论排队的几何变化设此处有一个床口直线，加粗，平行线，扇形，半圆。
作文成绩只有6.5，小作文遇到一个爆难的地图小作文，还没写完，自信大作文有过7的水…
凌晨4点醒来，发现海棠花未眠。
男人通过吹嘘来表达爱，女人通过倾听来表达爱，但是当一个女人智慧上涨到一定程度的时候，在倾听的过程中内心必然会有嘲讽的声音。
男人通过吹嘘来表达爱，女人通过倾听来表达爱，但是当一个女人智慧上涨到一定程度的时候，在倾听的过程中内心必然会有嘲讽的声音。
脱光了，照镜子，你看到的，就是你最在乎的那个人看到的。
脱光了，照镜子，你看到的，就是你最在乎的那个人看到的。
最近把头发剪短了，减到了腰部 所以若是问我及腰是什么感受 我其实能回答的是长过腰部是什么感受?&br&&br&其实 为什么我要剪短已经说明了问题——长发过腰实在是太太太太太不方便了&br&&br&坐下头发压屁股底下 关门夹门里 和朋友一张床动不动就头发被压了 洗一次头用人家一个月的量 不能弯腰 一弯就是免费给别人扫地。今天太困了 先写这些 图已附上。&br&&img data-rawwidth=&3456& data-rawheight=&5184& src=&/f5b519b6b58d868b8d08e_b.jpeg& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&3456& data-original=&/f5b519b6b58d868b8d08e_r.jpeg&&&br&&br&&img data-rawwidth=&2238& data-rawheight=&4325& src=&/f6d98cdbef89d1e979db3d6b1029ac56_b.jpeg& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&2238& data-original=&/f6d98cdbef89d1e979db3d6b1029ac56_r.jpeg&&&br&&br&&br&&br&&img data-rawwidth=&1200& data-rawheight=&1600& src=&/f5eaf4bd49c2fa8ce9d2_b.jpeg& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&1200& data-original=&/f5eaf4bd49c2fa8ce9d2_r.jpeg&&&br&&br&&br&&br&&img data-rawwidth=&1847& data-rawheight=&2472& src=&/9c35b33bd79ddde_b.jpeg& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&1847& data-original=&/9c35b33bd79ddde_r.jpeg&&&br&&br&&br&&br&&img data-rawwidth=&3264& data-rawheight=&2448& src=&/1c551a03aa7_b.jpeg& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&3264& data-original=&/1c551a03aa7_r.jpeg&&&br&&br&&br&&br&&br&&img data-rawwidth=&600& data-rawheight=&800& src=&/bcd0ce8fecff_b.jpeg& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&600& data-original=&/bcd0ce8fecff_r.jpeg&&&br&&br&&br&&br&&img data-rawwidth=&2448& data-rawheight=&2448& src=&/c242d116a0815dfdfe587a_b.jpeg& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&2448& data-original=&/c242d116a0815dfdfe587a_r.jpeg&&&br&&br&&br&&img data-rawwidth=&3264& data-rawheight=&2448& src=&/d4afd37a5a975ba1fc3ddf_b.jpeg& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&3264& data-original=&/d4afd37a5a975ba1fc3ddf_r.jpeg&&
最近把头发剪短了，减到了腰部 所以若是问我及腰是什么感受 我其实能回答的是长过腰部是什么感受?其实 为什么我要剪短已经说明了问题——长发过腰实在是太太太太太不方便了坐下头发压屁股底下 关门夹门里 和朋友一张床动不动就头发被压了 洗一次头用…
&b&布莱希特的《回忆玛丽.安》&/b&&br&&br&&br&用白话文来说便是：我们记住的不是定情，不是亲吻，而是那倏忽间消失，不知所踪的月亮，下落不明的云。&br&&br&&blockquote&布莱希特的《回忆玛丽.安》&br&&br&那是蓝色九月的一天，&br&我在一株李树的细长阴影下 &br&静静搂着她，我的情人是这样 &br&苍白和沉默，仿佛一个不逝的梦。 &br&在我们的头上，在夏天明亮的空中， &br&有一朵云，我的双眼久久凝视它， &br&它很白，很高，离我们很远， &br&当我抬起头，发现它不见了。 &br&&br&自那天以后，很多月亮 &br&悄悄移过天空，落下去。 &br&那些李树大概被砍去当柴烧了， &br&而如果你问，那场恋爱怎么了？ &br&我必须承认：我真的记不起来， &br&然而我知道你试图说什么。 &br&她的脸是什么样子我已不清楚， &br&我只知道：那天我吻了它。 &br&&br&至于那个吻，我早已忘记， &br&但是那朵在空中漂浮的云 &br&我却依然记得，永不会忘记， &br&它很白，在很高的空中移动。 &br&那些李树可能还在开花， &br&那个女人可能生了第七个孩子， &br&然而那朵云只出现了几分钟， &br&当我抬头，它已不知去向。
&/blockquote&如果要看德语版的话请戳 &a href=&///?target=http%3A///new/p574913/& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&德语诗歌唱读：回忆玛丽安（布莱希特）&i class=&icon-external&&&/i&&/a&
布莱希特的《回忆玛丽.安》用白话文来说便是：我们记住的不是定情，不是亲吻，而是那倏忽间消失，不知所踪的月亮，下落不明的云。布莱希特的《回忆玛丽.安》那是蓝色九月的一天，我在一株李树的细长阴影下 静静搂着她，我的情人是这样 苍白和沉默，仿佛一个…
我就来看看有没有人说石油行业…
我就来看看有没有人说石油行业…
论排队的几何变化&br&设此处有一个床口&br&直线，加粗，平行线，扇形，半圆。
论排队的几何变化设此处有一个床口直线，加粗，平行线，扇形，半圆。
&p&作文成绩只有6.5，小作文遇到一个爆难的地图小作文，还没写完，自信大作文有过7的水平&/p&&p&先看一下我的雅思大作文，觉得过得去，再看后面的方法，&/p&&p&忘了题目哪里找的，作文本上最后一篇&/p&&p&题目：nowadays advertising usually encourage consumers to buy a product or service in quantity&/p&&p& To what extend ,agree.
