哪位高人能告诉我pork shoulder 4D中的4D是什么意思_百度知道
哪位高人能告诉我pork shoulder 4D中的4D是什么意思
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Reference #9.366c;65167a0Insulin Pork - DrugBank
NameInsulin PorkAccession NumberDB00071& (BTD00031, BIOD00031) TypeBiotechGroupsApprovedBiologic ClassificationProtein Based TherapiesHormones / InsulinsDescriptionInsulin isolated from pig pancreas. Composed of alpha and beta chains, processed from pro-insulin. Forms a hexameric structure.
Protein structureProtein chemical formulaC257H387N65O76S6Protein average weight5795.6 DaSequences&A chain
GIVEQCCTSICSLYQLENYCN&B chain
FVNQHLCGSHLVEALYLVCGERGFFYTPKTSynonymsInsulin (pork)
Insulin porcine
Insulin purified porcine
Insulin purified pork
Insulin, porcine
Insulin, regular, pork
Porcine insulinProduct Ingredients IngredientUNIICASInChI KeyNot AvailableNot AvailableNot applicableNot AvailableNot AvailableNot applicableNot AvailableNot AvailableNot applicableNot AvailableNot AvailableNot applicablePrescription ProductsNameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndHypurin Nph Insulin Isophane PorkSuspension100 unitI SubcutaneousWockhardt Uk LtdNot applicableCanadaHypurin Regular Insulin PorkSolution100 unitI I SubcutaneousWockhardt Uk LtdNot applicableCanadaInternational/Other BrandsIletin II (Lilly)Categories
UNIICAS numberIndicationFor the treatment of type I and II diabetes mellitus.
Structured Indications PharmacodynamicsInsulin is used in the treatment of type I and type II diabetes. The primary activity of insulin is the regulation of glucose metabolism. In muscle and other tissues (except the brain), insulin causes rapid transport of glucose and amino acids intracellularly. It also promotes anabolism, and inhibits protein catabolism. In the liver, insulin promotes the uptake and storage of glucose in the form of glycogen, inhibits gluconeogenesis, and promotes the conversion of excess glucose into fat.
Mechanism of actionInsulin binds to the insulin receptor (IR), a heterotetrameric protein consisting of two extracellular alpha units and two transmembrane beta units. The binding of insulin to the alpha subunit of IR stimulates the tyrosine kinase activity intrinsic to the beta subunit of the receptor. The bound receptor is able to autophosphorylate and phosphorylate numerous intracellular substrates such as insulin receptor substrates (IRS) proteins, Cbl, APS, Shc and Gab 1. These activated proteins, in turn, lead to the activation of downstream signaling molecules including PI3 kinase and Akt. Akt regulates the activity of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and protein kinase C (PKC) which play a critical role in metabolism.
TargetActionsOrganismAbinderHumanUNot AvailableHumanUNot AvailableHumanUNot AvailableHumanUNot AvailableHumanUNot AvailableHumanUNot AvailableHumanUNot AvailableHumanUNot AvailableHumanUNot AvailableHumanUNot AvailableHumanUNot AvailableHumanUNot AvailableHumanUNot AvailableHumanAbsorptionNot AvailableVolume of distributionNot AvailableProtein bindingNot AvailableMetabolismInsulin is predominantly cleared by metabolic degradation via a receptor-mediated process.
