauma have elements of both fear-based PTSD and anger-based betrayal trauma, not one or the other. Certainly, in the most serious cases of PTSD, there is an element of both. For instance, the fact that a soldier is sent to
by the state is an important element in the reasons for war being a major cause of PTSD. In cases where soldiers are horrified by the actions or orders of their commanding officers, or where they are victims of , their PTSD is likely to be worse because the element of betrayal will be that much greater. Similarly, one of the most psychologically traumatizing events in history, , is almost certainly so serious a case because the element of state betrayal is as great as the element of fear trauma.[]
describes betrayal as "a noxious invader, arriving with great stealth" that undermines seemingly stable romances and lies at the heart of every failing relationship, even if the couple is unaware of it. Gottman computed a betrayal metric by calculating how unwilling each partner was to sacrifice for the other and the relationship. A consistently elevated betrayal metric served as an indicator that the couple was at risk for infidelity or another serious disloyalty. Some types of betrayal in romantic relationships include sexual infidelity, conditional commitment, a nonsexual affair, lying, forming a coalition against the partner, absenteeism or coldness, withdrawal of sexual interest, disrespect, unfairness, selfishness, and breaking promises.
Double cross is a phrase meaning to deceive by double-dealing.
The phrase originates from the use of the wo deliberate collusion to lose a contest of some kind.
It has also been suggested that the term was inspired by the practice of 18th-century British thief taker and criminal , who kept a ledger of his transactions and is said to have placed two crosses by the names of persons who had cheated him in some way. This
is almost certainly incorrect, but there is documentary evidence that the term did exist in the 19th century.
More recently, the phrase was used to refer to either of two possible situations:
A competitor participating in the fix who has agreed to throw their game instead competes as usual, against the original intention of their collaborators – one "cross" against another.
Two opposing parties are approached, urging them to throw the game and back the other. Both parties lose out, and the perpetrators benefit by backing a third, winning party.
This use has passed into common parlance, so that, for example, in ,
Military Intelligence used the
to release captured
back to Germany bearing false information.
Betrayal blindness is the unawareness, not-knowing, and forgetting exhibited by people towards betrayal.
The term "betrayal blindness" was introduced in 1996 by Freyd, and expanded in 1999 by Freyd and then again in 2013 by Freyd and Birrell through the
Theory. This betrayal blindness may extend to betrayals that are not considered traditional traumas, such as adultery, and inequities. Betrayal blindness is not exclusive to victims. Perpetrators, and witnesses may also display betrayal blindness in order to preserve personal relationships, their relationships with institutions, and social systems upon which they depend.
The term "Institutional Betrayal" refers to wrongdoings perpetrated by an institution upon individual’s dependent on that institution. This includes failure to prevent or respond supportively to wrongdoings by individuals (e.g. sexual assault) committed within the context of the institution.
, pp. 72–73
, pp. 296
Freyd, Jennifer J. . University of Oregon. Archived from
on July 6, 2010. [Link is now:
Retrieved ]
Gottman, John (2012). What Makes Love Last. pp. xvii, 14.
. pages.uoregon.edu.
Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55,5, 469-480.
Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Freyd, J. J. (1994). Betrayal-trauma: Traumatic amnesia as an adaptive response to childhood abuse. Ethics & Behavior, 4, 307-329.
Freyd, J. J. (1996). Betrayal trauma: The logic of forgetting childhood abuse. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Freyd, J. J., & Birrell, P. J. (2013). . Somerset, NJ: Wiley.
Freyd, J. J ., Klest, B., & Allard, C. B. (2005) Betrayal trauma: Relationship to physical health, psychological distress, and a written disclosure intervention. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 6(3), 83-104.
Hensley, A. L. (2004). Why good people go bad: A psychoanalytic and behavioral assessment of the Abu Ghraib Detention Facility staff. An unpublished courts-martial defense strategy presented to the Area Defense Counsel in Washington DC on December 10, 2004.
Hensley, A. L. (2006).
Hensley, A. L. (2007). Why good people go bad: A case study of the Abu Ghraib Courts-Martials. In G. W. Dougherty, Proceedings of the 5th annual proceedings of the Rocky Mountain Region Disaster Mental Health Conference. Ann Arbor, MI: Loving Healing Press.
Hensley, A. L. (2009a). Gender, personality, and coping: Unraveling gender in military post-deployment wellbeing (preliminary results). In G. Dougherty (Ed.). Return to equilibrium: Proceedings of the 7th Rocky Mountain Region Disaster Mental Health Conference (pp. 105–148). Ann Arbor, MI: Loving Healing Press.