&/p&&br&&p&It’s generally appreciated that advertising serves for information,and its chief use to consumers,&/p&&p&is in providing reliable information to them so that they can make well-and &/p&&p&to manufacturer,is in boosting the sales of commodity in order to maximize profit.It’s not surprising,therefore, that advertising generally encourage consumers to buy product or service in quantity.&/p&&br&&p&In face of intensive competition,merchant need to design an effective strategy to make maximum profit,which obviously depends on sales.there is a wild selection of similar goods to choose form,once a product can emerge from all things ,the only problem should be tackled is how it can be approached as many as possible .Knowing that ,it’s easier to understand
why advertisements usually emphasize the significance of quantity.&/p&&br&&p&But some people challenge this notion ,and they think this method can only be practicable and &/p&&p&efficient in the short term .the future of a company rely on customers’ loyalty to their product,&/p&&p&which is the core spirit of some high-tech-company,like Apple Inc. They cultivate&/p&&p& consumers’ interest by promoting their quality continuously and use their developed&/p&&p& technology to let their rivals fully behind .As a consequence,the point of their advertising is the quality of product&/p&&br&&p&Personally,i think the content and structure of an advertising is designed on the base of product,if it can only boom for a while,then the reasonable promotion is to stress the importance of amount.however,if the quality of product deserve appreciation ,i believe even without advertisement,the speed at which products are sold can always accelerate. &/p&&br&&p&&b&关于作文复习书和工具&/b&：&/p&&p&1.那个什么十天小凝。&/p&&p&2.刘洪波的写作真经。&/p&&p&（第一个可以买，第二个，有钱的话随意你任性）&/p&&p&第一本书，作文水平5分左右的还是乖乖地看吧，&/p&&p&我前期看的时候感觉好厉害的，但是由于里面很多的短语其实不一定记得住，但是基本的还是必须会，例如儿童的有一个：&/p&&p&effected by the sexual image portrayed in the film &/p&&p&我到了后期要写的话就是&/p&&p&Are prone to the sexual or violent image portrayed in the film&/p&&p&有许多的短语，不能死记，基本到了后期我写作文就没用，因为写上去的话，要是提分的话，空洞而不切合实际，&/p&&p&feel the sense of accomplishment &/p&&p&Develop the sense of financial management&/p&&p&单纯地记住一个短语是不足以把一个段落写出来的，一般一个段落是一个论点，然后论证过程，不够。&/p&&p&例如来说一个电子科技产品的影响，以下是BBC随身英语上的（我也给了网址）&/p&&p&He said that this over-reliance on digital devices &erodes family time and they're missing out on messages from body language and facial expressions from those around them&.&/p&&p&&a href=&///?target=http%3A///bbc/bbc2//176931.html& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&给孩子们进行电子产品&排毒& Digital detox for children&i class=&icon-external&&&/i&&/a&&/p&&p&点击进入可以一看，学习加黑的短语和稍微记下来主要的论点，关于这个话题就好解决了。&/p&&p&第二本书，其实主要在于文章的结构，里面推荐的五段式。&/p&&p&第一段;引言，背景介绍，话题的引出&/p&&p&第二段：正方观点一，论点，论据，结尾&/p&&p&第三段：正方观点二，论点，论据，结尾&/p&&p&第四段：反方观点一，论点，论据，最后一句都是强调虽然有负作用但是然并卵。&/p&&p&第五段：总结过程，正大于反，然后结尾&/p&&p&大概只在剑9的作文里面看过同样的结构。虽然是基本的作文结构，没有什么可以否认的，建议最好不要 完全这样，我说的这样是缺少灵活性，例如要是一直固定的逻辑联系，那么后面就很难再发展了，里面总共有很多篇文章，里面的短语，有些论点我不太赞同，因为都是用主观的事实来说明，比如我，什么什么的来说明，按照高考语文老师说的议论文的原则，最好是别这样。用一些客观的，大家都知道的比较好。&/p&&p&没事看看，多从里边学习短语，&/p&&p&Moderation(适当，这次到了后面基本我都会用的)&/p&&p&Vice versa &/p&&p&&b&工具&/b&：&/p&&p&朗文英英词典 ，&/p&&p&牛津搭配词典，&/p&&p&有道词典，（中文翻译出英文，再拿朗文去对比，再看牛津搭配词典）&/p&&p&神器：MDict (可以多个词典一起，详情请百度)&/p&&p&&b&作文结构，整体思路部分&/b&。&/p&&p&1.整个结构的把握，可以参照雅思的例文。&/p&&p&2.由于很喜欢四段式，而且我一般都是中立观点，所以四段式很适合我，这也是moderation&/p&&p&3.我最喜欢的是剑7（要么就是剑6）一篇关于运动员的薪水高其他领域&/p&&p&结构如下：&/p&&p&第一段写运动员的薪水高的现象&/p&&p&第二段写开头写其他领域的也对社会有贡献度，然后第二段后半部分就开始反驳&/p&&p&第三段顺应第二段后半部分写为什么运动员这样会这样高，理由，结论&/p&&p&第四段总结，运动员还在相对合理的阶段，但是例如演员就不合理了（有一点发散的意味）&/p&&p&相信做阅读做多了完全是能感觉出来文章的思路的，下面是个人的一般总结 &/p&&p&我的写作一般规律：&/p&&p&第一段是关于话题的一般总结，一般是一长段，然后最后一句，规律一般都是叙述一个中规中矩的，与命题相关的观点，然后由此引发后面问题的讨论，可以。&/p&&p&It’s generally appreciated that advertising serves for information,and its chief use to consumers,is in providing reliable information to them so that they can make well-to manufacturer,is in boosting the sales of commodity in order to maximize profit.&/p&&p&However，there is a wild diversity of view on this issue.&/p&&br&&p&一长段，关于孩子部分的&/p&&p&There is no doubt that children are vulnerable to be adversely affected by digital devices and they always embrace things without consideration of degrees.with the fact that children spend more time on television,video and computer games,parents start to worry about that they can’t do these leisure activities in moderation.there.....&/p&&br&&p&关于惩罚的&/p&&p&It’s undeniable that law can never be enforce unless fear support it,however,punishment has never been correlated with the type of crime only,it also has concluded taking the circumstances and motivation into consideration,therefore,fixed punishment is far form multifaceted and reasonable.&/p&&br&&p&第二段，一般是正方或者advantage&/p&&p&一般用的固定句式是&/p&&p&The idea that (表达一个比较具体的观点) wins favor with those who think that....&/p&&p&关于旅游的风俗习惯是否该包容的&/p&&p&The idea that host country should welcome cultural difference wins favor with those who think that to stimulate the development of culture and economy ,adoption of positive attitude should start form the level of government or local authority.