Route of eliminationNot AvailableHalf lifeNot AvailableClearanceNot AvailableToxicityNot AvailableAffected organismsHumans and other mammalsPathwaysNot AvailablePharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs Not AvailableDrug Interactions InteractionDrug groupAcebutolol may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.ApprovedAlbiglutide may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.ApprovedAlogliptin may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.ApprovedAlprenolol may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.Approved, WithdrawnThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Aripiprazole.Approved, InvestigationalArotinolol may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.InvestigationalThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Arsenic trioxide.Approved, InvestigationalThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Articaine.ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Asenapine.ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Atazanavir.Approved, InvestigationalAtenolol may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.ApprovedAtorvastatin may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.ApprovedBefunolol may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.ExperimentalThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Bendroflumethiazide.ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Betamethasone.Approved, Vet ApprovedBetaxolol may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.ApprovedBevantolol may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.ApprovedBisoprolol may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.ApprovedBopindolol may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Brexpiprazole.ApprovedBucindolol may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.InvestigationalBufuralol may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.Experimental, InvestigationalThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Bumetanide.ApprovedBupranolol may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Buserelin.ApprovedCanagliflozin may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.ApprovedCarteolol may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.ApprovedCarvedilol may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.Approved, InvestigationalCeliprolol may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.Approved, InvestigationalThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Ceritinib.ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Chlorothiazide.Approved, Vet ApprovedInsulin Pork may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Chlorpropamide.ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Chlorthalidone.ApprovedCloranololCloranolol may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.ExperimentalThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Clozapine.ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Corticotropin.Approved, Vet ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Cortisone acetate.ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Cyclopenthiazide.ExperimentalThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Cyproterone acetate.Approved, InvestigationalThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Dabrafenib.ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Danazol.ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Darunavir.ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Desogestrel.ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Dexamethasone.Approved, Investigational, Vet ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Diazoxide.ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Dienogest.ApprovedInsulin Pork may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Disopyramide.ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Drospirenone.ApprovedDulaglutide may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.ApprovedEdetic Acid may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.Approved, Vet ApprovedEmpagliflozin may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.ApprovedEpanololEpanolol may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.ExperimentalThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Epinephrine.Approved, Vet ApprovedErtugliflozin may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.ApprovedEsmolol may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Estradiol.Approved, Investigational, Vet ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Estrone sulfate.ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Etacrynic acid.ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Ethinyl Estradiol.ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Ethynodiol diacetate.ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Etonogestrel.Approved, InvestigationalThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Everolimus.ApprovedExenatide may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.Approved, InvestigationalThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Fludrocortisone.ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Fosamprenavir.ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Furosemide.Approved, Vet ApprovedInsulin Pork may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Gliclazide.ApprovedInsulin Pork may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Glimepiride.ApprovedInsulin Pork may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Glipizide.ApprovedInsulin Pork may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Glyburide.ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Goserelin.ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Histrelin.ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Hydrochlorothiazide.Approved, Vet ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Hydrocortisone.Approved, Vet ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Hydroflumethiazide.Approved, InvestigationalThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Hydroxyprogesterone caproate.ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Iloperidone.ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Indapamide.ApprovedIndenolol may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.WithdrawnThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Indinavir.ApprovedInsulin Pork may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Aspart.ApprovedInsulin Pork may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Detemir.ApprovedInsulin Pork may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Glargine.ApprovedInsulin Pork may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Glulisine.ApprovedInsulin Pork may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Human.Approved, InvestigationalInsulin Pork may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Lispro.ApprovedLabetalol may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.ApprovedLandiolol may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.InvestigationalThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Lanreotide.ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Leuprolide.Approved, InvestigationalThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Levonorgestrel.Approved, InvestigationalLinagliptin may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.ApprovedLipoic Acid may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.Approved, NutraceuticalLiraglutide may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Lopinavir.ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Lurasidone.ApprovedInsulin Pork may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Mecasermin.Approved, InvestigationalThe serum concentration of Insulin Pork can be decreased when it is combined with Medrogestone.ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Medroxyprogesterone acetate.Approved, InvestigationalThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Megestrol acetate.Approved, Vet ApprovedMepindololMepindolol may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.ExperimentalThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Mestranol.ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Methotrimeprazine.ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Methyclothiazide.ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Methylprednisolone.Approved, Vet ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Metolazone.ApprovedMetoprolol may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.Approved, InvestigationalMetreleptin may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.ApprovedInsulin Pork may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Mifepristone.Approved, InvestigationalNadolol may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.ApprovedInsulin Pork may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Nateglinide.Approved, InvestigationalNebivolol may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.Approved, InvestigationalThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Nelfinavir.ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Niacin.Approved, Investigational, NutraceuticalThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Nilotinib.Approved, InvestigationalThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Norethisterone.ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Norgestimate.ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Octreotide.Approved, InvestigationalThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Olanzapine.Approved, InvestigationalOxprenolol may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Paliperidone.ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Pasireotide.ApprovedPenbutolol may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.Approved, InvestigationalThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Pentamidine.ApprovedPindolol may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.ApprovedThe risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Pioglitazone is combined with Insulin Pork.Approved, InvestigationalThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Piperazine.Approved, Vet ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Pipotiazine.Approved, InvestigationalPlatelet Activating Factor may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.ExperimentalThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Polythiazide.ApprovedPractolol may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.ApprovedPramlintide may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.Approved, InvestigationalThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Prednisolone.Approved, Vet ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Prednisone.Approved, Vet ApprovedThe risk or severity of heart failure can be increased when Pregabalin is combined with Insulin Pork.Approved, Illicit, InvestigationalThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Progesterone.Approved, Vet ApprovedPropranolol may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.Approved, InvestigationalThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Quetiapine.ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Quinethazone.ApprovedInsulin Pork may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Quinine.ApprovedInsulin Pork may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Repaglinide.Approved, InvestigationalThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Risperidone.Approved, InvestigationalThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Ritonavir.Approved, InvestigationalThe risk or severity of myocardial ischemia can be increased when Insulin Pork is combined with Rosiglitazone.Approved, InvestigationalThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Saquinavir.Approved, InvestigationalSaxagliptin may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Sirolimus.Approved, InvestigationalSitagliptin may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.Approved, InvestigationalSotalol may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.ApprovedInsulin Pork may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Sulfadiazine.Approved, Vet ApprovedInsulin Pork may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Sulfamethoxazole.ApprovedInsulin Pork may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Sulfisoxazole.Approved, Vet ApprovedInsulin Pork may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Sunitinib.Approved, InvestigationalThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Tacrolimus.Approved, InvestigationalTalinolol may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.InvestigationalThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Temsirolimus.ApprovedTertatololTertatolol may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.ExperimentalTimolol may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Tipranavir.Approved, InvestigationalInsulin Pork may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Tolazamide.ApprovedInsulin Pork may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Tolbutamide.ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Torasemide.ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Triamcinolone.Approved, Vet ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Trichlormethiazide.Approved, Vet ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Triptorelin.Approved, Vet ApprovedThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be increased when used in combination with Ubidecarenone.Approved, Investigational, NutraceuticalVildagliptin may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.Approved, InvestigationalThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Vorinostat.Approved, InvestigationalThe therapeutic efficacy of Insulin Pork can be decreased when used in combination with Ziprasidone.ApprovedFood InteractionsNot AvailableSynthesis ReferenceBruce H. Frank, &Process for producing an insulin precursor.& U.S. Patent US4430266, issued November, 1974.
General ReferencesNot AvailableExternal LinksUniProtGenbankPubChem SubstanceTherapeutic Targets DatabasePharmGKBATC CodesAHFS Codes68:20.08 & InsulinsClinical Trials Not AvailableManufacturersEli lilly and co
Novo nordisk incPackagersNot AvailableDosage formsFormRouteStrengthSuspensionI Subcutaneous100 unitSolutionI I Subcutaneous100 unitPricesNot AvailablePatentsNot AvailableStateLiquidExperimental PropertiesSourcewater solubilitySlightly solubleNot Availablehydrophobicity0.218Not Availableisoelectric point5.39Not AvailableDescriptionNot AvailableKingdomOrganic CompoundsSuper ClassOrganic AcidsClassCarboxylic Acids and DerivativesSub ClassAmino Acids, Peptides, and AnaloguesDirect ParentPeptidesAlternative ParentsNot AvailableSubstituentsNot AvailableMolecular FrameworkNot AvailableExternal DescriptorsNot AvailableTargets Details1. KindProteinOrganismHumanPharmacological actionYesActionsBinderGeneral FunctionReceptor signaling protein tyrosine kinase activitySpecific FunctionReceptor tyrosine kinase which mediates the pleiotropic actions of insulin. Binding of insulin leads to phosphorylation of several intracellular substrates, including, insulin receptor substrates (...Gene NameINSRUniprot IDUniprot NameInsulin receptorMolecular Weight DaReferencesChen LM, Yang XW, Tang JG: Acidic residues on the N-terminus of proinsulin C-Peptide are important for the folding of insulin precursor. J Biochem. ):855-9. [] Desbuquois B, Chauvet G, Kouach M, Authier F: Cell itinerary and metabolic fate of proinsulin in rat liver: in vivo and in vitro studies. Endocrinology. ):5308-21. Epub 2003 Sep 11. [] Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. []