Hensley, A. L. (2009b). Gender, personality and coping: Unraveling gender in military post-deployment physical and mental wellness. Ann Arbor, MI: ProQuest UMI.
Hensley, A. L. (2009c). Betrayal trauma: Insidious purveyor of PTSD. In G. Dougherty (Ed.). Return to equilibrium: Proceedings of the 7th Rocky Mountain Region Disaster Mental Health Conference (pp. 105–148). Ann Arbor, MI: Loving Healing Press.
Hersey, B. & Buhl, M.(January/February 1990). The Betrayal of Date Rape. InView.
Jackson, R. L. (2000).
(PDF). Humanitas. National Humanities Institute. XIII (2): 72–89.
Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1983). Mental Models: Towards a Cognitive Science of Language, Inference, and Consciousness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Maslow, A. (1954). Motivation and personality. New York: Harper.
McNulty, F. (1980). The burning bed. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Musen, K. & Zimbardo, P. G. (1991). Quiet rage: The Stanford prison study. Videorecording. Stanford, CA: Psychology Dept., Stanford University.
Reis, H. T.; Rusbult, C. E. (2004). Close relationships: key readings. Psychology Press.  .
in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Robin Marie Kowalski (2009). "Betrayal". In Harry T. R Susan S Susan K. Sprecher. Encyclopedia of Human Relationships. 1. SAGE. pp. 174–176.  .
James Allen Grady (2008). "Betrayal". In Yudit Kornberg Greenberg. Encyclopedia of love in world religions. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 74–76.  .
Freyd, Jennifer J. (2008). "Betrayal trauma". In G. R J.D. E J.D.Ford. Encyclopedia of Psychological Trauma. New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 76.
Nachman Ben-Yehuda (2001). Betrayal and treason: violations of trust and loyalty. Crime & society. Westview Press.  .
Gilbert R Jon D. Elhai & Julian D. Ford (2008). "Betrayal trauma". The Encyclopedia of Psychological Trauma. John Wiley and Sons.  .
Alan L. Hensley (2009). "Betrayal Trauma: Insidious Purveyor of PTSD". In George W. Doherty. Return to Equilibrium: The Proceedings of the 7th Rocky Mountain Region Disaster Mental Health Conference. Loving Healing Press.  .
Malin ?kerstr?m (1991). Betrayal and betrayers: the sociology of treachery. Transaction Publishers.  .
Warren H. J Laurie Couch & Susan Scott (1997). "Trust and Betrayal". In Robert H John A. Johnson & Stephen R. Briggs. Handbook of personality psychology. Gulf Professional Publishing.  .
: Hidden categories:when someone has deeply hurt you ,it can be extremely difficult to let go of your angerp这什么意思_百度知道
when someone has deeply hurt you ,it can be extremely difficult to let go of your angerp这什么意思
when someone has deeply hurt you ,it can be extremely difficult to let go of your anger.这句话什么意思？它的语法结构是怎么样的？
当某人深深伤害你的时候，让你心中的怒火烟消云散是极度困难的let go of
是 放手 释放 的意思when引导时间状语从句it can be extremely difficult to let go of your anger是it作形式主语
采纳率：54%
当有人深深地伤害你的时候，让你不生气确实很难
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我们会通过消息、邮箱等方式尽快将举报结果通知您。Violent Music Lyrics Increase Aggressive Thoughts and Feelings, According to New Study
May 4, 2003
Violent Music Lyrics Increase Aggressive Thoughts and Feelings, According to New Study
Even humorous violent songs increase hostile feelings
Read the journal article
(PDF, 234KB)
WASHINGTON - Songs with violent lyrics increase aggression related thoughts and emotions and this effect is directly related to the violence in the lyrics, according to a new study published by the American Psychological Association (APA). The findings, appearing in the May issue of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, contradicts popular notions of positive catharsis or venting effects of listening to angry, violent music on violent thoughts and feelings.
In a series of five experiments involving over 500 college students, researchers from Iowa State University and the Texas Department of Human Services examined the effects of seven violent songs by seven artists and eight nonviolent songs by seven artists. The students listened to the songs and were given various psychological tasks to measure aggressive thoughts and feelings. One such task involved participants classifying words that can have both aggressive and nonaggressive meanings, such as rock and stick.
To control for factors not related to the content of the lyrics, the violent and nonviolent songs were sung by the same artists and were in the same musical style in three of the experiments. In the two other experiments, the researchers tested the arousal properties of the songs to make sure the violent-lyric effects were not due to differences in arousal. Also, individual personality differences related to hostility were assessed and controlled. The study also included songs with humorous lyrics to see how humor interacted with violent song lyrics and aggressive thoughts.