(接下来是个人怎么处理地方差异，)&/p&&p&关于经济全球化的句子(好处)&/p&&p&Obviously,international trade is growing at a startling pace,which transformed market into highly&/p&&p&Efficient,intensive competition business.the cheap labor may make Chinese clothing competitive &/p&&p&In America ,As a result,people can buy clothing at lower price without worrying about quality...&/p&&p&.&/p&&p&第三段，一般是反方观点和disadvantage&/p&&p&一般开头有几种，&/p&&p&关于大学学习理论知识和有关于工作的知识（没找到具体的文章了，大概写的）&/p&&p&第一段大概是意思是purely want to Push out the horizon of their knowledge&/p&&p&However,the glasshouse of knowledge would never grow anything edible , it’s unquestionable ,therefore,that to prepare students well for their future life ,college should not deprive them of opportunity to learn practicable knowledge .......&/p&&p&关于改变和不改变的问题&/p&&p&第一段大概意思段落，不改变，可以避免不必要的风险&/p&&p&Those who relish and appreciate the diversity of world hold different views that if only look at their past and present ,they may lose their future of diversity .&/p&&br&&p&最后的段落是总结。一般是好坏总结和个人观点&/p&&p&个人观点，一般我都是鼓励用中立来说，即好的说一点，但是也要尽可能弥补缺陷带来的坏处。&/p&&p&In conclusion ,i encourage moderation on this issue,(正方一点，但是又提及反方，然后完结)&/p&&p&好坏比较特别有用的词语
compensate&/p&&p&Personally,i think The benefit it brings to us
more than compensate for disadvantages associated with it
(提及好处的影响，倡导应该采取措施 ，此处各种adopt弥补缺陷)&/p&&br&&p&&b&关于单词部分&/b&&/p&&p&有一点不必过多的拘泥于复杂，高级词汇。简单易懂但是描述精确有力&/p&&p&笔记本可以分出几页专门记下一类词语，分别注明搭配，用法，雅思作文方向，&/p&&p&例句几个词语，顺序为动词，名词(名词短语)，形容词，副词。&/p&&p&动词&/p&&p&Adopt( an approach/ policy/ attitude)&/p&&p&Implement (a policy) &/p&&p&Tackle (problem)&/p&&p&Compensate (advantage could more than compensate disadvantage associated with it )&/p&&p&Exploit(见名词类)&/p&&p&名词（一类话题必然有特别的词语，需要专门学习)&/p&&p&Stereotype ( gender stereotype,另外exploited sex,domain基本就可以用于女性的话题) &/p&&p&Water-related illness &/p&&p&sanitation&/p&&p&形容词（描述性质上可以准确，最好是多样，一般两个来形容最好）&/p&&p&Preventable ,(preventable water-related illness)&/p&&p&Effective,efficient (比较简单，但是要熟练运用)&/p&&p&Vivid( in face of vivid and often media coverage ,child may had formed their idea,,,,,, )&/p&&p&副词（形容动作也可以两个，也可以用于形容词，更加精确）&/p&&p&Effectively,efficiently(也是比较简单类的，但是要熟练运用)&/p&&p&Overwhelmingly (simple but overwhelmingly strong)&/p&&p&例句：&/p&&p&In face of lack of proper sanitation,many people are suffering from Water-related illness.&/p&&p&Positive policy about public health system should be adopted to tackle this problem,effectively and efficiently ,such as......&/p&&p&It’s really easy to find Gender stereotype in daily life ,that a strenuous job is automatically regarded as men’ s domain
&/p&&p&注意事项：&/p&&p&1.翻词典必须看英语的，区分细微的差别，important,vital 都是重要 但是程度不一样&/p&&p&2.多的表达的时候专门记下词典给的例句，学习比较地道的搭配&/p&&p&3.动词，形容词，名词转换，dominate ,dominant ,dominance &/p&&br&&br&&p&&b&句子积累和素材 &/b&&/p&&p&句子的结构 ，一是复杂句子的结构，多看多学习，例文第一段：&/p&&p&It’s generally appreciated that advertising serves for information,and its chief use to consumers,is in providing reliable information to them so that they can make well-to manufacturer,is in boosting the sales of commodity in order to maximize profit.it’s not surprising,therefore, that advertising generally encourage consumers to buy product or service in quantity.&/p&&p&参照的句式有三个&/p&&p&开头&/p&&p&It’s generally appreciated that............&/p&&p&中间一大段参考的培根的谈读书，我把原文贴出来&/p&&p&Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in priv for ornament, and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. &/p&&p&看了原文发现我有些细节没对，可以学习一下&/p&&p&末尾一个前后带因果顺承&/p&&p&It’s not surprising ,therefore,that .....&/p&&p&一般大家的喜欢都是therefore 放前面的，句式的变化&/p&&p&再来一个句式，也会在素材观点上见到他，专门写国际援助的&/p&The test of our progress is not whether we add more to the abundance of it is whether we provide enough for those who have too little&p&句子结构方面，在清楚基本语法结构的前提下多读读英语的短片原文，特别学习下分号的作用。拿一个我模仿的（不是雅思作文的），忘记原文是哪篇文章了。排比句句式。&/p&&p&There were several burning and unforgettable moments between us,moments in which we were lying on the same bed ,but strangely ,before i fall asleep there was no sign of fanmoments in which i told her “more than half ,you know i appreciate and have a crush on
you ”,when after drinking,she asked me whether the statue i updated on my social networking website has something to do with her and how dmoments in which i realize her significance to me that life could be a little bit harder for me without others ,but life can always better with her . &/p&&br&&p&素材的积累，大概就是往论点论据方面靠&/p&&p&一是可以参考国外的名人名言，请百度，资源应该多，&/p&&p&例如谈“公平”的话题&/p&&p&all live under the same sky, but we don't all have the same horizon &/p&&p&It the spirit of equality means anything ,it must be opportunity &/p&&p&例如谈广告的负面作用&/p&&p& Advertising has put an end to the power of the most powerful adjectives.&/p&&p&顺便把这种的运用来说一下，拿这个为例&/p&&p&Advertising has put an end to the power of the most powerful &a href=&///?target=http%3A//adjectives.in& class=& external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&&span class=&invisible&&http://&/span&&span class=&visible&&adjectives.in&/span&&span class=&invisible&&&/span&&i class=&icon-external&&&/i&&/a& order to boost the sales of product ,advertising encourage people to associate advertised product with attractive life,using vastly overrated adjectives and providing misleading information&/p&&p&vastly overrated 是我刚刚查朗文查overrate 刚刚学到的，例句是 a vastly overrated film&/p&&p&中间是小凝的十天中的句式，在里面标注的是基本属于难度比较高的句式&/p&&p&二是多读一点相关的文章，比如青年老人话题&/p&&p& Young men, in the conduct and management of actions, embrace mor stir more than quiet, fly to the end, without consideration of t&/p&&p& For the experience of age, in things that fall within the compass of it, but in new things, abuses them.&/p&&p&