Details2. KindProteinOrganismHumanPharmacological actionUnknownGeneral FunctionProtein tyrosine kinase activitySpecific FunctionReceptor tyrosine kinase which mediates actions of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1). Binds IGF1 with high affinity and IGF2 and insulin (INS) with a lower affinity. The activated IGF1R is involv...Gene NameIGF1RUniprot IDUniprot NameInsulin-like growth factor 1 receptorMolecular Weight DaReferencesOverington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. ):993-6. [] Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. ):821-34. [] Fottner C, Engelhardt D, Weber MM: Regulation of steroidogenesis by insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) in adult human adrenocortical cells: IGF-I and, more potently, IGF-II preferentially enhance androgen biosynthesis through interaction with the IGF-I receptor and IGF-binding proteins. J Endocrinol. ):409-17. [] Zhang Q, Berggren PO, Hansson A, Tally M: Insulin-like growth factor-I-induced DNA synthesis in insulin-secreting cell line RINm5F is associated with phosphorylation of the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor and the insulin receptor substrate-2. J Endocrinol. ):573-81. [] Sowers JR, Jacobs DB, Simpson L, al-Homsi B, Grunberger G, Sokol R: Erythrocyte insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I receptor tyrosine kinase activity in hypertension in pregnancy. Metabolism. ):1308-13. []
Details3. KindProteinOrganismHumanPharmacological actionUnknownGeneral FunctionZinc ion bindingSpecific FunctionPlays a role in the cellular breakdown of insulin, IAPP, glucagon, bradykinin, kallidin and other peptides, and thereby plays a role in intercellular peptide signaling. Degrades amyloid formed by A...Gene NameIDEUniprot IDUniprot NameInsulin-degrading enzymeMolecular Weight DaReferencesOverington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. ):993-6. [] Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. ):821-34. [] Harada S, Smith RM, Smith JA, Jarett L: Inhibition of insulin-degrading enzyme increases translocation of insulin to the nucleus in H35 rat hepatoma cells: evidence of a cytosolic pathway. Endocrinology. ):2293-8. [] Hsu MC, Bai JP: Investigation into the presence of insulin-degrading enzyme in cultured type II alveolar cells and the effects of enzyme inhibitors on pulmonary bioavailability of insulin in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol. ):507-14. [] MARIGO S, PANELLI G: [Insulinase and its inhibition by hypog data on insulin sensitivity during tolbutamide therapy]. Arch Sci Med (Torino). ):587-609. []
Details4. KindProteinOrganismHumanPharmacological actionUnknownGeneral FunctionMhc class ii receptor activitySpecific FunctionBinds peptides derived from antigens that access the endocytic route of antigen presenting cells (APC) and presents them on the cell surface for recognition by the CD4 T-cells. The peptide binding ...Gene NameHLA-DQA2Uniprot IDUniprot NameHLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ alpha 2 chainMolecular Weight28032.82 DaReferencesOverington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. ):993-6. [] Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. ):821-34. [] Pugliese A, Bugawan T, Moromisato R, Awdeh ZL, Alper CA, Jackson RA, Erlich HA, Eisenbarth GS: Two subsets of HLA-DQA1 alleles mark phenotypic variation in levels of insulin autoantibodies in first degree relatives at risk for insulin-dependent diabetes. J Clin Invest. ):2447-52. [] Hermann R, Soltesz G: [Pathogenesis and types of neonatal diabetes]. Orv Hetil. 2000 Aug 20;141(34):1855-8. [] Donner H, Rau H, Braun J, Herwig J, Usadel KH, Badenhoop K: Highly polymorphic promoter regions of HLA DQA1 and DQB1 genes do not help to further define disease susceptibility in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Tissue Antigens. ):642-5. []
Details5. KindProteinOrganismHumanPharmacological actionUnknownGeneral FunctionPeptide antigen bindingSpecific FunctionBinds peptides derived from antigens that access the endocytic route of antigen presenting cells (APC) and presents them on the cell surface for recognition by the CD4 T-cells. The peptide binding ...Gene NameHLA-DQB1Uniprot IDUniprot NameHLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ beta 1 chainMolecular Weight29991.02 DaReferencesOverington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. ):993-6. [] Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. ):821-34. [] Mahran MZ, Ross DG, Sadeghi-Nejad A, Rabson AR: Use of the polymerase chain reaction mismatch technique to identify the HLA-DQw8 allele in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin Pathol. ):29-33. [] Levy-Marchal C, Tichet J, Fajardy I, Gu XF, Dubois F, Czernichow P: Islet cell antibodies in normal French schoolchildren. Diabetologia. ):577-82. [] Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. []
Details6. KindProteinOrganismHumanPharmacological actionUnknownGeneral FunctionUbiquitin protein ligase bindingSpecific FunctionKey regulator of entry into cell division that acts as a tumor suppressor. Promotes G0-G1 transition when phosphorylated by CDK3/cyclin-C. Acts as a transcription repressor of E2F1 target genes. Th...Gene NameRB1Uniprot IDUniprot NameRetinoblastoma-associated proteinMolecular Weight DaReferencesOverington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. ):993-6. [] Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. ):821-34. [] Biener Y, Zick Y: Basic polycations activate the insulin receptor kinase and a tightly associated serine kinase. Eur J Biochem. 1990 Nov 26;194(1):243-50. []