Results of the five experiments show that violent songs led to more aggressive interpretations of ambiguously aggressive words, increased the relative speed with which people read aggressive vs. nonaggressive words, and increased the proportion of word fragments (such as h_t) that were filled in to make aggressive words (such as hit). The violent songs increased feelings of hostility without provocation or threat, according to the authors, and this effect was not the result of differences in musical style, specific performing artist or arousal properties of the songs. Even the humorous violent songs increased aggressive thoughts.
The violent-song increases in aggressive thoughts and feelings have implications for real world violence, according to lead researcher Craig A. Anderson, Ph.D. of Iowa State University. "Aggressive thoughts can influence perceptions of ongoing social interactions, coloring them with an aggressive tint. Such aggression-biased interpretations can, in turn, instigate a more aggressive response -verbal or physical - than would have been emitted in a nonbiased state, thus provoking an aggressive escalatory spiral of antisocial exchanges," said Dr. Anderson.
The study investigated precursors to aggression rather than aggressive behavior itself. More research is needed, say the authors, to identify the short-term and long-term effects of violent song lyrics. Repeated exposure to violent lyrics may contribute to the development of an aggressive personality and could indirectly create a more hostile social environment, although the authors say it is possible that the effects of violent songs may last only a fairly short time.
"One major conclusion from this and other research on violent entertainment media is that content matters," said Dr. Anderson. "This message is important for all consumers, but especially for parents of children and adolescents."
Article: "Exposure to Violent Media: The Effects of Songs With Violent Lyrics on Aggressive Thoughts and Feelings," Craig A. Anderson and Nicholas L. Carnagey, Iowa State University and Janie Eubanks, Texas Department of Human S Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 84, No. 5.
Lead author Craig Anderson, Ph.D., can be reached at (515) 294-0283 or by Email.
The American Psychological Association (APA), in Washington, DC, is the largest scientific and professional organization representing psychology in the United States and is the world's largest association of psychologists. APA's membership includes more than 150,000 researchers, educators, clinicians, consultants and students. Through its divisions in 53 subfields of psychology and affiliations with 60 state, territorial and Canadian provincial associations, APA works to advance psychology as a science, as a profession and as a means of promoting health, education and human welfare.
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(202) 336-5700& Unit知识点 & “通读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后在各题所给...”习题详情
222位同学学习过此题，做题成功率73.8%