这种文章难度有点高，话说老年人富有经验，sophisticated&/p&&p&
看BBC随身英语的文章比较好，简单粗暴，还标注了需要学习的短语。&/p&&br&&br&&p&&b&复习方法总结&/b&&/p&&p&1.两个本子，一个拿来随时记，比如做完阅读之后精读的时候发现的句式和短语（相对比较随意），一个是练习用的本子，这个本子最好是大的本子，一个话题分四页，一页是相关题目练习的作文，一页是留来修改用，剩余两页是补充相关素材，句式结构，段落更改（第一本子的作用就体现在这里了）。&/p&&p&2.按时写一篇，根据进度来，一般整理一个话题也就三个小时，大神随意，学渣如我等就乖乖写吧，整体话题才15个左右吧&/p&&p&3.偶尔翻过去的看一看，看看哪里有可以修改或者加强的。&/p&&p&4.多阅读，就算拿中文写作，出彩的也必定是那些爱读书的人。&/p&&p&5,多记段落比记短语有用的多，直接节约时间，语法，结构都可以学习。&/p&&br&&p&&b&参考的资料&/b&&/p&&p&1.剑4-剑9 所有考官的文章，之后再看学生的文章，特别是看评语，明白错误&/p&&p&2.慎小凝10天，没事看啊看，&/p&&p&3.BBC随身英语&/p&&p&4.国外名人名篇 &/p&&p&5我偶尔还看一看英语的原著小说，比较喜欢的是the great gatsby&/p&&br&&p&感觉我的朋友效效，本来考前自认为作文很好，想成绩出来写一波，结果只有6,5都不好意思瞎BB了，恰好她问我详细的方法，那么就趁着这个机会写一波，哈哈，此段专门写给你看&/p&
作文成绩只有6.5，小作文遇到一个爆难的地图小作文，还没写完，自信大作文有过7的水平先看一下我的雅思大作文，觉得过得去，再看后面的方法，忘了题目哪里找的，作文本上最后一篇题目：nowadays advertising usually encourage consumers to buy a product …
更新：&br&好久以前的答案，回来发现已经上千赞。知友 &a data-hash=&714bb5d3a1a841ee0bacde613e02dbd5& href=&///people/714bb5d3a1a841ee0bacde613e02dbd5& class=&member_mention& data-editable=&true& data-title=&@熊勒個大& data-tip=&p$b$714bb5d3a1a841ee0bacde613e02dbd5&&@熊勒個大&/a&找我要听证会证词的英文原版。我惊讶的发现之前给的链接内容已被删除。在此，附上听证会官方版本txt，不仅包括了这篇证词，而是整场听证会的文字记录。&br&&a href=&///?target=http%3A//www.archive.org/stream/smithsonianinsti00unit/smithsonianinsti00unit_djvu.txt& class=& external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&&span class=&invisible&&http://www.&/span&&span class=&visible&&archive.org/stream/smit&/span&&span class=&invisible&&hsonianinsti00unit/smithsonianinsti00unit_djvu.txt&/span&&span class=&ellipsis&&&/span&&i class=&icon-external&&&/i&&/a&&br&&br&令人惊讶的是，包括答主在内的许多人在知乎贴出的中文版证词并不是完整版，后面还有一段未被翻译，专门贴出来给大家看看，括号中为本人渣翻译：&br&&blockquote&The world is a better place because German and Japanese fascism failed to conquer the world.（此为中文版证词最后一句） &br&&br&Japan and Germany are better places because we were benevolent in our victory. &br&（由于我们在我们的胜利中的仁慈之心，日本和德国也变得更好了。）&br&The youth of Japan and the United States, spared from further needless slaughter, went on to live and have families and grow old. &br&（美国和日本的许多年轻人避免了更多的无意义的屠杀，可以生存下去，组建家庭，一直到老）&br&As the father of ten children and the grandfather of 21, I can state that I am &br&certainly grateful that the war ended when it did. &br&（作为10个孩子的父亲和21个孩子的祖父，我可以说我很感激战争在它应该结束时结束了）&br&I do not speak for all veterans of that war. But I believe that my sense of pride &br&in having served my country in that great conflict is shared by all veterans. This &br&is why the truth about that war must be preserved. We veterans are not shrinking &br&violets. Our sensibilities will not be shattered in intelligent and controversial &br&debate. We can handle ourselves. &br&（我并不代表所有经历了那场战争的老兵。但我相信我在那场战斗中为国家服役所带来的荣誉感是与所有老兵共同分享的。这也是为什么关于那场战争的真相必须得以保存。我们老兵是永不畏缩的紫罗兰。在充满挑战和争议大论战中，我们保持着敏感，我们可以从容应对。）&br&But we will not, we cannot allow armchair second guessers to frame the debate &br&by hiding facts from the American public and the world. &br&（但是我们不愿意，也不能允许在对美国民众和全世界隐匿事实真相的基础上,进行着另一种方式的猜测与辩论。）&br&I have great faith in the good sense and fairness of the American people to &br&consider all of the facts and make an informed judgment about the war's end. &br&我有信心，有着良好判断能力和公平意识的美国民众可以结合所有事实对战争的结束做出一个明智的判断。&br&This is an important debate. The soul of our nation, its essence, its history, is &br&at stake. &br&这是一个重要的辩论。一个押上这个国家的灵魂、精华和历史的讨论。&br&The Chairman. Thank you very much, General.&br&谢谢主席&/blockquote&&br&————————————————分割线————————————————————————&br&&br&日本是一个神奇的民族，甚至可以说是世界上民族意志力最强的民族，不单是战时，也包括平时。对于这样的民族，没有极端的，逆天的，大规模震撼性的攻击，是不可能消灭其野心的。（甚至可以说，两颗原子弹以后，目前日本的极右翼势力依旧不弱，其司马昭之心也依然存在）&br&尽管这篇演讲通篇都是站在美国的角度上，但依旧不可否认，这是件必要而正确的事情。而且美国人对于投弹目标也是经过细致研究的，最大程度上避开了平民。&br&大刘说过，人类遭受维度攻击是一种被人看得起的表现。&br&同理，日本遭受核打击，也是一种被人看得起的表现。至少说明美国人对使用常规武器战胜日本没有多大信心。&br&&b&以下为纯粹搬运，凡是说投放原子弹是政治原因的都好好读一下这篇演讲。。&/b&&br&————————————————————再次更新———————————————————&br&&a href=&///?target=https%3A//archive.org/details/smithsonianinsti00unit& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&The
Smithsonian Institution management guidelines for the future : hearings
before the Committee on Rules and Administration, United States Senate,
One Hundred Fourth Congress, first session ... May 11 and 18, 1995 :
United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Rules and Administration :
Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive&i class=&icon-external&&&/i&&/a&&br&&br&感谢知友&a class=&member_mention& href=&///people/ca5cabdad4ab4abf60f1ad& data-hash=&ca5cabdad4ab4abf60f1ad& data-editable=&true& data-title=&@王然& data-tip=&p$b$ca5cabdad4ab4abf60f1ad&&@王然&/a&&br&&b&————————————————————又来分割——————————————————&/b&&br&&b&12月18日更新&br&&/b&一夜顶了这么多，有必要标明出处和来源。&br&上干货：&br&&a href=&///?target=http%3A//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sweeney& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&Charles Sweeney&i class=&icon-external&&&/i&&/a&，&br&&a href=&///?target=http%3A//www.af.mil/AboutUs/Biographies/Display/tabid/225/Article/105472/major-general-charles-w-sweeney.aspx& class=& external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&&span class=&invisible&&http://www.&/span&&span class=&visible&&af.mil/AboutUs/Biograph&/span&&span class=&invisible&&ies/Display/tabid/225/Article/105472/major-general-charles-w-sweeney.aspx&/span&&span class=&ellipsis&&&/span&&i class=&icon-external&&&/i&&/a&&br&上面的名字是这位少将的维基百科，名字下面的连接是美国空军官网对他的从军介绍。&br&少将本人还有一本书:&a href=&///?target=http%3A///Wars-End-Eyewitness-Account-Americas/dp/& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&War's End: An Eyewitness Account of America's Last Atomic Mission: Charles W. Sweeney, James A. Antonucci, Marion K. Antonucci: 3: : Books&i class=&icon-external&&&/i&&/a&&br&演讲的英文原版在这里：&a href=&///?target=http%3A//www.militaryphotos.net/forums/showthread.php%3F159069-Fulltext-of-Charles-W-Sweeney-s-Hearing-Before-the-Committee& class=& external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&&span class=&invisible&&http://www.&/span&&span class=&visible&&militaryphotos.net/foru&/span&&span class=&invisible&&ms/showthread.php?159069-Fulltext-of-Charles-W-Sweeney-s-Hearing-Before-the-Committee&/span&&span class=&ellipsis&&&/span&&i class=&icon-external&&&/i&&/a&(已作废）&br&演讲应该是在轰炸50周年的时候发表的，当时日本经常拿核打击说事儿，装出一副受害者的样子。。&br&墙内资源，我就实在找不到啥了，各位翻吧！&br&————————————————————再分割！！——————————————————&br&&b&12月19日更新&/b&&br&又一夜，又顶了这么多，时差党感觉很幸福。。PS，很多知友都是夜猫子啊。。。&br&&br&顺便回答一下评论中涉及的道歉的问题。&br&&br&日本是个特殊的国家，由于悲催的地理原因，岛国民族性在日本身上体现的淋漓尽致。多天灾，少土地，使的日本对绝对力量的崇拜比世界上其他任何民族都要强烈。对于日本来说，克服天灾，种族繁衍是民族的第一要务。&br&&br&其次，作为中华文化圈中受影响最大的国家，日本也继承了中华民族的一些劣根性。比如为尊者讳，本意是好的，却成为了中华文化圈一切权力崇拜的源头。所以东亚国家（中日朝韩）没有一个官方政府会对自己的行为进行实质性的道歉。并且，民族主义都特别强盛。&br&而除了上面这个因素，日本还是一个领袖统治的国家，天皇具有至高无上的领袖权威。政府只是国家运行机器，不具备权威。而这种模式其实是一种民主化的政教合一，这进一步降低了日本进行自省的可能性。&br&&br&所以，想让他们由衷的道歉，想让他们正视历史。。真真是难上加难。。。我这辈子是看不见了。。&br&&br&&b&————————————————————分割线——————————————————&br&&/b&&br&&blockquote&美国退役空军少将查尔斯.斯文尼日在美国国会发表的演讲全文：&br&&br&我是美国退役空军少将查尔斯.斯文尼。我是唯一一位参加了两次对日本原子轰炸的飞行员。在对广岛的轰炸中，担任驾驶员蒂贝茨上校的右座领航员，在对长崎的轰炸中，任编队指挥员。&br&　　作为唯一一个参与两次对日本原子轰炸的飞行员，我将陈述本人亲身经历的往事。我要强调指出，我所陈述的都是无可争辩的事实，而有些人就是无视这些明显的事实，因为这些事实与他们头脑中的偏见不符。&br&　　此刻，作为经历了那段历史的人们，我要陈述我的思考、观察和结论。我相信杜鲁门总统作出的对日本使用原子弹的决定不仅符合当时的情况，而且具有压倒其他可能选择的道义上的必要性。象我们这一代绝大多数人一样，我最不希望发生的一件事就是战争。我们作为一个民族不是骑士，我们不渴望那种辉煌。当我国正在大萧条中挣扎时，日本开始了对邻国的征服－－搞什么“大东亚共荣圈”。法西斯总是打着漂亮的旗帜去掩饰最卑鄙的阴谋。&br&　　这种“共荣”是通过对中国进行残酷的总体站进行的。日本作为一个国家，认为自己命中注定要统治亚洲，并由此据有亚洲的自然资源和广袤土地。未有丝毫的怜悯和犹豫，日本屠杀无辜的男人、女人和孩子。在惨绝人寰的南京大屠杀中，30万手无寸铁的平民被屠杀。这是犯罪。&br&　　这是事实日本认为美国是阻止其实现在亚洲的“神授”命运的唯一障碍。于是日本对驻扎于珍珠港的美国海军太平洋舰队进行了精心策划的偷袭。偷袭时间定于一个星期天的早晨，因为此时行动可以最大限度地摧毁舰队实力、消灭人员，给予美国海军以致命的打击。&br&　　数千名美国水兵的生命湮灭于仍然沉睡在珍珠港湾底的美海军亚利桑那号军舰里。其中的许多士兵甚至不清楚为什么受到突然袭击。战争就这样强加在美国的头上。&br&　　科雷希多的陷落及随后对盟军战俘的屠杀，驱散了对日军兽性的最后一丝怀疑。即使是在战时，日军的残暴也是令人发指的。巴甘省的死亡进军充满恐怖。&br&　　日本人认为投降是对自身、对家庭、对祖国、对天皇的污辱。他们对自身和对敌人都不手软。7000名美军和菲律宾战俘惨遭殴打、枪杀、被刺刀捅死，或惨死于疾病和讥饿。&br&　　这都是事实随着美国在广阔的太平洋向日本缓慢、艰苦、一步一流血地进军，日本显示出自己是冷酷无情、桀骜不逊的杀人机器。无论战事是多么令人绝望，无论机会是多么渺茫，无论结果是多么确定，日本人都战至最后一人。为了取得可能大的光荣，日军全力以赴去杀死尽可能多的美国人。&br&　　美军开进的距日本本土越近，日本人的行为就变得越疯狂。&br&　　塞班岛：美军阵亡3000人，其中在最后几小时就死了1500人。&br&　　硫黄岛：美军阵亡6000人，伤21000人。&br&　　冲绳岛：美军阵亡12000人，伤38000人。&br&　　这是沉重的事实，凯米卡兹－－即“神风敢死队”，驾驶装载炸弹的飞机撞击美国军舰。&br&　　队员认为这是天上人间至高的光荣，是向神之境界的升华。在冲绳海域，神风敢死队的自杀性攻击要了5000名美国海军军人的命。&br&&br&
　　日本用言语和行动表明，只要第一个美国人蹋上日本本土，他们就处决所有的盟军战俘。日本为大屠杀作准备，强迫盟军战俘为自己挖掘坟墓。即使在投降后，他们仍然处决了一些战俘。&br&　　这是事实&br&　　《波茨坦公告》要求日本无条件投降。日本人认为这是荒唐可笑而不屑考虑的。我们从截获的密码得知，日本打算拖延时间，争取以可接受的条件经谈判投降。&br&　　在8月6日之前的几个月里，美国飞机开始轰炸日本本土。一个个日本城市化为火海，成千上万的日本人死去。但日军发誓决不投降。他们准备牺牲自己的人民，以换取他们所理解的光荣和荣誉－－不管死多少人。&br&　　他们拒绝救助平民，尽管我们的飞行员事先已就可能来临的空袭投撒了传单。&br&　　在一次为期10天的轰炸行动中，东京、名古屋、神户、大阪的许多地方化为灰烬。&br&　　这是事实&br&　　即使在用原子弹轰炸了广岛之后，日本军部仍然认为美国只有一枚炸弹，日本可以继续坚持。在8月6日之后，他们有3天的时间用于投降，但他们不。只有在长崎受到原子轰炸后，日本天皇才最后宣布投降。即使在这种情况下，军方仍声称他们可以而且应该继续战斗。一个陆军军官团体发起叛乱，试图截获并销毁天皇向日本人宣布投降的诏书。&br&　　这是事实&br&　　这些事实有助于说明我们所面临的敌人的本质，有助于认清杜鲁门总统在进行各种选择时所要考虑的背景，有助于理解为什么对日本进行原子轰炸是必要的。&br&　　像每一个男女军人一样，杜鲁门总统理解这些事实。伤亡不是某种抽象的统计数字，而是惨痛的事实。&br&　　－－－原子弹是否结束了战争？&br&　　－－－是的。&br&　　－－－它们是必须的吗？&br&　　－－－对此存在争议。&br&　　　50年过去了，在某些人看来日本成为受害者，美军成为凶残成性的征服者和报复者；原子弹的使用是核时代的不正义、不道德的起点。自然，为了支撑这种歪曲，他们必然要故意无视事实或者编造新的材料以证明这种论调。其中最令人吃惊的行经之一，就是否认日军曾进行过大屠杀。&br&　　事物怎么会弄成这个样子呢？&br&　　答案也许会从最近发生的一些事情中找到。&br&　　当前关于杜鲁门总统为什么要下达对日本进行原子轰炸的命令的争论，在某些情况下已演变成数字游戏。史密斯策划的“原子轰炸后果”展览，显示了卑劣的论调，这种论调造史学界引起轩然大波。&br&　　“原子轰炸后果”展览传递出这样的信息－－日本是受害者，美国是罪恶的侵略者。想象一下如果你的孩子去看展览，他们会留下什么样的印象？他们还会知道事实的真相吗？&br&　　在一个全国性的电视辩论中，我听到这样一位所谓的杰出历史学家声称，原子弹是没有必要的，杜鲁门总统是想用原子弹吓唬俄国人，日本本来已经打算投降了。&br&　　有些人提出，艾森豪威尔将军曾说过，日本已准备投降，没有必要使用原子弹，然而，基于同样的判断，艾森豪威尔曾严重低估了德国继续战斗的意志，在 1944年就下结论说德国已无力进行攻势作战。这是一个灾难性的错误判断，其结果即是阿登战役的激战。是役，数万盟军毫无必要地牺牲了，并冒着允许德国拖延战争和有条件投降的风险。&br&　　一个相当公正的结论是，根据太平洋战争的情况，可以合理地预期日本将是比德国更疯狂的敌人。&br&　　最后，有一种理论认为，如果盟军进攻日本本土，我们的伤亡不是100万，而是只要死上46000人就够了。只不过是46000！你能够想象这种论调的冷酷吗？&br&　　仅46000人，好象这些是无关紧要的美国人的生命。&br&　　在此时此刻，我要承认，我不清楚在对日本本土的部队进攻中美军将会伤亡多少人－－也没有任何人知道。&br&　　根据对日本战时行为的判断，我的确认为，一个公正合理的假设是对日本本土的进攻将是漫长而代价高昂的。根据我们所知道的情况，不是根据某些人的臆想，日本不打算无条件投降。&br&