Details7. KindProteinOrganismHumanPharmacological actionUnknownGeneral FunctionAspartic-type endopeptidase activitySpecific FunctionAcid protease active in intracellular protein breakdown. Involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases such as breast cancer and possibly Alzheimer disease.Gene NameCTSDUniprot IDUniprot NameCathepsin DMolecular Weight DaReferencesOverington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. ):993-6. [] Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. ):821-34. [] Authier F, Metioui M, Fabrega S, Kouach M, Briand G: Endosomal proteolysis of internalized insulin at the C-terminal region of the B chain by cathepsin D. J Biol Chem. 2002 Mar 15;277(11):9437-46. Epub 2002 Jan 4. [] Ogino S, Cohen ML, Abdul-Karim FW: Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor of the CNS: cytopathology and immunohistochemistry of insulin-like growth factor-II, insulin-like growth factor receptor type 1, cathepsin D, and Ki-67. Mod Pathol. ):379-85. [] Nunn SE, Peehl DM, Cohen P: Acid-activated insulin-like growth factor binding protein protease activity of cathepsin D in normal and malignant prostatic epithelial cells and seminal plasma. J Cell Physiol. ):196-204. []
Details8. KindProteinOrganismHumanPharmacological actionUnknownGeneral FunctionZinc ion bindingSpecific FunctionRemoves residual C-terminal Arg or Lys remaining after initial endoprotease cleavage during prohormone processing. Processes proinsulin.Gene NameCPEUniprot IDUniprot NameCarboxypeptidase EMolecular Weight DaReferencesOverington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. ):993-6. [] Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. ):821-34. [] Polastri L, Galbiati F, Folli F, Davalli AM: Effects of carboxypeptidase E overexpression on insulin mRNA levels, regulated insulin secretion, and proinsulin processing of pituitary GH3 cells transfected with a furin-cleavable human proinsulin cDNA. Cell Transplant. ):803-11. [] Guest PC, Pipeleers D, Rossier J, Rhodes CJ, Hutton JC: Co-secretion of carboxypeptidase H and insulin from isolated rat islets of Langerhans. Biochem J. 1989 Dec 1;264(2):503-8. [] Furuta M, Carroll R, Martin S, Swift HH, Ravazzola M, Orci L, Steiner DF: Incomplete processing of proinsulin to insulin accompanied by elevation of Des-31,32 proinsulin intermediates in islets of mice lacking active PC2. J Biol Chem. 1998 Feb 6;273(6):3431-7. []
Details9. KindProteinOrganismHumanPharmacological actionUnknownGeneral FunctionSerine-type endopeptidase activitySpecific FunctionInvolved in the processing of hormone and other protein precursors at sites comprised of pairs of basic amino acid residues. Responsible for the release of glucagon from proglucagon in pancreatic A...Gene NamePCSK2Uniprot IDUniprot NameNeuroendocrine convertase 2Molecular Weight DaReferencesOverington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. ):993-6. [] Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. ):821-34. [] Zertal-Zidani S, Bounacer A, Scharfmann R: Regulation of pancreatic endocrine cell differentiation by sulphated proteoglycans. Diabetologia. ):585-95. Epub 2007 Jan 13. [] Utsunomiya N, Ohagi S, Sanke T, Tatsuta H, Hanabusa T, Nanjo K: Organization of the human carboxypeptidase E gene and molecular scanning for mutations in Japanese subjects with NIDDM or obesity. Diabetologia. ):701-5. [] Ohagi S, Sakaguchi H, Sanke T, Tatsuta H, Hanabusa T, Nanjo K: Human prohormone convertase 3 gene: exon-intron organization and molecular scanning for mutations in Japanese subjects with NIDDM. Diabetes. ):897-901. []
Details10. KindProteinOrganismHumanPharmacological actionUnknownGeneral FunctionSerine-type endopeptidase activitySpecific FunctionInvolved in the processing of hormone and other protein precursors at sites comprised of pairs of basic amino acid residues. Substrates include POMC, renin, enkephalin, dynorphin, somatostatin, ins...Gene NamePCSK1Uniprot IDUniprot NameNeuroendocrine convertase 1Molecular Weight84150.92 DaReferencesOverington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. ):993-6. [] Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. ):821-34. [] Marriott D, Gillece-Castro B, Gorman CM: Prohormone convertase-1 will process prorelaxin, a member of the insulin family of hormones. Mol Endocrinol. ):1441-50. [] Zhu X, Orci L, Carroll R, Norrbom C, Ravazzola M, Steiner DF: Severe block in processing of proinsulin to insulin accompanied by elevation of des-64,65 proinsulin intermediates in islets of mice lacking prohormone convertase 1/3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Aug 6;99(16):. Epub 2002 Jul 22. [] Kuwahata M, Tomoe Y, Harada N, Amano S, Segawa H, Tatsumi S, Ito M, Oka T, Miyamoto K: Characterization of the molecular mechanisms involved in the increased insulin secretion in rats with acute liver failure. Biochim Biophys Acta. (1):60-5. Epub 2006 Oct 4. []