通读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后在各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中选出一个最佳选项。With that, he thanked me happily and started off on his bike. I &&44&&heard him singing as he rode away. I got a warm &&45 &inside. I now understand what it &&46&&by the saying “Giving is getting”.&47 it was only a little action, I got and learned more in those two minutes than I did in the rest of the month. Everyone in the world &48&help. Everyone can give help and everyone can be helped.The look of that man’s happiness appears in my mind &&49&&I have the chance to do something nice. This is the power（力量）of &&50 .【小题1】A．poorlyB．simplyC．warmlyD．expensively【小题2】A．worriedB．interestedC．surprisedD．tired【小题3】A．andB．butC．soD．when【小题4】A．nervous B．happyC．sorryD．proud【小题5】A．moneyB．toysC．drinkD．clothes【小题6】A．in silenceB．in surpriseC．in angerD．in excitement【小题7】A．turnedB．appearedC．wentD．ran【小题8】A．myselfB．ourselvesC．yourselfD．himself【小题9】A．stillB．onceC．evenD．ever【小题10】A．ideaB．welcomeC．wordD．feeling【小题11】A．aimsB．meansC．looksD．offers【小题12】A．IfB．ThoughC．BecauseD．While【小题13】A．needsB．givesC．takesD．brings【小题14】A．whicheverB．however C．whatever D．whenever【小题15】A．kindnessB．friendshipC．knowledgeD．FeelingC&
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题型：解答题&|&来源：2014-安徽省东至县大同中学八年级下学期期中考试英语试卷
分析与解答
习题“通读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后在各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中选出一个最佳选项。With that, he thanked me happily and started off on his bike....”的分析与解答如下所示：
这篇短文讲述的是在一个寒冷的下午，作者无意中帮助了一个陌生人，那个人因为受到了作者的帮助而开心，而作者也因为帮助了别人，自己也很开心。这件事情让作者明白了付出即是收获这句话。每个人都需要别人的帮助，每个人也都可以主动去帮助别人。【小题1】考查副词及语境的理解。句意：在一个寒冷的11月的下午，我和妈妈正走在从匹萨店回家的路上。我们穿得很暖和。poorly 贫穷的，贫乏的；simply 简单地，仅仅；warmly 温暖地；暖和地；expensively昂贵地。根据短文的第一句话可知，天气非常的寒冷，所以这里应该是穿得很暖和。故选C。【小题2】考查形容词及语境的理解。句意：因为我拿着我们的购物袋，所以我感觉有点累。worried 担心的，忧虑的；interested 有趣的；surprised 感到惊奇的；tired 感到累的，疲倦的。根据下句话中so I decided to throw something away 可知，作者手里拿着购物的东西，想要扔掉一些，故作者应该感觉很累。故选D。【小题3】考查连词及语境的理解。句意：我向垃圾箱走去，这时我看见一个穷人从我们前面的餐馆里走出来。and 和，并列连词；but 但是，表示转折；so 因此，所以，表示因果关系；when正在这时。根据文意可知，选D。【小题4】考查形容词及语境的理解。句意：我突然感到很抱歉，因为我正要扔掉一瓶新的饮料，因为它太重了。nervous 紧张的；happy 快乐的，高兴的；sorry 抱歉，对不起；proud 骄傲的。跟上上文可知，那个穷人穷得在垃圾箱里找东西吃，而作者还因为饮料太重，就想把一瓶新的饮料扔掉，所以他应该对此感到很抱歉。故选C。【小题5】考查名词及语境的理解。句意：我朝他走过去，递给他一些饮料和面包。money 钱；toys 玩具；drink 饮料；clothes衣服。根据上文的意思可知，作者想要把一瓶新的饮料，但是一个穷人在垃圾箱里找东西吃，所以这里应该是作者给了那个穷人饮料和一些面包。故选C。【小题6】考查介词短语及语境的理解。句意：那个人吃惊的抬起头来，把我给他的东西拿走了。in silence 沉默的；in surprise 惊奇的，吃惊的；in anger 生气的；in excitement 兴奋的。根据文意可知，当作者给那个穷人吃的和喝的的时候，他很惊奇。故选B。【小题7】考查动词及语境的理解。句意：他的脸上露出了一个很大的微笑。turn 转弯，转变；appear出现，露出； went 是go 的过去式，去；run跑。根据文意可知，当作者给他食物的时候，他感到很高兴，所以脸上露出了微笑。故选B。【小题8】考查反身代词及语境的理解。句意：我自己也感觉非常的开心。myself 我自己；ourselves 我们自己；yourself 你自己；himself 他自己。根据文意可知，当作者帮助了那个人的时候，他自己也感到很开心。故选Ａ，这里指作者自己。【小题9】考查副词及语境的理解。句意：我甚至听到他离开的时候在唱歌。still 仍然；once 曾经，一次；even 甚至；ever曾经。根据文意可知，那个穷人因为作者的帮助而非常的高兴，在离开的时候甚至唱起歌来。故选C。【小题10】考查名词及语境的理解。句意：我的内心有一种温暖的感觉。idea 主意，想法；welcome 欢迎；word 话，单词；feeling感觉。根据文意可知，因为自己的帮助而使别人开心，作者自己心里也感到很温暖。故选D。【小题11】考查动词及语境的理解。句意：我现在终于明白了那句话：“付出就是得到”是什么意思。aim 目标；mean 意思是；look 看；offer 提供。根据文意可知，通过这样一件事，作者明白了“付出就是得到”这句话的意思。故选B。【小题12】考查连词及语境的理解。句意：虽然这只是一件小事，但是我从这一件两分钟的事情上所学到的要比剩下的一个月里学到的要更多。if 如果，引导条件状语从句；though 虽然，尽管，引导让步状语从句；because 因为，引导原因状语从句；while当…时候，引导时间状语从句。根据文意可知选B。【小题13】考查动词及语境的理解。句意：世界上的每一个人都需要帮助。need 需要；give 给；take拿，拿走； bring带来。根据文意可知，这里作者的意思是说每个人都有需要别人帮助的时候。故选A。【小题14】考查连词及语境的理解。句意：无论何时，我有机会做一些好事的时候，那个男人幸福的模样就会出现在我的脑海里。whichever 无论哪一个；however 然而，无论怎样；whatever 无论什么；whenever无论何时。根据句意可知选D。【小题15】考查名词及语境的理解。句意：这就是善良的力量。kindness 仁慈，善良；friendship友谊；knowledge 知识；feeling感觉。根据这篇短文的主要内容可知，作者好心帮助了一个人，这种感觉让作者也感到很幸福。所以这里应该说的是主动帮助别人，自己也会开心，在是善良的力量。故选A。
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通读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后在各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中选出一个最佳选项。With that, he thanked me happily and started off on his ...