在对硫黄岛－－太平洋中一个8平方英里的岛礁－－的进攻中，　6000名海军陆战队官兵牺牲，伤亡总数达27000人&br&&br&但对那些认为我们的损失仅是46000人的人，我要问：是哪46000人？谁的父亲？谁的兄弟？谁的丈夫？&br&　　是的，我只注意到了美国人的生命。但是，日本的命运掌握造日本人的手中，而美国不是。数以万计的美军部队焦急地在大洋中等待着进攻－－他们的命运取决于日本下一步怎么走。日本可以选择在任何时刻投降，但他们选择了等待。&br&　　而就是日本“无所作为”的时候，随着战事的进行，美军每天伤亡900多人。&br&　　我曾听到另一种说法，称我们应该与日本谈判，达到一个日本可以接受的有条件投降。&br&　　我从来没听任何人提出过与法西斯德国谈判投降。这是一个疯狂的念头，任何有理性的人都不会说出这样的话。与这样一个邪恶的法西斯魔鬼谈判，就是承认其合法性，即使是已经在事实上打败了它。这并不是那个时代空洞的哲学上的原则，而是人类的正义要求，必须彻底、干净地铲除法西斯恶魔的势力，必须粉碎这些邪恶的力量。法西斯的领导者已经无情地打碎了外交的信誉。&br&　　为什么太平洋战争的历史这么容易就被遗忘了呢？&br&　　也许原因就存在于目前正在进行着的对历史的歪曲，对我们集体记忆的歪曲。&br&　　在战败50年后，日本领导人轻率地声称他们是受害者，广岛、长崎与南京大屠杀在实质上是一回事！&br&　　整整几代日本人不知道他们的国家在第二次世界大战中都干了些什么。这可以理解为什么他们不理解日本为什么要道歉。&br&　　与德国认罪的姿态不同，日本坚持认为它没干任何错事，它的行为是受当时局势的拖累。这种态度粉碎了任何真正弥合创伤的希望。&br&　　只有记忆才能带来真正的原谅，而遗忘就可能冒重复历史的危险。&br&　　通过精心策划的政治和公关活动，日本现在建议使用“太平洋胜利日”来取代“对日本胜利日”这一术语。他们说，这一术语将会使太平洋战争的结束不那么特别与日本有关。&br&　　有些人可能会提出，这些文字能说明什么呢？对日本胜利－－太平洋的胜利－－让我们庆祝一个事件，而不是一个胜利。&br&　　我要说，话语就是一切。&br&　　庆祝一个事件！类似于庆祝一个商场开业典礼，而不是欢庆战争的胜利。这将分裂整个地球。数以千万计的死者、数以千万计受到身心伤害的人和更多的人将会不知所措。&br&　　这种对语言的攻击是颠倒历史、混淆是非的工具。文字或话语可以像任何一　种武器一样具有毁灭性：上是下；奴役是自由；侵略是和平。&br&　　在某种程度上，通过抹除精确的描述文字而对我们语言所展开的攻击，要比10年前日本对我们进行的真正的侵略更具有危害性，至少在真正的侵略中，敌人是清楚的，威胁是清楚的。&br&　　今天日本巧妙地打起种族主义这张牌，以此来宣示其行为的正义性。日本不是进行罪恶的侵略，而只是从白人帝国主义中解放受压迫的亚洲大众。&br&　　解放！是的，他们用屠杀“解放”了2000万无辜的亚洲人。我坚信，这2000万无辜的人，他们的家人，他们的后代，永远也不会欣赏日本崇高的行为。&br&　　经常有人问我，用原子弹轰炸日本是否是出于报复，是否是蓄意毁灭一个古老而令人尊敬的文明。&br&　　对此，有如下事实：其一，在最初的轰炸目标清单上包括京都。虽然京都也是一个合法的目标，在先前的空袭中未曾予以轰炸，国务卿史迪文森把它从目标清单中去掉了，因为京都是日本的古都，也是日本的文化宗教中心。其二，在战时我们受到命令的严格约束，在任何情况下，不得轰炸东京的皇宫－－尽管我们很容易识别皇宫并炸死天皇。毕竟我们不是为了报复。我经常想如果日本有机会轰炸白宫，是否也会像美国这样克制。我认为日本不会。&br&　　在此让我澄清一个事实，纠正一个长期以来的偏见，那就是我们故意选择人口密集的城市轰炸。我们要轰炸的每一个目标城市都有重要的军事价值。广岛是日军南方司令部所在地，并集结了实力可观的防御部队。长崎是工业中心，有两个重要的兵工厂。在这两个城市，日本都把兵工厂和部队配置于市区中心。&br&　　像在任何一场战争中一样，我们的目标－－理所当然的目标－－是胜利。这是一个不可动摇的目标。&br&　　我不想否认双方死了许多人，不仅两国，而且是世界。我不为战争的残酷性而骄傲而欢乐，我不希望我国或敌国的人民受难。每一个生命都是宝贵的。但我的确认为这样一个问题应该去问日本战犯，是他们以日本人民为代价追求自身的辉煌。他们发动了战争，并拒绝停止战争。难道他们不应为所有的苦难、为日本的灾难负最终的责任吗？&br&　　也许如果日本人真切地了解过去，认清他们国家在战争中的责任，他们将会看到是日本战犯要负起战争的罪责。日本人民应该给远东人民一个答复，是谁把灾难强加给远东各国，最后强加给日本自己。当然如果我们与日本人一道抹煞历史的真相，那么这一点是永远也做不到的。&br&　　如果日本不追询并接受真相，日本怎能安心地与自己相处，与亚洲邻国、与美国相处？&br&　　我和我的部属在执行原子轰炸任务时坚信，我们将结束战争。我们并没有感到高兴。而是一种责任感和使命感，而且我们想回到自己的家人身边。&br&　　今天，我站在这里作证，并不是庆祝原子弹的使用，而是相反。我希望我的使命是最后一次。我们作为一个民族应该对原子弹的存在感到恐惧。我就感到恐惧。&br&　　但这并不意味着回到1945年8月，在战时情况下，在敌人顽固凶残的条件下，杜鲁门总统没有义务使用所有可能的武器结束战争。我同意杜鲁门总统的决定，当时以及现在。&br&　　战后几年，有人问杜鲁门总统是否还有其他选择，他响亮地说：没有。接着他提醒提问者：记住，珍珠港的死难者也没有其它选择。&br&　　战争总是代价高昂的，正如罗伯特。李将军所说：“战争如此残酷是件好事，否则就会有人喜欢它。”&br&　　感谢上帝使我们拥有原子武器，而不是日本和德国。科学有其自身的逻辑，迟早会有人设计出原子弹。科学不能被否定。关于制造原子弹是否明智的问题，终将被原子弹已被制造出来这一事实所压倒。&br&　　由于德国和日本法西斯被击败，世界变得更好了&br&&br&证词结束。&/blockquote&&br&证词英文版如下：&br&&div class=&highlight&&&pre&&code class=&language-text&&I am Maj. Gen. Charles W. Sweeney, United States Air Force, Retired. I am the
only pilot to have flown on both atomic missions. I flew the instrument plane on
the right wing of General Paul Tibbets on the Hiroshima mission and 3 days later,
on August 9, 1945, commanded the second atomic mission over Nagasaki. Six
days after Nagasaki the Japanese military surrendered and the Second World War
came to an end.
The soul of a nation, its essence, is its history. It is that collective memory which
defines what each generation thinks and believes about itself and its country.
In a free society, such as ours, there is always an ongoing debate about who we
are and what we stand for. This open debate is in fact essential to our freedom.
But to have such a debate we as a society must have the courage to consider all
of the facts available to us. We must have the courage to stand up and demand
that before any conclusions are reached, those facts which are beyond question
are accepted as part of the debate.
As the 50th anniversary of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki missions approaches,
now is an appropriate time to consider the reasons for Harry Truman's order that
these missions be flown. We may disagree on the conclusion, but let us at least
be honest enough to agree on basic facts of the time, the facts that President
Truman had to consider in making a difficult and momentous decision.
As the only pilot to have flown both missions, and having commanded the
Nagasaki mission, I bring to this debate my own eyewitness account of the times.
I underscore what I believe are irrefutable facts, with full knowledge that some
opinion makers may cavalierly dismiss them because they are so obvious — be-
cause they interfere with their preconceived version of the truth, and the meaning
which they strive to impose on the missions.
This evening, I want to offer my thoughts, observations, and conclusions as
someone who lived this history, and who believes that President Truman's
decision was not only justified by the circumstances of his time, but was a moral
imperative that precluded any other option.
Like the overwhelming majority of my generation the last thing I wanted was
a war. We as a nation are not warriors. We are not hell-bent on glory. There is no
warrior class — no Samurai — no master race.
This is true today, and it was true 50 years ago.
While our country was struggling through the great depression, the Japanese
were embarking on the conquest of its neighbors — the Greater East Asia Co-Pros-
perity Sphere. It seems fascism always seeks some innocuous slogan to cover the
most hideous plans.
This Co-Prosperity was achieved by waging total and merciless war against
China and Manchuria. The Japanese, as a nation, saw itself as destined to rule
Asia and thereby possess its natural resources and open lands. Without the
slightest remorse or hesitation, the Japanese Army slaughtered innocent men,
women and children. In the infamous Rape of Nanking up to 300,000 unarmed
civilians were butchered. These were criminal acts.