Details11. KindProteinOrganismHumanPharmacological actionUnknownGeneral FunctionNotch bindingSpecific FunctionImmediate-early protein playing a role in various cellular processes including proliferation, adhesion, migration, differentiation and survival (PubMed:, PubMed:, PubMed:, P...Gene NameNOVUniprot IDUniprot NameProtein NOV homologMolecular Weight39161.82 DaReferencesOverington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. ):993-6. [] Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. ):821-34. [] Burren CP, Wilson EM, Hwa V, Oh Y, Rosenfeld RG: Binding properties and distribution of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-related protein 3 (IGFBP-rP3/NovH), an additional member of the IGFBP Superfamily. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. ):. [] Lafont J, Laurent M, Thibout H, Lallemand F, Le Bouc Y, Atfi A, Martinerie C: The expression of novH in adrenocortical cells is down-regulated by TGFbeta 1 through c-Jun in a Smad-independent manner. J Biol Chem. 2002 Oct 25;277(43):41220-9. Epub 2002 Jul 30. [] Martinerie C, Chevalier G, Rauscher FJ 3rd, Perbal B: Regulation of nov by WT1: a potential role for nov in nephrogenesis. Oncogene. 1996 Apr 4;12(7):1479-92. []
Details12. KindProteinOrganismHumanPharmacological actionUnknownGeneral FunctionCalcium ion bindingSpecific FunctionActs together with cubilin to mediate HDL endocytosis (By similarity). May participate in regulation of parathyroid-hormone and para-thyroid-hormone-related protein release.Gene NameLRP2Uniprot IDUniprot NameLow-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2Molecular Weight DaReferencesOverington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. ):993-6. [] Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. ):821-34. [] Orlando RA, Rader K, Authier F, Yamazaki H, Posner BI, Bergeron JJ, Farquhar MG: Megalin is an endocytic receptor for insulin. J Am Soc Nephrol. ):1759-66. [] Christensen EI, Birn H: Hormone, growth factor, and vitamin handling by proximal tubule cells. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. ):20-7. [] Fuster DG, Bobulescu IA, Zhang J, Wade J, Moe OW: Characterization of the regulation of renal Na+/H+ exchanger NHE3 by insulin. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. ):F577-85. Epub 2006 Oct 3. []
Details13. KindProteinOrganismHumanPharmacological actionUnknownGeneral FunctionNot AvailableSpecific FunctionBinds IGF-I and IGF-II with a relatively low affinity. Stimulates prostacyclin (PGI2) production. Stimulates cell adhesion.Gene NameIGFBP7Uniprot IDUniprot NameInsulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7Molecular Weight DaReferencesOverington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. ):993-6. [] Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. ):821-34. [] Lopez-Bermejo A, Buckway CK, Devi GR, Hwa V, Plymate SR, Oh Y, Rosenfeld RG: Characterization of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-related proteins (IGFBP-rPs) 1, 2, and 3 in human prostate epithelial cells: potential roles for IGFBP-rP1 and 2 in senescence of the prostatic epithelium. Endocrinology. ):4072-80. [] Radulescu RT: One for all and all for one: RB defends the cell while IDE, PTEN and IGFBP-7 antagonize insulin and IGFs to protect RB. Med Hypotheses. ):1018-20. Epub 2007 May 1. [] Degeorges A, Wang F, Frierson HF Jr, Seth A, Chung LW, Sikes RA: Human prostate cancer expresses the low affinity insulin-like growth factor binding protein IGFBP-rP1. Cancer Res. 1999 Jun 15;59(12):2787-90. []
Details14. KindProteinOrganismHumanPharmacological actionUnknownGeneral FunctionZinc ion bindingSpecific FunctionModulates exocytosis of dense-core granules and secretion of hormones in the pancreas and the pituitary. Interacts with vesicles containing negatively charged phospholipids in a Ca(2+)-independent ...Gene NameSYTL4Uniprot IDUniprot NameSynaptotagmin-like protein 4Molecular Weight76022.99 DaReferencesOverington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. ):993-6. [] Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. ):821-34. [] Gomi H, Mizutani S, Kasai K, Itohara S, Izumi T: Granuphilin molecularly docks insulin granules to the fusion machinery. J Cell Biol. 2005 Oct 10;171(1):99-109. [] Plaisance V, Abderrahmani A, Perret-Menoud V, Jacquemin P, Lemaigre F, Regazzi R: MicroRNA-9 controls the expression of Granuphilin/Slp4 and the secretory response of insulin-producing cells. J Biol Chem. 2006 Sep 15;281(37):26932-42. Epub 2006 Jul 10. [] Torii S, Takeuchi T, Nagamatsu S, Izumi T: Rab27 effector granuphilin promotes the plasma membrane targeting of insulin granules via interaction with syntaxin 1a. J Biol Chem. 2004 May 21;279(21):22532-8. Epub 2004 Mar 17. [] Enzymes Details1. KindProteinOrganismHumanPharmacological actionUnknownActionsInducerGeneral FunctionOxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygenSpecific FunctionCytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...Gene NameCYP1A2Uniprot IDUniprot NameCytochrome P450 1A2Molecular Weight58293.76 DaReferencesDrug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table [] Drug created on June 13,
/ Updated on February 03,
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