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经过分析，习题“通读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后在各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中选出一个最佳选项。With that, he thanked me happily and started off on his bike....”主要考察你对“Unit”“Topic”“Module”
等考点的理解。
因为篇幅有限，只列出部分考点，详细请访问。
与“通读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后在各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中选出一个最佳选项。With that, he thanked me happily and started off on his bike....”相似的题目：
I met your brother &&&& I was walking in the street.beforeuntilafterwhile
完成句子，根据中文提示，完成句子。（10分）【小题1】I think that Yang Liwei and Liu Xiang are both our country’s &&&& (英雄).【小题2】We should exercise to &&&& us &&&& (增强体质).【小题3】Driving carelessly &&&& (引起) accidents. 【小题4】The rivers in the countryside are much &&&& (清澈) than those in the cities.【小题5】Beijing Opera &&&&&&&&&&&&&(充满) famous stories ,beautiful facial paitings, wonderful gestures and fighting.&&&&
完成句子 按所给的汉语，用英语完成下列句子。（本大题共9分，每小题1.5分）【小题1】披头士乐队解散前的最后一场公开亮相是在1970年。The Beatles made &&&& in 1970 before breaking up.【小题2】似乎那个节目不是现场直播的。That programme &&&&.【小题3】盐和金属会起强烈的反应。Salt will &&&&.【小题4】你打电话来的时候，我们正在海上逆风航行。&&&& on the sea when you called.【小题5】我怀疑这个报告的真实性。I doubt &&&&.【小题6】警方决定在墙上张贴疑犯的画像。The police have made &&&& of the suspect on the wall.
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欢迎来到乐乐题库，查看习题“通读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后在各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中选出一个最佳选项。With that, he thanked me happily and started off on his bike. I 44heard him singing as he rode away. I got a warm 45 inside. I now understand what it 46by the saying “Giving is getting”.47 it was only a little action, I got and learned more in those two minutes than I did in the rest of the month. Everyone in the world 48help. Everyone can give help and everyone can be helped.The look of that man’s happiness appears in my mind 49I have the chance to do something nice. This is the power（力量）of 50 .【小题1】A．poorlyB．simplyC．warmlyD．expensively【小题2】A．worriedB．interestedC．surprisedD．tired【小题3】A．andB．butC．soD．when【小题4】A．nervous B．happyC．sorryD．proud【小题5】A．moneyB．toysC．drinkD．clothes【小题6】A．in silenceB．in surpriseC．in angerD．in excitement【小题7】A．turnedB．appearedC．wentD．ran【小题8】A．myselfB．ourselvesC．yourselfD．himself【小题9】A．stillB．onceC．evenD．ever【小题10】A．ideaB．welcomeC．wordD．feeling【小题11】A．aimsB．meansC．looksD．offers【小题12】A．IfB．ThoughC．BecauseD．While【小题13】A．needsB．givesC．takesD．brings【小题14】A．whicheverB．however C．whatever D．whenever【小题15】A．kindnessB．friendshipC．knowledgeD．Feeling”的答案、考点梳理，并查找与习题“通读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后在各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中选出一个最佳选项。With that, he thanked me happily and started off on his bike. I 44heard him singing as he rode away. I got a warm 45 inside. I now understand what it 46by the saying “Giving is getting”.47 it was only a little action, I got and learned more in those two minutes than I did in the rest of the month. Everyone in the world 48help. Everyone can give help and everyone can be helped.The look of that man’s happiness appears in my mind 49I have the chance to do something nice. This is the power（力量）of 50 .【小题1】A．poorlyB．simplyC．warmlyD．expensively【小题2】A．worriedB．interestedC．surprisedD．tired【小题3】A．andB．butC．soD．when【小题4】A．nervous B．happyC．sorryD．proud【小题5】A．moneyB．toysC．drinkD．clothes【小题6】A．in silenceB．in surpriseC．in angerD．in excitement【小题7】A．turnedB．appearedC．wentD．ran【小题8】A．myselfB．ourselvesC．yourselfD．himself【小题9】A．stillB．onceC．evenD．ever【小题10】A．ideaB．welcomeC．wordD．feeling【小题11】A．aimsB．meansC．looksD．offers【小题12】A．IfB．ThoughC．BecauseD．While【小题13】A．needsB．givesC．takesD．brings【小题14】A．whicheverB．however C．whatever D．whenever【小题15】A．kindnessB．friendshipC．knowledgeD．Feeling”相似的习题。}