THESE ARE FACTS.
In order to fulfill its divine destiny in Asia, Japan determined that the only real
impediment to this goal was the United States. It launched a carefully conceived
sneak attack on our Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor. Timed for a Sunday morning it
was intended to deal a death blow to the fleet by inflicting the maximum loss of
ships and human life.
1,700 sailors are still entombed in the hull of the U.S.S. Arizona that sits on the
bottom of Pearl Harbor. Many if not all, died without ever knowing why. Thus
was the war thrust upon us.
The fall of Corregidor and the resulting treatment of Allied prisoners of war
dispelled any remaining doubt about the inhumaneness of the Japanese Army,
even in the context of war. The Bataan Death March was horror in its fullest
dimension. The Japanese considered surrender to be dishonorable to oneself,
one's family, one's country and one's god. They showed no mercy. Seven thou-
sand American and Filipino POW's were beaten, shot, bayonetted or left to die
of disease or exhaustion.
THESE ARE FACTS.
As the United States made its slow, arduous, and costly march across the vast
expanse of the Pacific, the Japanese proved to be a ruthless and intractable killing
machine. No matter how futile, no matter how hopeless the odds, no matter how
certain the outcome, the Japanese fought to the death. And to achieve a greater
glory, they strove to kill as many Americans as possible.
The closer the United States came to the Japanese mainland, the more fanatical
their actions became.
Saipan — 3,100 Americans killed, 1,500 in the first few hours of the invasion
Iwo Jima — 6,700 Americans killed, 25,000 wounded
Okinawa — 12,500 Americans killed, total casualties, 35,000
These are facts reported by simple white grave markers.
Kamikazes. The literal translation is DIVINE WIND. To willingly dive a plane
loaded with bombs into an American ship was a glorious transformation to
godliness — there was no higher honor on heaven or earth. The suicidal assaults
of the Kamikazes took 5,000 American Navy men to their deaths.
The Japanese vowed that, with the first American to step foot on the mainland,
they would execute every Allied prisoner. In preparation they forced the POW's
to dig their own graves in the event of mass executions. Even after their surren-
der, they executed some American POW's.
THESE ARE FACTS.
The Potsdam Declaration had called for unconditional surrender of the Japan-
ese Armed Forces. The Japanese termed it ridiculous and not worthy of consid-
eration. We know from our intercepts of their coded messages, that they wanted
to stall for time to force a ne gotiated surrender on terms acceptable to them.
For months prior to August 6, American aircraft began dropping fire bombs
upon the Japanese mainland. The wind created by the firestorm from the bombs
incinerated whole cities. Hundreds of thousands of Japanese died. Still the Jap-
anese military vowed never to surrender. They were prepared to sacrifice their
own people to achieve their visions of glory and honor — no matter how many
more people died.
They refused to evacuate civilians even though our pilots dropped leaflets
warning of the possible bombings. In one 3-day period, 34 square miles of Tokyo,
Nagoya, Kobe and Osaka were reduced to rubble.
THESE ARE FACTS.
And even after the bombing of Hiroshima, Tojo, his successor Suzuki, and the
military clique in control believed the United States had but one bomb, and that
Japan could go on. They had 3 days to surrender after August 6, but they did not
surrender. The debate in their cabinet at times became violent.
Only after the Nagasaki drop did the Emperor finally demand surrender.
And even then, the military argued they could and should fight on. A group of
Army officers staged a coup and tried to seize and destroy the Emperor's re-
corded message to his people announcing the surrender.
THESE ARE FACTS.
These facts help illuminate the nature of the enemy we faced. They help put
into context the process by which Truman considered the options available to
him. And they help to add meaning to why the missions were necessary.
President Truman understood these facts as did every service man and woman.
Casualties were not some abstraction, but a sobering reality.
Did the atomic missions end the war? Yes . . . they . . . did.
Were they necessary? Well that's where the rub comes.
With the fog of 50 years drifting over the memory of our country, to some, the
Japanese are now the victims. America was the insatiable, vindictive aggressor
seeking revenge and conquest. Our use of these weapons was the unjustified and
immoral starting point for the nuclear age with all of its horrors. Of course, to
support such distortion, one must conveniently ignore the real facts or fabricate
new realities to fit the theories. It is no less egregious than those who today deny
the Holocaust occurred.
How could this have happened?
The answer may lie in examining some recent events.
The current debate about why President Truman ordered these missions, in
some cases, has devolved to a numbers game. The Smithsonian in its proposed
exhibit of the Enola Gay revealed the creeping revisionism which seems the rage
in certain historical circles.
That exhibit wanted to memorialize the fiction that the Japanese were the
victims — we the evil aggressor. Imagine taking your children and grandchildren
to this exhibit.
What message would they have left with?
What truth would they retain?
What would they think their country stood for?
And all of this would have occurred in an American institution whose very
name and charter are supposed to stand for the impartial preservation of signif-
icant American artifacts.
By cancelling the proposed exhibit and simply displaying the Enola Gay, has
truth won out?
Maybe not.
In one nationally televised discussion, I heard a so-called prominent historian
argue that the bombs were not necessary. That President Truman was intent on
intimidating the Russians. That the Japanese were ready to surrender.
The Japanese were ready to surrender? Based on what?
Some point to statements by General Eisenhower years after the war that Japan
was about to fall. Well, based on that same outlook Eisenhower seriously under-
estimated Germany's will to fight on and concluded in December, 1944 that
Germany no longer had the capability to wage offensive war.
That was a tragic miscalculation. The result was the Battle of the Bulge, which
resulted in tens of thousands of needless Allied casualties and potentially al-
lowed Germany to prolong the war and force negotiations.
Thus the assessment that Japan was vanquished may have the benefit of hind-
sight rather than foresight.
It is certainly fair to conclude that the Japanese could have been reasonably
expected to be even more fanatical than the Germans based on the history of the
war in the Pacific.
And, finally, a present-day theory making the rounds espouses that even if an
invasion had taken place, our casualties would not have been a million, as many
believed, but realistically only 46,000 dead.
ONLY 46,000!
Can you imagine the callousness of this line of argument? ONLY 46,000 — as if
this were some insignificant number of American lives.
Perhaps these so-called historians want to sell books.
Perhaps they really believe it. Or perhaps it reflects some self-loathing occa-
sioned by the fact that we won the war.
Whatever the reason, the argument is flawed. It dissects and recalculates events
ideologically, grasping at selective straws.
Let me admit right here, today, that I don't know how many more Americans
would have died in an invasion— AND NEITHER DOES ANYONE ELSE!
What I do know is that based on the Japanese conduct during the war, it is fair
and reasonable to assume that an invasion of the mainland would have been a
prolonged and bloody affair. Based on what we know — not what someone sur-
mises — the Japanese were not about to unconditionally surrender.
In taking Iwo Jima, a tiny 8 square mile lump of rock in the ocean, 6,700 marines
died — total casualties over 30,000.
But even assuming that those who now KNOW our casualties would have been
ONLY 46.000 I ask
Which 46,000 were to die?
Whose father?
Whose brother?
Whose husband?
And, yes, I am focusing on American lives.
The Japanese had their fate in their own hands, we did not . Hundreds of
thousands of American troops anxiously waited at staging areas in the Pacific
dreading the coming invasion, their fate resting on what the Japanese would do
next. The Japanese could have ended it at any time. They chose to wait.
And while the Japanese stalled, an average of 900 more Americans were killed
or wounded each day the war continued.
I've heard another line of argument that we should have accepted a negotiated
peace with the Japanese on terms they would have found acceptable. I have never
heard anyone suggest that we should have negotiated a peace with Nazi Ger-
many. Such an idea is so outrageous, that no rational human being would utter
the words. To negotiate with such evil fascism was to allow it even in defeat a
measure of legitimacy. This is not just some empty philosophical principal of the
time — it was essential that these forces of evil be clearly and irrevocably de-
feated — their demise unequivocal. Their leadership had forfeited any expectation
of diplomatic niceties. How is it, then, that the history of the war in the Pacific
can be so soon forgotten?
The reason may lie in the advancing erosion of our history, of our collective
Fifty years after their defeat, Japanese officials have the temerity to claim they
were the victims. That Hiroshima and Nagasaki were the equivalent of the
Holocaust.
And, believe it or not, there are actually some American academics who sup-
port this analogy, thus aiding and giving comfort to a 50-year attempt by the
Japanese to rewrite their own history, and ours in the process.
There is an entire generation of Japanese who do not know the full extent of
their country's conduct during World war II.
This explains why they do not comprehend why they must apologize —
o for the Korean comfort women,
o for the Medical experimentation on POW's which match the horror
of those conducted by the Nazi's,
o for the plans to use biological weapons against the United States by
infecting civilian populations on the West Coast,
o for the methodical slaughter of civilians,
o and for much more.
In a perverse inversion, by forgetting our own history, we contribute to the
Japanese amnesia, to the detriment of both our nations.
Unlike the Germans who acknowledged their guilt, the Japanese persist in the
fiction that they did nothing wrong, that they were trapped by circumstances.
This only forecloses any genuine prospect that the deep wounds suffered by both
nations can be closed and healed.
One can only forgive by remembering. And to forget, is to risk repeating
The Japanese in a well orchestrated political and public relations campaign
have now proposed that the use of the term &V-J Day& be replaced by the more
benign &Victory in the Pacific Day&. How convenient.
This they claim will make the commemoration of the end of the war in the
Pacific less &Japan specific.&
An op-ed piece written by Dorothy Rabinowitz appearing in the April 5 Wall
Street Journal accurately sums up this outrage:
The reason it appears, is that some Japanese find the reference disturbing — and
one can see why. The term, especially the &J& part, does serve to remind the world
of the identity of the nation whose defeat millions celebrated in August 1945. In
further deference to Japanese sensitivities, a U.S. official (who wisely chose to
remain unidentified) also announced, with reference to the planned ceremonies.
that &our whole effort in this thing is to commemorate an event, not celebrate a
Some might argue so what's in a word — Victory over Japan, Victory in the
Pacific — Let's celebrate an event, not a victory.
I say everything is in a word. Celebrate an EVENT!
Kind of like celebrating the opening of a shopping mall rather than the end of
a war that engulfed the entire Earth — which left countless millions dead and
countless millions more physically or mentally wounded and countless more
millions displaced.
This assault on the use of language is Orwellian and is the tool by which history
and memory are blurred. Words can be just as destructive as any weapon.
Up is Down.
Slavery is Freedom.
Aggression is Peace.
In some ways this assault on our language and history by the elimination of
accurate and descriptive words is far more insidious than the actual aggression
carried out by the Japanese 50 years ago. At least then the threat was clear, the
enemy well defined.
Today the Japanese justify their conduct by artfully playing the race card. They
were not engaged in a criminal enterprise of aggression. No, Japan was simply
liberating the oppressed masses of Asia from WHITE Imperialism.
Liberation!!! Yes, they liberated over 20 million innocent Asians by killing
them. I'm sure those 20 million, their families and the generations never to be,
appreciate the noble effort of the Japanese.
I am often asked was the bomb dropped for vengeance, as was suggested by
one draft of the Smithsonian exhibit. That we sought to destroy an ancient and
honorable culture.
Here are some more inconvenient facts.
One, on the original target list for the atomic missions Kyoto was included.
Although this would have been a legitimate target, one that had not been bombed
previously. Secretary of State Henry Stimson removed it from the list because it
was the ancient capital of Japan and was also the religious center of Japanese
Two, we were under strict orders during the war that under no circumstances
were we to ever bomb the Imperial Palace in Tokyo, even though we could have
easily leveled it and possibly killed the Emperor. So much for vengeance.
I often wonder if Japan would have shown such restraint if they had the
opportunity to bomb the White House. I think not.
At this point let me dispel one of many longstanding myths that our targets
were intended to be civilian populations. Each target for the missions had signif-
icant military importance — Hiroshima was the headquarters for the southern
command responsible for the defense of Honshu in the event of an invasion and
it garrisoned seasoned troops who would mount the initial defense.
Nagasaki was an industrial center with the two large Mitsubishi armaments
factories. In both Hiroshima and Nagasaki the Japanese had integrated these
industries and troops right in the heart of each city.
As in any war our goal was, as it should be, to win. The stakes were too high
to equivocate.
I am often asked if I ever think of the Japanese who died at Hiroshima and
I do not revel in the idea that so many on both sides died, not only at those two
places but around the world in that horrible conflict. I take no pride or pleasure
in the brutality of war whether suffered by my people or those of another nation.
Every life is precious.
But it does seem to me such a question is more appropriately directed to the
Japanese war lords who so willingly offered up their people to achieve their
visions of greatness. They who started the war and then stubbornly refused to
stop it must be called to account. Don't they have the ultimate responsibility for
all the deaths of their countrymen?
Perhaps if the Japanese came to grips with their past and their true part in the
war they would hold those Japanese military leaders accountable. The Japanese
people deserve an answer from those that brought such misery to the nations of
the Far East and ultimately to their own people. Of course this can never happen
if we collaborate with the Japanese in wiping away the truth.
How can Japan ever reconcile with itself and the United States if they do not
demand and accept the truth?
My crew and I flew these missions with the belief that they would bring the
war to an end. There was no sense of joy. There was a sense of duty and
commitment that we wanted to get back to our families and loved ones.
Today millions of people in America and in southeast Asia are alive because
the war ended when it did.
I do not stand here celebrating the use of nuclear weapons. Quite the contrary.
I hope that my mission is the last such mission ever flown.
We as a nation can abhor the existence of nuclear weapons.
I certainly do.
But that does not then mean that, back in August of 1945, given the events of
the war and the recalcitrance of our enemy. President Truman was not obliged
to use all the weapons at his disposal to end the war.
I agreed with Harry Truman then, and I still do today.
Years after the war Truman was asked if he had any second thoughts. He said
emphatically, &No.& He then asked the questioner to remember the men who died
at Pearl Harbor who did not have the benefit of second thoughts.
In war the stakes are high. As Robert E. Lee said, &it is good that war is so
horrible, or we might grow to like it.&
I thank God that it was we who had this weapon and not the Japanese or the
Germans. The science was there. Eventually someone would have developed this
weapon. Science can never be denied. It finds a way to self-fulfillment.
The question of whether it was wise to develop such a weapon would have
eventually been overcome by the fact that it could be done. The Soviets would
have certainly proceeded to develop their own bomb. Let us not forget that
Joseph Stalin was no less evil than Tojo or his former ally Adolf Hitler. At last
count, Stalin committed genocide on at least 20 million of his own citizens.
The world is a better place because German and Japanese fascism failed to
conquer the world.
Japan and Germany are better places because we were benevolent in our
The youth of Japan and the United States, spared from further needless slaugh-
ter, went on to live and have families and grow old.
As the father of ten children and the grandfather of 21, I can state that I am
certainly grateful that the war ended when it did.
I do not speak for all veterans of that war. But I believe that my sense of pride
in having served my country in that great conflict is shared by all veterans. This
is why the truth about that war must be preserved. We veterans are not shrinking
violets. Our sensibilities will not be shattered in intelligent and controversial
debate. We can handle ourselves.
But we will not, we cannot allow armchair second guessers to frame the debate
by hiding facts from the American public and the world.
I have great faith in the good sense and fairness of the American people to
consider all of the facts and make an informed judgment about the war's end.
This is an important debate. The soul of our nation, its essence, its history, is
The Chairman. Thank you very much, General.
&/code&&/pre&&/div&
更新：好久以前的答案，回来发现已经上千赞。知友 找我要听证会证词的英文原版。我惊讶的发现之前给的链接内容已被删除。在此，附上听证会官方版本txt，不仅包括了这篇证词，而是整场听证会的文字记录。令人惊讶的…
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